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The Inventions of Louis Pouzin The Inventions of Louis Pouzin Chantal Lebrument • Fabien Soyez The Inventions of Louis Pouzin One of the Fathers of the Internet Chantal Lebrument Fabien Soyez Plourhan, France Paris, France ISBN 978-3-030-34835-9 ISBN 978-3-030-34836-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34836-6 The Work was first published in 2018 by Economica with the following title: “Louis Pouzin - l’un des Pères de l’Internet” (ISBN-13: 978-2717870473). All rights reserved. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the mate- rial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omis- sions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Photo: © Tom Van Vleck 1975, reprinted with permission. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword I was honored when the authors asked me to write a Foreword to the English edition of Louis Pouzin’s biography. I first met Louis in the fall of 1975 at the Fourth Data Comm Symposium in Quebec City. We knew of Louis and the CYCLADES network before that. It was an impressive first encounter. That may have been as close to a perfect symposium as a young grad stu- dent could attend. Perfect crisp fall days, in one of the most beautiful cities in North America at the new Hotel Concorde located just outside the city’s wall. From my room on a high floor a panorama of the Plains of Abraham, the old city, the Chateau Frontenac, and the St Laurent! Breathtaking! What a great place to encourage discussion! And we had a lot we wanted to talk about. For the small group of researchers, networking was an incredibly exciting topic that had captured the imagination. The program was an interesting amalgam of the traditional topics in data communication and the exciting new packet switching research. Robert Fano, from Project MAC, gave the keynote. I remember him saying that they had built the first timesharing system to make more efficient use of the hardware but found that the collaboration it enabled was far more important. He expected that we would find that networks were very similar. I remember thinking that he was undoubtedly right, and we were already beginning to see that. (Although, in our enthusiasm, we failed to anticipate the dark side of “collaboration” we are plagued with today.) There was such interest in net- working that the leading researchers were in great demand: Larry Roberts, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Donald Davies, André Danthine, Derek Barber, Louis Pouzin, and others were going from conference to conference to talk about networking. They jokingly referred to it as the “Network Traveling Circus.” v vi Foreword Today, it is hard to communicate just how small the computing field was, and networking was a much smaller part of that. But the star of the meeting was definitely Pouzin. He was everywhere, giv- ing a lecture, leading a discussion (even if not officially), arranging a fine din- ner every evening for the core of the group. One evening dinner was a little earlier than civilized so we could be back for evening sessions. But Louis had us well-organized: With precisely the right number of taxis outside the hotel at the appointed hour, off we went! We would troop into the restaurant, settle into 3 or 4 big tables, somehow order dinner around the ongoing discussion of what we had heard that day, or what someone was working on or planning as we tried to figure out this networking tiger we had by the tail (or it had us), pausing to notice that this was an outstanding restaurant; we were just wind- ing down from a wonderful dessert, when Louis would suddenly appear, announcing it was time to go. (Timing is everything!) Taxis were waiting outside. We piled in again, to head back for the evening “birds of a feather” sessions! This is especially vivid for me, because it didn’t end so simply. We happened to pile Louis’ cab with either the craziest or most competent driver in Quebec. Louis must have told them time was of the essence. Our cabbie was whipping through the narrow streets of the old city shifting frantically at every turn, then speeding out the Grande Allée, through the old wall of the city at high speed. Ahead of us was a red light, the driver momentarily let up on the gas, clearly to take his place in the line of cars waiting for the light. NO!! it must have been to assess the situation, because he tromped on the gas again as he pulled into the left lane (wha!) and headed right for the oncoming traffic! (OMG! We are about to die!) At the last possible second, the light turned green and at precisely that instant, we turned left! With us howling with laughter! It was no different 35 years later, when we all happened to be in Brussels. Louis had suggested that our organizer call a particular restaurant near our hotel and make a reservation for the group. He called to make the reservation for 12 and was told the restaurant did not take reservations. Perplexed “so sorry,” wondering what to do next, he thought aloud, “M. Pouzin told me you did.” “O, Louis!!,” came the reply, “your table will be ready.” And it was. I was left wondering Louis doesn’t live in Brussels; he lives in Paris! How many res- taurants in other parts of the world, would there be the same reaction!? That was the beginning of what became nearly a half century of working with Louis and his guys! It was immediately clear that Louis was one of those rare combinations of brilliant, charismatic leaders who could build a tight dedicated team and give them their head and great things would happen. What they were doing had that intuitive feel that it was “right.” The pieces fit Foreword vii together well, there were exciting new directions, and we could see that the issues we hadn’t gotten to considering in detail would likely fall in place quite nicely. Before going too much further, I have to make an admission. I wasn’t really working with Pouzin all that much in those early days. I was too far down the totem pole for that! Louis was one of the august leaders of networking that hobnobbed with the powers that be. Me, I was just learning! But Louis’s guys were my age and we worked with them a lot. They were not only very smart but great companions after work. Everyone worked hard and played hard. It was later that Louis and I began to spend more time working together and found we had just as much in common as I had with his guys. Why were we even at the Fourth Data Communication? We were on another ARPA project at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign building the first “massively” parallel computer, ILLIAC IV. ILLIAC IV was an array processor of 64 processors (originally planned to be 256). Sounds pretty small by today’s standards, but it was a huge undertaking in 1968. I had joined the operating system group in 1969. We were given the task of putting our site on the ARPANET. From a distributed systems point of view, net- working was clearly a lot more interesting than an array processor. Many of us saw networking as more a distributed computing problem than a telecom problem. But that wasn’t the only reason. The world all of this lived in was quite different from today. I said that the worldwide networking community was small. The computer industry itself wasn’t that big. Many universities had yet to form computer science depart- ments. That doesn’t mean the world was like today only with fewer in the field. It was a time of intense creativity in virtually all fields. As indicated recently by all of 50th anniversaries there have been (or are about to be) in 2018, 2019, 2020. The Beatles, the Stones, Zappa, and many others, the ARPANET, Engelbart’s NLS and the invention of the mouse, the Apollo moon landing, Woodstock, John Cage, Sesame Street, etc. And it wasn’t just technology and the arts. It was also politics and civil unrest: the anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the USA, May 1968 in France, anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, civil rights, Earth Day, assassinations of JFK, RFK, and MLKing, kidnappings (Hearst), the movies “Z” and “Medium Cool,” Chicago 68 Democratic Convention, Kent State, etc.
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