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Science and Design Methodology: a Review

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Science and Design Methodology: a Review Research in Research in Engineering Design (1993) 5: 63 69 Limited Q 1993 Springer-Verlag London Engineering Design Science and Design Methodology: A Review n Nigel Cross tr in DesignDiscipline,FacultyofTechnology,TheOpenUniversity,MiltonKeynesMKT6AA'UK 80.00 with ectly Design with a review of Previous Abstract. Design methodoloay has always seemed to haue a in Engineering problematic relationship with science. The "design methods research. ml1)ement" sfarted out with intentions of making design more "scientift'", but the more mature.fteld of design methodology and has resulted in clarifying the differences between design science. This paper reuiews the relatiuely short history of 2. A Brief Overview maps desiqn metl'todology and its relationship with science, and tries lut some o.f the major themes that haue sustained it, The origins of the emergence of new design methods the concepts o;f to establish some aqreed understanding .for in the 1950s and 1960s lay in the application of novel, of design' scientiJic: tlesign, tlesign sc:ience and the science "scientific" methods to the novel and pressing problems of the Second World War-from which Design science; Keywords. Design methodology; iame OR and management decision-making techni- Science of design ques-and in the development of creativity techniques in ttre t9S0s. (The latter was partly, in the USA, in response to the launch of the first sputnik, which seemed to convince American scientists and engineers that they lacked creativitY.) The new "design methods movement" developed I 1. Introduction through a series of conferences in the 1960s and ,1 1970s London, 1962 (Jones and Thornley 1963); years since the first - It is now more than thirty Birmingham, 1965 (Gregory 1966); Portsmouth, 1967 ito ( London in ons conference on design methods was held in 1969); Cambridge, Mass', 1969 I (Broadbent and Ward ad- 1963). This conference is 1962 (Jones and Thornley (Moore 1970); London 1913;New York 1974 (Spillers )uld 1 generally regarded as the event which marked the rom 1974);Berkeley, Calif., 1975, Portsmouth again tnl976 i which in iaunch of the "design methods movement", (Evans et al. 1982) and again in 1980 (Jacques and of design methodology as ,l turn led to the emergence Powell 1981). course' the field was a subject or field of enquiry. Of The first design methods or methodology books also om: earlier work (the earliest reference in 1 baseJ on some appeared in this period Hall (1962), Asimow (1962), probably Zwicky's - I design methodology literature is Alixander (1964), Archer (1965), Jones (1970) and published in 1948 *ork on morphological method Broadbent (1973), together with the first creativity conference was the first (Zwicky 1948)), but the 1962 books Gordon (1961) and Osborn (1963)' received substantial - iime tirat "design methods" However, the 1970s also became notable for the I academic recognition. rejection of design methodology by the early pioneers' is still rather So the history of design -methodology Christopher Alexander said: "I've disassociated myself I previous "history" reviews have been I abrief one. Some from the field. There is so little in what is called (1980 1984)' In by Broadbent (1979) and Cross 'design methods'that has anything useful to say about 1 celebrated its t4Se the Design Methods Group how to design buildings that I never even read the some special reviews in its ri twentieth anniversary with literature any more. I would say forget it, forget Theories' Finger and journal Design Methods and the whole thing. If you call it 'lt's A Good Idea To ( Reseatch bi*on (1989) opened the first issue of Do', I like it very much; if you call it 'A Method', I I like it but I'm beginning to get turned off; if you call and offprint requests ro Nigel Cross' The Open Corresporuleru:e 'A Methodology', I just do not want to talk about University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA' UK' it Surraeur8ug (9961 :epuexelv) sornlcnrls ureren) lclA oql Jo lJo,u eql pue u8rseq P meu;o slueuoduloo eql edeqs o1 ,(r1 s:eu8tsap 'so.tnlcn'r1s uo sacuoreJuoJ leuollPuJelul Jo sellss Oql cgJl P eql .{11luePl o1 slsiluetcS ut'eldtuexe ro;:s0861 eql ul I Suqsrxo 3o . slueuodtuoc '(r1 q8norq]'edorng l" f13uor1s pedoye,tep,{3o1opoqleu u8rsep 3ur:eeur8ug 'suotlelonb 3ur,uo11o; oq] uI polcageJ se 'ecuolcs v 'uollceJtp ]ueroJIp pue u8tsep ueo,^Aleq suolltullslp eletu ol lq8nos i' € ur lnq serSolopoqleu rleql Surdole,tep IIus s;e'u lp e,req slsrSolopoqleur u8rsep 'sfep lsetlree eql tuoJC spleu JollEI essq] ollglv\u?elu pue 'uStsep lBlrlsnpul Ie pu€ Sutreeut8ue ueq] Suruueld pue ernlcelttlcJE Is arualJs puu .{Solopoq}atr l ol eJotu eq ol spuol qcuordde slql 'Je^o'^AoH pJ uBIseO uaa,rlag sdlqsuollulag '€ lu€AeleJ '(,{lrunuruoc otl}'sJosn'sletuolsnc'sluet1c) !.sJeu'l.ro', DC ruelqo;d eql r{lIA\ s,reulred ore sreu8tsep qclq'^A uI 6l ue pue (..8ut '0661 ecurs (VSn) tuawaaounl4l uanag to ssecord,{;oledrct}-red'..e,'rl1u1ueun8re,, N uorlou eql pecnporlul peq (eSOt) uorutS) eI{} pue 066I eculs (5151) u1rsag DuuaaurAug -cgsrt€s,, Jo '!oIluffiof elerrdorddu ro .{rolce;sllES uotl oq pu.rnop aqt '686I ecurs (ygn) uasaq aurnautaug sed,{1-uotln1os Jo -ruSocer spJ€,^aol'(..srue1qord pelcl,lt,, ro3'{llercedse) ;SI ut tpnasay '7361 ecurs (VSn) sanssl uArcaA '6L6I ut reu8rsep oql ecuelodturuo eql uro{ pue esrurldo tns ecurs (;n) salpnis ubsaq peq e^Bq e'u 'qst18ug Jo uror; ,{ume po^our (s0l6l eqt ;o) ur, suoqecrlqnd o1 'ute8u 're;er o1 1sn1 'fSolopoqleu pu€ ol sldurelle '(1ree uorlereueS puoces oql'spoqlour (.cglluotcs,''leuolleJ 3ol ,{roeq1 'qcreeser u8tsep 3o sleurnol ,,rreu Jo ecue8rerue poseq se,u (s996 'crleure1s,{s uorlecrldde eql uo 1 eq oql uoeq seq luerudole^ap lueculu8rs fpelncrlred y ;o ' uotlereue8 oql '..suolleroue8,, 1o '{:oaql nru isluelttssu u8tsep cluoJlsele 1ue8t11e1ut ro/pue eqt 3o) lsJg seq Jopuo'^ e16 uBtsep ro; ure8e sBuuds edoq areqm s.lolll5 o1 paueddeq 1Rq.4A lq8ru )J.rl uorl?ruolne 'spoqletu eql ur f3o1o ,\\ou Jo uotle;eue8 JO 's1uorudo1e,,rep 1y ur .(llercedso - s086I el€l uodn uotlereue8 eJnlnJ ssolpue uE Jo Elsl^ E I -poqlour u8rsep uI lserelut Jo IE,toueJ JOp€oJq E osle ;o peuedo 1t pue 'spoqleul ..uoIl3reue8-1srg,, elenbepeut op s?,r oJeIII 'u8rsep uI uollnlos pue ruelqo-rd Jo ernl€u Sutpuelsrepun ol luotulrulluoc rloql ruor; edecse slst8olopoq]eur '4Aeu Gt1;- reqcry) ..e^Iletntutuoc,, eql 'e8;eue II€^ osn€ceq se,t'r uorlseSSns sIt{I eq u0 '(6861) sso:3 fq pesodord Iepou oql uI se oql lel lI luetlllJq o1 Suruu€eq s€.44 uolJereue8 puoces ',ueu e ]eql pu€ !o io,u1 snot,terd oql uolleulqtuoo 3 uo peseq eq { Jo oql euou plrql e sdeqre4 'I{loq (Suruur8eq ,(resseceu ? 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