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The Arkansas River Valley: a New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives and the Archaeological Record

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The Arkansas River Valley: a New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives and the Archaeological Record Volume 1996 Article 11 1996 The Arkansas RIver Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives and the Archaeological Record Robert L. Brooks Oklahoma Archeological Survey Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Brooks, Robert L. (1996) "The Arkansas RIver Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives and the Archaeological Record," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 1996, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1996.1.11 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1996/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Arkansas RIver Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives and the Archaeological Record Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1996/iss1/11 Volume 6, Number 4 THE ARKANSAS RIVER VALLEY: A NEW PARADIGM, REVISIONIST PERSPECTIVES AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD Robert L. Brooks Oklahoma Archeological Survey INTRODUCTION Recent articles by Schambacb (1990a, 1990b, Bruseth, Wilson, and Perttula (1995) have re­ 1992, 1993a, and 1993b) have proposed a new sponded to many of Schambach's challenges paradigm for the late prehistoric period in the concerning the Sanders phase in the Red River Arkansas River Valley. These arguments chal­ Valley. Points here are not intended to defend lenge traditional and long held views on the the traditional perspectives as the gospel for the subsistence economy, architecture, material Arkansas River Caddoan tradition. Without culture, biological character, and trade relation­ doubt, a reexamination of the Arkansas River ships of the prehistoric populations of the Arkan­ Caddoan is long overdue. Much of the subsis­ sas River Valley, and the middle portion of the tence data, bioarchaeology, and non-ceremonial Red River (the Sanders phase area). My intention aspects of the material culture were derived from in this paper is to examine Scbambach's argu­ analysis completed some 30 yea.rs ago, analysis ments based on a comprehensive review of the conducted without the benefit of recent theoreti­ archaeological record and by also drawing upon cal and methodological advances. However, we explanatory models of cultural and economic must reexamine the arguments and the data in an behavior. For the most part, my comments objective, informed fashion. Only from such an approach can we generate a new paradigm pertain to the Arkansas River Valley · situation; worthy of acceptance. REVISIONIST PERSPECTIVES Subsistence In two recent articles Schambach (1990, 1993a) ranth, and cucurbits) and on the use of bison as has maintained that subsistence patterns in the a meat source. He further argues that this system Arkansas River valley during the late prehistoric emphasizes hoe horticulture and grain process­ period were substantially different from the ing with stone manos, grinding basins, etc., economic mix of fanning supplemented by fostering extensive dental attrition. These claims hunting and gathering previously identified merit further examination of the archaeological (Wyckoff 1980; Galm 1981). In brief, he pro­ record. A casual review of the archaeological poses that people of the Northern Caddoan area record does indeed suggest such a pattern. There were minor horticulturists with the major focus are bison in the faunal assemblages from a being on starchy seeds (e.g., chenopods, ama- number of sites in the Arkansas River Valley and 17 Caddoan Archeology Newsletter there are certainly a number of questions con­ ever, it is doubtful that this use extended beyond cerning the horticultural practices of these their selection for "wool" found in textiles. Caddoan people. But, does this evidence bear up Certainly, no bison bone ornaments or tools to closer scrutiny? Let us examine the data appear in the Spiro mortuary assemblages. In concerning these issues in greater detail. retrospect, there is no supportive evidence for bison as a food staple during Harlan and/or Spiro Much of the emphasis on bison in the diet phase times. stems from the presence of bison bone in the fauna! assemblages as well as the occurrence of The presence of the starchy seeds complex at bison bone tools at a number of Caddoan sites in Spiro comes as no surprise. At Cahokia, con­ the Arkansas River Valley. Here, Schambach sumption of large quantities of q,enopodium (1990a) cites School Land I and II, Norman, have been projected based on botanical samples Wybark, Sheffield, Tyler-Rose, Cookson, and (Lopinot 1991). The same situation has been Moore. I might add that there is also bison bone found at a number of other southeastern Middle from the Craig and Copple mounds at Spiro. Mississippian ceremonial centers and settlements. Most of the sites in question represent multiple Thus, the challenge here is to understand not the occupations. Radiocarbon dates (uncorrected) presence of these plants, but the apparent ab­ from Sheffield (A.D. 1450, 1510), Tyler-Rose sence or limited use of tropical domesticates. (A.D. 1500, 1530), and Moore (A.D. 1465, Com has been found at a number of Spiro phase 1515) demonstrate the presence of later (post sites including Norman, Bowman, Horton, and A.D. 1450) Fort Coffee phase occupations at Jones. Of these, Horton, Bowman, and Jones these villages (Rhorbaugb 1984), occupations contain multiple components and com could where bison procurement is recognized as a come from later Fort Coffee phase occupations. much more important part of the subsistence Interestingly, there is com pollen at Spiro and regime. The Cookson site, although not dated, both kernels or cupules in limited numbers were also has a Fort Coffee (or Turkey Bluff) compo­ identified in Fritz's (1989:73-75) analysis of nent that should date comparably to the Fort botanical remains from Copple Mound. Fritz also Coffee components found at the other sites found evidence for many seedy plants in the referenced above (Israel 1969). The School Land samples from Copple. These include Chenopodi­ I and II sites date to the Spiro phase and do um and amaranth, maygrass, little barley, and contain bison. However, the MNI for bison at Jcnotweed, as well as an abundance of nutshell School Land I is 3 and only one individual is from acorn, hickory, and pecan. This, coupled identified at School Land II. They are outnum­ with Burnett's bioarchaeological evidence indicat­ bered by deer in the faunal assemblage at School ing little maize dependence at Spiro, is a fairly Land I by 12 to I (Duffield 1969). In addition, compelling argument for a subsistence economy the School Land sites are on the extreme north­ tethered around a Woodland base of hunting, ern periphery of the Caddoan area, situated on gathering, and limited gardening of the starchy the Grand River in Delaware County adjacent to seed complex. This still does not, however, the tall grass prairie, and probably do not truly explain why com is present at Spiro in moderate represent a set.ting comparable to other Arkansas quantities but never forms a substantive contribu­ River Valley sites. Where the subsistence data tion to the diet. for Norman is derived from is uncertain as this site bas not been analyzed. The presence of bison There are some additional considerations as at Spiro (Copple and Craig mounds) is slight and well. As recognized by Burnett (1989), their does not appear to relate to use of bison as a analysis of Arkansas River Caddoan populations food source. As Jim Brown (1984) discusses in was secondarily derived from prior work and his study of Spiro, evidence on engraved shell was limited principally to ceremonial centers. at the site clearly attest to the use of bison. How- For example, com was recovered from 34SQ269 18 Volume 6, Nwnber 4 in the Lee Creek vaUey with an uncorrected and bum. Another fundamental question con­ radiocarbon date of A.O. 1140 (Albert 1989). It cerns the issue of agriculture and domestication. is recognized that elites in stratified societies Based on an overview by Fe<lick (1995:258- sometimes receive preferential diets ( c.f , 261), you can have groups operating an agricul­ Pauketat 1994; Tainter 1980). Thus, the true tural system with non-domesticates and groups order of magnitude of maize dependence (or lack raising domesticates in a non-agricultural con­ thereof) can only be quantified through more text. Obviously, multiple questions can be raised systematic and representative study of Spiro about the complex issue of maize dependency phase populations. The other bioarchaeological versus the eastern U.S. domesticates (Smith question to be raised concerns the agricultural 1989), and a great deal more data and theoretical potential of Spiro phase people. The low level of examination of the Arkansas River Valley subsis­ maire dependency is based on cary rates found at tence base is needed before answers are readily Spiro and a few other studied centers. There available. should be some examination of what could be potentially masking cary rates. I would cite as an The last issue addresse<I in this area is the example the highly maire dependent Antelope question of plant processing tools. Schambach Creek phase in the Texas and Oklahoma panhan­ (1993a) has emphasized that Arkansas River dles.
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