For the History of Science in Southeastern Europe

Home , Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu

for the History of Science in Southeastern Europe Published by the History, Philosophy and Didactics of Science and Technology Programme Institute of Historical Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation Sponsored by DACALBO project, Thales programme, National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-13

st No 17 / December 2012 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN Editorial Committee: SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Editors: Efthymios Nicolaidis and Constantine Skordoulis THE FRAMEWORK Honorary editor: Yannis Karas Members: George Vlahakis (Greece) Since the beginning of the 1990s, historians of sci- Alexander Kostov (Bulgaria) ence from various countries of Southeastern Europe Radu Iftimovici (Romania) are collaborating on research subjects of common interest. The exchanges between these scholars led to Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (Turkey) the decision, in 1999, to publish a common Newslet- Aleksandar Petrovic (Serbia) ter for the History of Science in Southeastern Europe. Rajka Jurdana-Sepic (Croatia) The History, Philosophy and Didactics of Science and Editorial assistant: Danai Avgeri Technology Programme (Institute of Historical Re- http://www.hpdst.gr search / National Hellenic Research Foundation and ISSN 1108-5630 Department of Education / University of Athens) is in charge of this publication. The Newsletter presents the activities of the teams of history of science in South- eastern Europe, the events organized, the publications, institutional news, courses and PhDs of interest and every other news concerning the history of science in the region. The Newsletter is published on hard copy and sent to more than 100 Institutions all over the world, and also on the web (http://www.hpdst.gr/ publications/newsletter). Except the Newsletter, a number of bilateral col- CONTENTS: laborations funded by countries of the region or by Workshop on the History of Science in SE Europe...... 1 international resources have been implemented. For The framework...... 1 example, a Greek-Serbian common research project on History of Science in Croatia...... 2 Greek-Serbian scientific relations, four Greek-Turkish Symposia on the history of science during the Ottoman History of Science and Technology in Turkey...... 4 th History of Science in Romania...... 10 period and the National States of the 19 c. (in Liège, HS Education and Research in Romania...... 11 Mexico, Beijing and Budapest), common publications History of Science in Serbia...... 13 as thematic issues of international journals (Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences) or books History of Science and Technology in Bulgaria..... 15 published by international editors (Brepols), common A project on Greek Alchemy...... 20 research seminars (summer seminars in Syros and A project on Science and Religion...... 20 Elati, Greece), etc. Research collaborations involving Classical Genetics in Bulgaria...... 21 more than two countries have also been implemented, Critical Education...... 22 such as Conferences and Symposia on the history of EPS/HPG annual meeting...... 22 science in Southeastern Europe, the scientific and Conference on the History of Science in China...... 23 technological modernization of the region (a com- Conference on Climate and Weather...... 23 mon project with LATTS, ENPC-CNRS, France), the Conference “Feres-Rhigas-Velestino”...... 24 scientific integration of the region to Europe (with the Almagest 3/1...... 24 Univ. of Nantes), etc. Almagest 3/2...... 24 st 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Four years ago, a new international journal Dubrovnik and Pula. However, HS in Croatia for the history of scientific ideas,Almagest , was requires today new European Initiatives and Vi- published and distributed by Brepols publish- sion for the Future in the next 5 or 10 years. ers. Almagest’s editorial board comprises of For a brief review of the HS in Croatia, let distinguished colleagues from all over the world us note that its early stage was characterized but especially Southeastern Europe is well rep- by the theological and philosophical thought: resented (see http://www.hpdst.gr/publications/ Dominicans in Zadar (1369) founded ‘studium almagest). One of the aims of the journal is to provinciale’ for theology, which were updated present the state-of-the-art research concerning (1495) into the ‘studium generale’ and bestowed history of science in Southeastern Europe. Al- by a privilege of awarding doctorates in theol- magest is published bi-annually and four issues ogy (1553). University of Zagreb was founded have already circulated. in 1669 and has a remarkable life history of 343 The important achievements of this informal years by now. The core of the university was the network led to the decision to organize a meeting Jesuit Academy in the Royal Free City of Zagreb. aiming to discuss the future of the collabora- University of Zagreb was reorganized into the tion. The meeting was titled “First Workshop first modern university in Croatia (1874) by the of the Network for the History of Science in humanistic trivium: Faculty of Law, Theologi-

Southeastern Europe” and took place in Athens, cal College, Facultyth of Arts and Letters. By the 3-5 February 2012, financed by the European endst of the 19 century and the beginning of the programme Hephaestus (FP7, RegPot1, 2008). 20 century, the faculties of natural sciences, Participants from Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, engineering and other related disciplines were Serbia, Croatia and Greece representing 9 in- also established. stitutions took part, and also two collaborators The modern era of the HS in Croatia was es- of the Network from two French institutions sentially inaugurated by Dr. Franjo v. Marković (Vincent Jullien, Univ. of Nantes and Michela (1845 - 1914), philosopher and rector of the re- Malpangotto, SYRTE, CNRS-Observatory of formed University of Zagreb. His rector speech Paris) and Davide Poletto, as representative of (1881/82 academic year) has been understood the Venice office of UNESCO. as an epoch-making paper for the modern HS Bellow we present some some papers of the in Croatia. This paper was presented under the workshop. title: “Philosophische Schriftsteller kroatischer Efthymios Nicolaidis Abkunft jenseits des Velebit vom XV. bis XVIII. Institute of Historical Research Jahrhundert”. In the paper, 22 philosophers and National Hellenic Research Foundation scientists, among them F. Petriš (Petrišević, Patricius) and R. J. Bošković, were critically HISTORICAL FACTS AND VISION FOR examined and evaluated. His thought is very THE NEAR FEATURE ON THE HISTO- interesting: “Only that nation which has at- RY OF SCIENCE IN CROATIA tained a homeland of thought has seized true We need in Croatia, here and now, a formal homeland” (by F. Marković). This point might establishment of the Croatian Society for the be of importance today for the mutual collabora- History of Science (CSHS), to couple historians, tion between countries of Southeastern Europe philosophers and scientists of the 7 universities: (‘Nahwirkungsprinzip’). Zagreb (www.unizg.hr; 1669), Rijeka (www. uniri.hr; 1973). Split (www.unist.hr; 1974), Osi- jek (www.unios.hr; 1975), Zadar (www.unizd. hr; 2002), Dubrovnik (www.unidu.hr; 2003) and Pula (www.unipu.hr, 2006). History of Science (HS) has inevitably appeared and developed in Croatia with the establishment and evolution of the universities listed; University of Zagreb itself has history of almost four centuries, whereas others were recently or very recently founded. Left: Frane Petrić (Franciscus Patricius, 1529 – 1597). Right: Ruđer J. Bošković (Rogerius Joseph Five out of seven universities in Croatia are rd located at the towns along the Adriatic coast of Boscovich, 1711 − 1787). The 3 centenary of the Mediterranean area: Rijeka, Split, Zadar, Boscovich’s birth was celebrated in 2011 in Croatia.

2 st 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

The Croatian Academy of Sciencesth and Arts 3. Croatian Philosophical Society (HFD), (HAZU) celebrated its 150 anniversary in Zagreb (since 1957), publisher of two jour- 2011. Its founder was Josip Juraj Strossmayer nals: Filozofska istraživanja / Philosophical (1815 − 1905), Bishop of Đakovo, who was Investigations (since 1980), and Synthesis the first modern European thinker in Croatia. Philosophica (since 1986); Areas of both Strossmayer had introduced the name ‘Academy journals: humanities, philosophy. Synthesis Yugoslav’ or ‘Slavorum’ (1861 – 1991; renamed Philosophica is indexed in the CC base. ‘Croatica’ in 1991), acting historically by the 4. Croatian Journal of Philosophy (since motto: “From Education towards Freedom.” In 2001), Publisher: Kruzak d.o.o., Zagreb; his speech to the Croatian Parliament (1861), Area: Philosophy. Bishop Strossmayer had mentioned inter alia: “Athens (a small city) and ancient Greece was 5. University Centre for Croatian Studies essentially limited in space, but due to their in- (since 1992), Zagreb. Journal: Prolegom- tellectual and moral forces Athens and Greece ena – časopis za filozofiju / Prolegomena – have been celebrated in all parts of the world, Journal of Philosophy (since 2002), Society and their glory will never fall in darkness.” for the Advancement of Philosphy, Studia We mention only academic departments, with Croatica, Zagreb. their institutes and/or divisions, which are par- Top event in Croatia in the fields of philoso- ticularly important for the contemporary period phy and history of science during the last 20 of the HS in Croatia. In first place is the Depart- years was the continuous series of 20 symposia ment of Mathematical, Physical and Chemical The Days of Frane Petrić (DFP), that were Sciences which incorporates the Institute for held at the city of Cres in the island of Cres, the History and Philosophy of Science, which Croatia. The DFP symposium will continue to includes three related offices: The Division for be held annually in the future. The historico- the History of the Natural and Mathematical epistemological perspective of the DFP focuses Sciences; The Division for the Philosophy of on the renaissance and reveals the interdisciplin- Science and Peace (Ivan Supek, 1915 – 2007; ary bridges between history and contemporary physicist, philosopher, historian and writer, developments in philosophy, cosmology, sci- founder and most prominent scholar of the of- ence, ethics and bioethics, technique, religion, fice); The Division for the History of the Medical and arts. The dynamic development is marked Sciences (Mirko Dražen Grmek, 1924 – 2000; by the growing number of about 4 participants medical doctor, historian of science, philosopher each year, for the period 1992 – 2011. A carefully – epistemologist and one of the great universal th chosen contemporary theme for each symposium thinkers of the 20 century; he worked in Zagreb, seems veryst important,nd such as the moral issues most of his life was spent in Paris, and in Italian for the 1 and 2 symposia, relating to the phi- university cities). Other important departments losophy of nature, ecology, philosophy of time, for the HS are: Department of Social Science, bioethics, Einstein and the World Year of Physics Department of Natural Sciences, Department of 2005, identity issues. Medical Sciences, and Department of Technical To conclude we report two asessments and Sciences (since 1996). expectations for the History of Science and To report on the contemporary period Technology (HST) in Croatia: of the HS in Croatia we present the Institutions and Journals with their details (selection by the • We accept and expect the common actions author). The journals are listed according to on HST in Croatia by the institutions and chronological order: historians of the SE-region. The best bridge 1. Encyclopaedia moderna (1966 – 76, 1992 – towards these goals is the initiative of the 2000); Journal for the synthesis of sciences, st 1 Workshop in the History of Science in arts and social praxis, Editor in Chief: I. Supek, JAZU / HAZU, Zagreb; Scientia Southeastern Europe Countries held in (Yugoslavica), 1975 – 91, Zagreb. Athens, February 4, 2012. • University of Zagreb, and particularly 2. Institute of Philosophy (since 1967), Zagreb. the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Journal: Prilozi za istraživanje hrvatske Computing (FER), has demonstrated interest filozofske baštine (since 1975); Areas: hu- and results in the field of HST. Due to its actual manities, philosophy. academic role in Croatia, FER should be an

3 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE intermediate platform for communication between Croatia with the SE countries on His most well-known works are Kashf al-Zunun (bibliographical), Sullam al-Wusul (biographi- the HST contemporary issues. Finally, inside cal), Fezleke (general Islamic history) and FER building stands, as nowhere else in Cihannuma (geographical). The fi rst cited, an Croatia, the unique inscription by Plato: “He outstanding bibliography in the history of sci- who does not know geometry may not enter” ence, and the last cited, were published multiple (“Geometria nescius, ingrediatur nemo.”). times. Sullam al-Wusul remained unpublished until today (Fezleke as well). The book is arranged in two editions of 6 volumes each. The main body is in Arabic in both editions, whereby the comprehensive In- troduction by Prof. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu and the Preface by Dr. Halit Eren are provided also in English in one of the editions and also in Turkish in the other edition. The sixth volume comprises the Index. This biography records the lives and works of important statesmen and scholars in Islamic history and also of renowned personalities from Tomislav Petković pre-Islamic times who held a place in education Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of and literature. In the second part of the book Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), Katib Chalabi provides information about the University of Zagreb, Croatia personalities’ names derived from their places of origin or their genealogy. In the prologue, he explains the method he followed in the book, NEW HIstORY OF sCIENCE AND comments on the science of history, and adds tECHNOLOGY BOOKs AND WORKs information on names derived from places or IN tURKEY genealogy. In this regard Sullam al-Wusul is also Books a book on genealogy. The Index section has been added to the Katib Chalabi, Sullam al-Wusul ila Tabaqat edition. It is composed of four parts: personal al-Fuhul (The Ladder of Elevation to the Lives names, place names, publication titles, names of the Great and Famous by Generation), Edited of institutions. and Introduction by Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, in collaboration with Mahmoud Al-Arnaut and Mustafa Kaçar, Şinasi Acar and Atilla Bir, Saleh Sadawi Saleh, Indices by Selahaddin XVI. Century Ottoman Astronomer, Takiyud- Uygur, 2 eds.: Arabic-English and Arabic- din’s Instruments of Astronomical Observations, Turkish, 6 vols.; IRCICA, Istanbul, 2010, Vol. İstanbul: İş Bankası Publications, 2011, 172p. I: 501 p. Ar. + 50 p. English or Turkish; Vol. II: 439 p.; Vol. III: 473 p.; Vol. IV: 485 p.; Vol. V: 489 p.; Vol. VI: Index, 420 p.

The present book is a critical edition of the Astronomer Takiyuddin er-Râsıd (1526- major biographical work Sullam al-Wusul by 1585) used the methodologies of scientific Katib Chalabi (d. 1657), one of the most im- observation, experiment and research altogether portant Ottoman scholars of the 17th century. in a similar way to the modern founders of as- 4 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE tronomy, Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and Galileo Making of a Sundial, İstanbul: Biryıl, 2010, Galilei (1564-1642). Takiyuddin improved, de- 180p. (Prepared by Atilla Bir, Mustafa Kaçar signed and used nine different instruments for his and M. Şinasi Acar), 188p. astronomical observations in Istanbul Observa- tory which was established by Ottoman Sultan Murad III in 1579. Among them were a wooden quadrant, “Zatu`l-evtar” a mechanical clock of astronomy, dividing an hour into 60 minutes, a minute into 60 seconds, a second into 5 split seconds for determining the equinoxes. When compared with Tycho Brahe’s astronomical instruments, these instruments were similar in form, but superior in size and presicion. He introduced his observation instruments in his famous The book was originally written by Ahmed book Alat-ı Rasadiyye li Zic-i Şehinşahiyye. Ziya Bey, the last representative of the traditional The present book, XVI. Century Ottoman Astron- period, mathematician, astronomer, sundial pro- omer, Takiyuddin’s Instruments of Astronomical ducer, cartographer and museum curator. This Observations, is composed of the technical book with original muniscrip texts covers the interpretation, transliteration and facsimiles of history of sundials and exhibits well-illustrated various copies of his above-mentioned book. tables, graphics and charts. However, the most important side of the book is the section in which Ahmed Ziya Bin Rıza, A Guidebook to the Ahmed Ziya Bey explains how to determine Use of a Quadrant, İstanbul: Biryıl, 2010, 180p. a place for the new arms to be mounted and (Prepared by Şinasi Acar, Atilla Bir and Mustafa how the lengths of the arms will be determined Kaçar), 180p. through various calculation methods, in case the arms of the clock at the bottom of the walls of the mosques get lost. This guidebook covers almost every detail about the sundials from the Ottoman period to the present. Beside the properties of the sundials, readers can discover and learn which mosques contain clock arms, where to erect a sundial, and most importantly how to read a sundial.

Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Darülfunun: the focus of Ottoman cultural modernization, Istanbul: The present book written by Ahmed Ziya bin IRCICA, 2010, 2 vols., 1126 p. Rıza is a rare source describing the use of the quadrant in detail during the Ottoman period. Rubu Tahtası, the quadrant, being used for the fi rst time in Islamic world is, in a sense, the pre- decessor of the computer. Through this practical and cheap instrument, sun’s apogee, and prayer and fasting times can be calculated correctly. It is also used in solving the angles’ trigonometric functions as well as making various arithmetical calculations. Rubuth Tahtası, used until the beginning of the 20 century in the Ottoman Empire, was later abandoned in the face of new modern developments and fell into oblivion. The book Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Darülfünun. also gives information about the biography of Osmanlı’da Kültürel Modernleşmenin Odağı the author, as well as elaborates explanations (Darülfunun: the focus of Ottoman cultural supported by well-prepared graphics. modernization), Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2010, 2 vols., Ahmed Ziya (Akbulut), A Guidebook to the 1126 p. 5 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE This is a comprehensive book on the his- Vol. 2 tory of the modern university which emerged Ottoman Darülfünun in the as part of the cultural modernization process Republican Period(1922- that followed the Tanzimat reforms. It records 1933) and evaluates on basis of fi rst-hand sources the Contents: stages of formation of the university from its Reorganisation of Darülfü- conceptualisation until its institution as the Uni- nun. Student Protests and versity of Istanbul. It is the result of many years Discipline of research by Prof. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, a French Müderrises (Teach- leading fi gure of the history of science, educa- ers) in Darülfünun. Facul- tion and culture. ties. The formation of a European-type university Darülfünun Libraries. Fi- represented a transformation in Ottoman cultural nancial State and Budgets. and educational life. In addition to building the Appendices: Ordinances. Darülfünun Instruc- university’s legal, administrative and fi nancial tions. Student Confl icts. structures, it necessitated policy decisions on Darülfünun Union’s Rules and Regulations. such subjects as the university model to be fol- Tevhidi Tedrisat Kanunu (Unifi ed Education lowed, the curricula and the faculty. The present Law). Documents. work reviews the process extensively. It is com- prised of three books laid out in two volumes. Vol. 3 The fi rst book examines the emergence of the Transition from Darülfünun idea of the modern university beginning from to University (Liquidation the period of the Tanzimat and its establishment and New Cadres) after three attempts, and analyses its evolution Contents: in stages, until the 1933 university reform. The Towards the Darülfünuns second book looks into the development of the Dissolution. Albert Mal- Darülfünun in the light of evolving concepts and che’s Report and Draft Law. trends in cultural, social and scholarly life. As to Abolition of Darülfünun. the third book, it describes in detail the develop- Beginning of Liquidation. ment of each of the Faculties of Science, Letters, Comers and Goers. Com- Theology, Law and Medicine with respect to ing of the Refugee German curricula, faculty, institutes affi liated, among Professors. The Legent of Albert Einstein’s other aspects of their activities. Letter to Atatürk Appendices: Nationalisation of History and Emre Dölen, History of University in Turkey, Civics Education. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 2010, Law on the Abolishment of İstanbul Darülfü- 5 vols. nunu. Bills of the Foreign Proffesors. Vol.1 A Bill about Ernst Hirsch, Fritz Neumark and Darülfünun in Ottoman Fritz Arndt’s Reception to Turkish Nationality. Period (1863 – 1922) Einstein’s Letter To Prime Minitry. Contents: First attempts to establish Vol. 4 a Darülfünun: İstanbul University (1933- Darülfünun-ı Osmanî. 1946) Darülfünun-ı Sultanî, Contents: Darülfünun-ı Şâhâne. Foundation of İstanbul Un- Mekteb-i Tıbbıye-i Şâhâne versity and Its First Year. (Royal Medical School). Faculties of Medicine and Tıp Fakültesi (Faculty of Law. Medicine). Reorganisation of Istanbul Darulfünun in the time of WWI and Armistice. University. İstanbul Univer- Darulfünun Strike. sity Publications. Appendices: Laws, Regulations, Documents, Students, Education Dura- Darulfünun Song, Student Declerations. tions and Diplomas.

6 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE First Ten Years of İstanbul University. Chem- ture) and History of Ottoman Classification istry Education and German Influence. of Sciences Literature, Editor: E. İhsanoğlu, Appendices: The Law on Istanbul University. İstanbul: IRCICA, 2011 Decisions and Bills. İstanbul University Regulations for Asso- The present book contains the supplements ciate Professors, Assisstants and Interns. to the volumes published earlier on mathemat- Establishment of İstanbul Üniversitesi Law ics, geography, music, military arts, natural and Faculty and Ankara Language and History- applied sciences, and medical sciences on one Geography Faculty. hand, and a bibliography of books on the classifi cation and methodology of sciences written Vol. 5 during the Ottoman period, on the other. Some Cilt Autonomous University additions were made to the entries about authors Period (1946-1981) included in earlier volumes; thus, information Contents: obtained later about 218 authors and their works Foundation of the Institute was added. A list of nearly 2000 maps was added for Higher Agriculture. to the supplement to the volume on geography. Autonomous University The Introduction by Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu Period and New University recapitulates the overall features and fi ndings Law. Liquidations and Start of the project during the twenty-fi ve years of its of the Incidences. The Case implementation. of 147’s. 1933 Reform of 1933. Appendices: Laws Ramazan Şeşen, M. Ser- and Regulations on Universities. Constitutions dar Bekar, Gülcan Gündüz, of 1961, 1971 and 1982 and Law of Universi- and Veysel Bulut, General ties. State Offi cials Fired as a Result of Security Index of the History of Ot- Investigation and Some Other Reasons. toman Scientific Litera- ture, Editor: E. İhsanoğlu, Ramazan Şeşen, M. Ser- İstanbul: IRCICA, 2011 dar Bekar, Gülcan Gündüz, and Veysel Bulut, History IRCICA’s History of Ot- of Ottoman Astrology Lit- toman Scientifi c Literature erature and Supplament series is now complete with the General Index to the History of Ottoman of the History of Ottoman Scientifi c Literature. Astronomy Literature, Edi- This last volume contains the indexes of authors tor: E. İhsanoğlu, İstanbul: and works mentioned in the earlier 17 volumes IRCICA, 2011 of bio-bibliographies which were devoted to the This book is the bio- scientifi c literature published in various branches bibliography on the history of sciences throughout the Ottoman period and of astrology, as an eighth all over the Ottoman territory. fi eld of science covered by the IRCICA History The index is composed of three parts; the of Ottoman Scientifi c Literature Series, together names of authors/translators in the Latin alpha- with additions and corrections – supplements to bet are in the fi rst part (pp. 3-106); the names the volume on astronomy, which was the fi rst of the books in the Latin alphabet are in the volume in the series. second part, (pp. 107-560); and the names of the books in the Arabic script are in the third Ramazan Şeşen, M. part (pp. 561-980). The authors are mentioned Serdar Bekar, Gülcan by their entry names as given in the different Gündüz, and Veysel Bulut, volumes of the series. After the name of each Supplament to the His- author one fi nds the abbreviation of the title of tory of Ottoman Scientifi c the volume and page number he is mentioned in. Literature (Mathemati- An author who wrote books in more than one cal, Geographic, Music, fi eld of science may be referred to in more than Military Arts, Natural and one volume. Some books relating to more than Applied Sciences, and one branch of science are necessarily referred Medical Sciences Litera- to more than once. 7 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE The volumes of the series were on: astronomy University, Chemistry Dept.) literature (OALT, 2 volumes, 1997); mathemati- • Archival Documents: Prof. Mustafa Kaçar cal literature (OMLT, 2 volumes, 1999), geogra- (TBTK and Istanbul University) phy literature (OCLT, 2000), literature of musical The research-excavation-restoration project sciences (OMULT, 2 volumes, 2003), literature of the Fatih iron foundry near Demirköy site in of military arts and weaponry (OASLT, 2 vol- the city of Kırklareli, started in 2003 under the umes, 2004), literature of natural and applied auspices of the Turkish Society for History of sciences (OTTBLT, 2 volumes, 2006), literature Science (TBTK) in collaboration with the Direc- of medical sciences (4 volumes, OTIBLT, 2008), torate of Kırklareli Museum, Ministry of Culture literature of astrology and on classifi cation of and is still in process. The project aims to obtain sciences and supplements to the earlier volumes important data for the history of military archi- (OASTLT, Supplement I and Supplement II, 2 tecture, cannon foundry, energy technologies, volumes, 2011). high industry and metallurgy during Ottoman period and create a open industrial museum. Feza Günergun and The project has been carried in four main Dhruv Raina (eds), Science steps: between Europe and Asia: 1. Determination of the settlement plan through Historical Studies on the recovery excavations transmission, adoption and 2. Preparation of the relief projects of the adaptation of knowledge, excavation site Boston Studies in the 3. Analysis of the samples of ores, slag and Philosophy of Science, Springer, 2011, 279p. mines removed from the excavation site 4. Search for archival documents to support the This book explores the excavation results various historical and cul- Among the findings were remnants of a tural aspects of scientifi c, medical and technical furnace, remains of a small foundry, a partially- exchanges that occurred between central Europe protected dam of a distance of 650-700m to and Asia. A number of papers investigate the the same direction; and a small hill of various printing, gunpowder, guncasting, shipbuilding, amount of copper and iron slag. Also a small metallurgical and drilling technologies while mosque within the site was taken under restora- others deal with mapping techniques, the adoption. As the fi ndings obtained through the archi- tion of written calculation and mechanical clocks val studies carried along with excavations show, as well as the use of medical techniques such as the foundry underwent a thorough restoration pulse taking and electrotherapy. under the reign of Mahmud II (1808-1839). As This book was generated by the proceedings the new fi ndings of the architectural properties presented in the symposium titled “Adoption and of the foundry are obtained, new materials are adaptation: The travel of methods, techniques analysed and recorded. In addition, new parts and technologies between Asia and Europe and come to light after excavations have been taken the transformations of know-how”, İstanbul, 10 under protection in a proper way. -14 May 2006, Istanbul University. Map and pictures from the Demirköy Iron Foundry: Research-excavation-restoration project of the Fatih iron foundry near Demirköy (2003-2012) • Head of Project: Prof. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (President of TBTK/Turkish Society for History of Science), • Head of Excavation: Nurcan Yazıcı Metin (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University) • Architectural Documentation and Restora- tion: Assist. Prof. Gülsün Tanyeli (ITU, Faculty of Architecture) • Archeometry: Prof. Hadi Özbal (Bogazici

8 st 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

Tuncay Zorlu Turkish Society for History of Science

9 st 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN ROMANIA which he was the first secretary general, followed In Romania, the history of science has de- by René Taton. veloped, alongside other disciplines during the Research undertaken by the author has used last two centuries. The most important body in every kind of sources available in Romania: the charge of this field of research is the Romanian National Library, which is moving now to the Committee for the History and Philosophy of magnificent new headquarters, the Library of Science and Technology – CRIFST – belonging the Romanian Academy, private houses of the to the Romanian Academy, the highest forum for scientific personalities, the National Archives science and culture in Romania. and the Bucharest archives, the Archives of It consists of three departments: History of Radio Romania, which preserve ancient record- Science, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of ings, and even the archives of many important Science and History of Technology, as well as cemeteries and churches. two publications: NOESIS (published in English To give a few examples, we have just discov- or French) and NOEMA (in Romanian), distri- ered that the present library of the Observatory, buted to fifty countries. There is also a Journal where its director lived for many years was the of Studies and Researches for the History of first government office of the Romanian princi- Science published in Romanian. palities, after the unification of Wallachia and Moreover, there are many international orga- Moldavia in 1859. In 2011 a quite remarkable nizations of this kind, in which Romania is an event took place. While the National Library active participant. One of them is the European manuscripts were packed for moving, we Society “Astronomy in Culture” or “Société Eu- found 12 boxes of manuscripts written by the ropéenne l’Astronomie en Culture” – SEAC. Its first director of the Observatory. We scanned WG “Archaeoastronmical Heritage” is chaired thus nearly 5,000 invaluable pages. Among by the author. It was set up in 2004 to study the documents important letters were found, the archaeoastronomical heritage in Europe. It e.g. those of Bigourdan and Gabrielle Camille collects any information or articles suitable to Flammarion, as well as important courses, such support its goal. Another one is the Commission as those of Picard and Tisserand. Among them 41 for the History of Astronomy, belonging to the there were 73 photos taken by Coculescu, the International Astronomical Union. This Com- founder of Bucharest Observatory (1908) during his expedition in Senegal to observe a Total missionth will prepare a special meeting during the 28 General Assembly that will be held in Solar Eclipse (1893). Beijing next August. You are welcome to visit The cemetery archives are in an extremely the C41 website, which contains the latest news poor state of preservation, but we managed to & reports as well as further information about identify some remarkable tombs: that of the the Commission’s structure, WGs, aims, history, admiral Urseanu, the founder of the first public recent activities, etc, as well as archives, materi- observatory in Bucharest, and that of Gheorghe als and documents. Demetrescu, the most important director of the One of the topics of interest for the history Bucharest Observatory. of science is education. During the last General In 2011 we celebrated the bicentenary of Assembly of the IAU, held in 2009 in Rio de Le Verrier’s birth. On this occasion in the Ro- Janeiro, the author gave an invited lecture en- manian archives original documents have been titled “The history of astronomy – tool of the discovered, which were written during the stay instrunment of education”. in Paris of Căpitaneanu, an important Roman But if we talk about the history of science astronomer. in Romania, we have to remember their most We cannot provide an overview of the his- important representative, Petre Sergescu, who, tory of science in Romania without mentioning according to the great René Taton, was a “crafts- a number of important scholars from Greece who man of international collaboration in science his- lived and worked with us. Their contribution is tory”. He was a famous mathematician, author of registered in a book entitled Greek Scholars in numerous treaties in the history of mathematics, Romania in the 14th-19th centuries. many commissioned by the French. He will be But the most influential figure was the prince remembered as founder of the International of Wallachia, Constantin Brâncoveanu. He was Union of the History and Philosophy of Science, a particularly educated man who understood the the Division of History of Science (DHS), of role of culture in civilizing the people. In order to educate his sons, he thought that the best way

10 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE was to educate their teachers in the most famous universities in Europe. He sent thus Hrisant Notara to London, Padua and Paris. Notara worked together with Cassini, the fi rst director of Paris Observatory. In 1716 Notara published a book in Paris. Its translation into English and the commentary of this book would be the starting point of a long collaboration between Greek and Romanian scientists. There are many projects that we should consider: a WG of the UNESCO-BRESCE for the South- Eastern European countries, aiming at at identifying and preserving the history of the region, many bilateral projects, summer schools at academic level, international associations for the dialogue between scientists and theologians, particularly relevant to a region which has a common religious background, i.e. orthodoxy.

Magda Stavinschi Member of the IAU C41 History of astronomy Chair of the SEAC WG “Archeoastronomy heritage”

HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN ROMANIA – BRIEF REVIEW OF EDUCAtION AND REsEARCH In Romania there are over 70 museums with collections of History of Science and Technology, with a patrimony of more than 45000 pieces. From all of these museums, only few of them are specialized only in Science and Technique, and the most important are the Technical Museums “Prof. Dimitrie Leonida” in Bucharest (Sections: History of mechanics, Electricity, Magnetism, Mining industry, Telecommunications, Hydraulics, etc.) and the Museum of Science and Technique “Stefan Procopiu” in Iasi (with sections: Energetics, Mineralogy, Telecommunications, Sound recording) [1,2].

Technical Museum “Prof. Dimitrie Leonida” in The engine of the fi rst tram in Romania (1894) Bucharest [1]

Museum of Science and Technique Sonic engine, designed by the Romanian “Stefan Procopiu” [2] Gogu Constantinescu (1919)

11 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE share scientifi c information and publications in these fi elds. • CELFIS – The Centre for the Logic, History and Philosophy of Science – University Bucharest. The Centre for the Logic, History and Philosophy of Science is one of most active centres of the University of Bucha- rest. Its members are constantly taking part in diverse research projects- both national and international. Our centre is dedicated to building and fostering a relatively new-born fi eld in Romania, while at the same time it Telecommunications section highly encourages and supports partnership with students aiming at research or academic careers worldwide [4].

Academic programmes From WWII and until now, the history of science was taught in our country only as limited history of various sciences and it was attached to specifi c faculties. Today, there are some new opportunities to familiarize the students with a different view of the history of science, in which particular sciences are integrated in the general assembly of all the sciences and in the socio-economic and cultural context of each time [5]. Sound recording section • University of Bucharest, Faculty of Philosophy There are also specifi c museums dedicated Master Programme “Philosophy and History to mining industry, transportation, medicine and of Science” [6]. Topics: From the natural pharmacy, petroleum industry, and, most impor- philosophy to Newtonian physics: concepts tant, there are memorial museums dedicated to of space, time and matter in XVI-XVIII famous personalities in the fi eld of astronautics centuries; Historical types of sciences; (Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu), chemistry (Petru The structure and role of the scientific Poni), biology (Victor Babes), etc. theory; Realism and constructivism in modern science; Logical construction of the Research centres science; Methodology of humanistic and • CRIFST - The Romanian Committee for social sciences; Science and the sociology History and Philosophy of Science and of knowledge; Ethical dimensions of Technology, belonging to the Romanian science: from Frankenstein to Dolly; The Academy [3]. The general objectives of this philosophy of technology; Evolution models; organization is to stimulate and promote the Theoretical paradigms in linguistic analysis; development and research in the fi eld of history Methodological programmes in social and philosophy of science and history of sciences, etc. technique, to establish relationships between • University “Babes-Bolyai” Cluj, Faculty of the Romanian scientists and researchers, but European Studies, Department of History and also between them and the scientists from Methodology of Science abroad, to interconnect different institutions, PhD studies [5]. Research topics: Europeanism societies and journals in these three fi elds of and Europecentrism in the history of science; research, to disseminate the scientifi c data by Lucian Blaga and the history of science; publishing its own newspaper, to organize Science and Religion in Europe; Man, the congresses, conferences and workshops, to measure of all things: an anthropological

12 st 1 WORKSHOP OF THE NETWORK FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE view of science; Humanism and Science: [8] http://www.fizica.unibuc.ro/fizica/studii/li- personalities of both areas; Transdisciplinary centa/Planuri/2011-2012/PlanInv_BF.pdf Studies. [9] http://stiinte.uoradea.ro/ro/planeinv/2010/ • North University Baia Mare, Faculty of licenta/Fiz%20info%2010-11.pdf Sciences, Department of Physics [10] http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/physics/ro/licenta/ Bachelor in Physics, Discipline “History fizica_2009.pdf of Physics”, Compulsory discipline for the [11] http://www.aos.ro/site_mod/CURSURI.pdf nd students enrolled in the 2 academic year [7]. Gabriela Eugenia Iacobescu • University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics Department of Physics, University of Craiova Bachelor in Physics, Discipline “History of Str. A.I. Cuza 13, Craiova 200585 Romania Physics”, Optional discipline for the students nd enrolled in the 3 academic year [8]. • University of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, BEYOND ARTIFICIAL BOUNDARIES: Department of Physics THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN SERBIA Bachelor in Physics, Discipline “History of AS AN IDEA OF CONTINUITY Physics”, Discipline for the students enrolled The history of science in Serbia was epis- st th in the 1 academic year [9]. temologically established in the 19 century. • University of Craiova, Faculty of Exact Sci- It was founded as a philosophical discipline in ences, Department of Physics 1898 in the comprehensive work of Bozidar Bachelor in Physics, Discipline “History of Knezevic entitled Principles of History. This Physics- Physics and the progress of knowl- work commenced the history of Serbian science edge”, Compulsory discipline for the students as a cosmopolitan philosophical field with a clear nd enrolled in the 3 academic year [10]. Top- definition: “Whereas the idea of man displaces ics: Sciences in Antiquity; Physics in the and disables all the artificial hindrances and Middle Ages; Physics in the Renaissance boundaries between races, tribes and nations, the and Scientific Revolution; Newtonian idea of continuity displaces and disables artificial Mechanics and Physics as a Science; Optics; boundaries between certain sciences… Every Development of classical physics; The science becoming acquainted with the knowl- emergence and the development of modern edge of the past and with the future prospects physics; Contemporary physics. of its field at that point and in that part enters • Academy of Romanian Scientists the sphere of philosophy, and upgrades itself to Summer Courses in “The history of science, philosophy. In this sense the history of science technique and Romanian education”. Topics: is the only true and supreme philosophy.” Innovation process - promoter of technical Bozidar Knezevic set up a sound episte- progress; Issues from the history of science, mological position for the history of science. technology and education in Romania; Oil Moreover, he made a certain Copernican turn- and gas engineering company; Romanian over in that he perceived the history of science aeronautics history; High education in as a genuine philosophia prima. It is obviously aerospace engineering; The first Romanian a unique attempt in the entire European history cosmonaut: Dumitru Prunariu, etc. [11] of philosophy because no one before Knezevic put the history of science on that pedestal: it is References not a follow-up discipline which should offer [1] http://www.cimec.ro/muzee/mteh/mteh.htm some ‘introduction’ to ‘real’ science, but rather [2] http://www.palatulculturii.ro/sciencemuseum. an anterior work which has to break ground for htm the basic hermeneutics of science. [3] http://www.acad.ro/crifst/crifst.htm Such an understanding of the history of sci- [4] http://www.celfis.ro/en/ ence was further developed by Milutin Milank- [5] http://euro.ubbcluj.ro/structura/catedre-is.php ovic (1879 – 1958). He shared the same opinion [6] http://www.filosofie.unibuc.ro/master#Filoso with Knezevic: “The history of science is the fiaşiistoriaştiinţei most magnificent part of the whole history of [7] http://stiinte.ubm.ro/multimedia/Programe%20 mankind ... Reading the history of science, I AnaliticeF/IstoriaFizicii.pdf realized that the textbooks do not see how science emerged, but only their present status...

13 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE When I, as a scientist, began to deal with the specialized journal for the history of science in history of science, primarily a history of exact Serbia and probably in the SEE was launched. sciences, I was surprised when I saw how little The year before had seen the creation of Pinus, and insuffi ciently has been done in this fi eld. a journal for the history of engineering. At the While the volumes on general history would fi ll same time, the Serbian Academy of Science and a large library, the most important works of the Arts initiated a regular series, Lives and Work of history of mathematics, astronomy and physics the Serbian Scientists (12 volumes already pub- can be placed in any personal library.” lished), and the Serbian Society of the History of Following this path, Milankovic established Science, established in 1997, created an edition a history of science as a systematic discipline in of Phlogiston dedicated mainly to unpublished the period from 1943 to 1957. Until that period, archive manuscripts. There are also specialized he elaborated on the astronomical theory of symposiums of the history of science of Serbia climate change and established climatology as organized by the University of Kragujevac and an exact mathematical science with the capacity Matica Srpska from Novi Sad. Besides that, to reconstruct the past and predict the future. some scientifi c and technical museums as well But after the Germans destroyed the National as certain university departments run their own Library of Serbia in 1941 and, after that, the regular or sporadic publications and meetings Library of the Mathematical Institute in 1944, relevant to the history of science. he was forced to abandon his basic research and to begin a comprehensive examination of the history of science. In that period, he wrote Through Distant Space and Times (1943), Isaac Newton and Newton’s Principia (1946), Notes on the Life of the Great Mathematician Mihailo Petrovic - Alas9 (1946), History of Astronomy (1948), Through Realm of Science (1950), 22 Centuries of Chemistry (1953), History of Science and Technics (1955), Technics in the Distant Past (1955), Aristarchos and Apollonius (1956). Based on the cosmopolitan philosophical approach of Bozidar Knezevic and the suf- fi ciently scientifi c work of Milutin Milankovic, In 1997, the Gallery of Science and Tech- the Serbian history of science was established nology opened in the premises of the Serbian as a scientifi c discipline with a distinct position, Academy of Science, which hosts new scientifi c clear determination of its fi eld, comprehensive exhibitions almost on a monthly basis. Last but basic studies and competent key authors. not least, two international projects within the Cultural understanding of the importance of framework of the history of science, in which the history of science was further approved after the author of this article took part, should be WWII through the construction of specialized mentioned. The Serbian – Greek project: The museums on the history of science. The fi rst Introduction and Development of Scientificth one was the Museum of Nikola Tesla (1856 – Thought in Serbia and Greece Since the 18 1943) in Belgrade. It opened in 1950, and it is Century Until Nowadays (2002), and the Serbian currently on the UNESCO list of the world’s - Russian collaboration: Russian-Serbian Links cultural heritage. The second museum, also in the Field of Science, Humanities and Educa- dedicated entirely to one scientist (a reliable tion (2010). The latter is available at: http://ihst. sign of the place of the history of science in a nw.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&tas certain culture), is the Museum of Jovan Cvijic k=view&id=62&Itemid=26 (1865 – 1927) - geographer, anthropologist, cli- matologist - established in 1968. The Museum Aleksandar Petrovic of Science and Technology opened in 1989. It President of the Serbian Society of History of runs 15 scientifi c and technical museums that Science exist in Serbia. In 1995, under the umbrella of the Museum of Science and Technology Phlogiston, the fi rst

14 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE HIstORY OF sCIENCE AND tECHNO- 1st, 1977. Numerous exhibits are collected LOGY IN BULGARIA there. The Palace contains equipment from the History of physics is a new scientifi c area in unique collection of the Faculty of Physics of the the Institute of Solid State Physics at the Bul- Sofi a University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. There garian Academy of Sciences. Some Bulgarian are some self-made instruments by Professor research groups, institutions, and many people P. Bachmetjew and his students which were have put their efforts to establish history of phys- constructed for the fi rst physics laboratory in ics as an independent fi eld. History of physics, Bulgaria opened in 1890. Today the collection as Milko Borissov (1921 – 1998) said, has “an contains more than 1200 exhibits. The Palace of important role to physics itself. Especially in Physics prepares exhibitions, training programs, crucial moments, the history of physics helps and methodological assistance. Moreover, it physicists to make correct decisions. […] The possesses some book collections for the history history of physics has another side which is im- of physics and technology. portant for the history of science, culture, and The Musueum for the History of Physics, mankind. […] One of the main tasks of physics situated in the Institute of Solid State Physics, in our time is to form a relationship with social is the youngest centre for the history of Phys- sciences. […] Physics is an integral part of hu- ics in Bulgaria. Many people contributed to the man culture and history of physics is an integral creation of the Museum. Headed by Professor and essential part of general history and becomes Milko Borissov (18.02.1921 –05.11.1998) the independent branch itself” [1]. We will examine Institute of Solid State Physics turned personal into the past, present, and future development of the laboratory of Georgi Nadjakov March cabinet museum after his death. The research history of physics briefl y. The aim of this paper is group for the history of physics along with the to elaborate on the history of physics in Bulgaria cabinet museum “Geogri Nadjakov” formed an before 1989, to demonstrate its present state and independent unit named “Museum for the His- to make proposals for future work. tory of Physics”. Many old books, documents, manuscripts, photographs, and instruments Institutions have been donated ever since. Georgi Nadja- th During the second half of 20 century the kov’s permanent exhibition and a small reading Bulgarian government established the National room have opened for the public in 2006. The Polytechnic Museum, while the Society of museum collects three kinds of sources: written Physicists initiated Palace of Physics. sources (archival funds), objective sources (ap- The National Polytechnic Museum has paratuses and models) and publications (books sources on the history of physics, collected there and articles). The fi rst task of the Museum is to by Penka Lazarova during the 1980’s. Sources promote research on the history of physics. The originate from the Sofi a University and from the second task is to collect and preserve sources. private collections. P. Lasarova has published All sources are at the disposal of researchers. many articles and one biographical book. At The third task of the Museum is to publish books this moment, she is a secretary of the magazine and journals, arrange exhibitions and produce Nauka published by the Union of Scientists in historical and documentary fi lms to popularise Bulgaria. Curators L. Filipova and chemist L. physics and the history of physics [2]. Dashovska work in the National Polytechnic Museum nowadays. They have been responsible for some exhibitions and have published articles too. Palace of Physics is a branch of the Na- tional Polytechnic Museum. In the past it was an independent municipal museum, placed in the Professional School of Mechanics and Electro- techniques in Kazanlak. The idea for its creation was born during the National Conference Phys- ics and production, organised in Kazanlak by the Society of Physicists (1974). The Palace The Museum for the History of Physics inaugurated its fi rst exhibition on September

15 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE People Solid State Physics appointed the fi rst researcher on the history of physics in 1988. The researchers on The total number of the authors with publica- the history of physics in tions on the history of physics is approximately Bulgaria differ from tra- 393 in Bulgaria. Professional researchers of the ditional researchers in the history of science represent a small percentage history of science. The among them. Most of physicists write memories reasons lie in the earlier or popularize history of physics. Some individual historical transition of researchers, as Iskren Asmanov, made private 1944. The entire scien- historical investigations after 1989. tifi c staff of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the Sofia University was preserved in Bul- garia after the World War II. Probably Professor Georgi Nadjakov has the greatest merit. Occupy- ing a high position in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Vice President) he protected researchers in natural sciences. Only professor Georgi Maneff, who has turned pension (age 60), has Table 1 left from the Sofi a University. However, he has not been repressed and he is entitled to hold Publications public offi ce [3]. History of physics is a subject of investi-

gationth in Bulgaria since the beginning of the Milko Boriss- 20 century (after Professor P. Bachmetjew’s ov (1 8 . 0 2 . 1 9 2 1 – death). In the beginning the publications were 05.11.1998) created a bibliographical and institutional studies mainly. scientifi c research group Publications in the history of physics have on the history of physics grown after 1989 (Table 1). According to this at the Institute of Solid preliminary study 24 books and 395 articles on State Physics. He worked the history of physics were published in Bulgaria with Christina Stojcheva, until 1989. 31 books and 477 articles have been Penka Lazarova, Marko published since then. Only the negative evalu- Gerdjikov, Vladimir ation about Professor Georgi Maneff’s theory Kusev (22.01.1931 – has changed [5]. 14.03.1983) and Alex- Milko Borisov embodies the role of person- ander Vavrek (12.03.1947 – 07.08.2003). Many ality in historical research. Analysis of the old reports and lectures on the history of physics texts on physics is the centre of research for him, were given by him. In the Blagoevgrad Peda- whilst at the same time focuses on the socio- gogical Institute Professor Milko Borissov read economic conditions of the historical epoch. eight-hour selected lectures on the history of Under his guidance signifi cant conclusions are physics in Bulgaria (21-23 December 1988). reached at for the history of secondary and higher A comprehensive course (20 hours) on the histh educationth in physics in Bulgaria for the 19 and tory of physics was organized by him at the early 20 century. Sofi a University. Hristo Botev Radio broadcast series of lectures on the history of physics in Bulgaria [4]. The fi rst curators of the Museum were Vladi- mir Kusev (22.01.1931 – 14.03.1983) and Alex- ander Vavrek (12.03.1947 – 07.08.2003). The last one headed two projects on the history of physics (F251 from 1992 – 1995 and F517 from 1995 – 1999). History of theoretical physics at the Sofi a University was the subject of the third project, F1312 (2003 – 2007) [2]. Institute of

16 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE

The studies of Bulgarian Renaissance literature establishes the role of Joan Exarch (Bulgar- There aren’t any journals for the history of ian Exarch from 867 to 920), Ivan Seliminski physics in Bulgaria. Magazines relating to phys- (1799 – 1867), Pierre Beron (1799 – 1871) ics (Bulgarian Journal of Physics) and sciences and Demetrius Mutieff (1818 – 1864) in the (Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Bulgare des dissemination of physics in the Bulgarian ter- Science, Journal of the Bulgarian Academy of rotory. The activities of Emmanuel Vaskidovich Sciences) have published some articles on the (1795 – 1875) as a teacher show that he used history of physics. Vardalahos’ experimental physics textbook Collections about remarkable Bulgarian in Svishtov from 1817 to 1847. Textbooks of physicists, botanists, geologists, mathemati- Nayden Gerov (1823 – 1900), Joachim Gruev cians, and inventors have been produced. Some (1828 – 1912) and Ivan Gyuzelev (1844 – 1916) books on the history of astronomy, and technol- are used in secondary and higher education of ogy have been published in Bulgarian language. physics in Bulgarian schools since 1846. Articles There are many biographical books and memoirs in physics, published in Bulgarian journals in th in the fi eld of physics. 19 century exhibit educational elements. Collections

As a result of documentary research in the archives of the Sofi a University new and interesting features are discovered for the history of higher education of physics in our country. Courses on physics (astronomy, meteo- rology, experimental, theoretical, nuclear and technical physics) have given birth to six physics departments duringth the first half of 20 century. 17 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE

History of Astronomy Biography

History of Technology Memoirs

18 st 1 WORKsHOP OF tHE NEtWORK FOR tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN sOUtHEAstERN EUROPE to research centers for the history of science is Common activities derived from public sources. Further methods of acquiring income were used and that was not the fi rst time that such fi nancial support was received by physics institutes. Since the 1950’s contracts for applied research were signed between institutes of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and factories which resulted in additional income. Around 1989 the Institute of Solid State Physics came to realize revenue from contracts equal to its budget subsidy. Because the factories in Bulgaria were destroyed after 1989, the income from applied projects has since become negligible. Some years ago the Sofi a University recovered its research fund, while the Institute of Solid State Physics has established its own research fund. Finally, during the last fi ve years internal contents have fi nanced some of our research projects.

Conclusions Since 1989 one can observe a tendency of growth in publications relating to publications in the history of physics in Bulgaria. Bulgarian common activities in the history of physics are 1) scientifi c assistance in the history of science and 2) symposiums, conferences and memorial Many memorial sessions and three sympo- sessions. Regarding future scientifi c activity, we sia on the history of physics have taken place propose a research on the history of altitude. As in Bulgaria up to now (2005, 2006, 2011). The far as the organization level is concerned, we ex- idea came from Professor Nicola Balabanov in pect some standards to be further elaborated. 2005. With his efforts the fi rst symposium was held hosting 13 oral presentations. The second References symposium on the history of physics was or- [1] L. Spasov, G. Kamisheva, Milko Borisov za ganized by the Museum with 20 oral presen- sebe si i droujite za nejo (Sofi a, Academy edi- tations, 8 posters and 3 student reports. Their tions “Prof. M. Drinov”, 2008) p. 109-110 proceedings have been published in Bulgarian language. The third symposium was dedicated [2] G. Kamisheva, ‘Museum as a source for to the history of physics and mathematics in the Historical Research in Physics in Bulgaria’, in Balkans (17-18 October 2011). 21 authors with CP1203 7th International Conference of the Bal- 26 reports took part in the symposium. There kan Physical Union, edited by A. Angelopoulos were one plenary lecture, six thematic sessions and T. Fildisis, (AIP, 2009), p. 1342 – 1346 and an exhibition. [3] G. Kamisheva, ‘History of the Mathematical and Theoretical Physics in the Sofi a University Funding Methods (1925 – 1935)’, in Proceedings of Fifth Gen- The existence and development of the eral Conference of the Balkan Physical Union, Museum for the History of Physics in Bul- Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia and Montenegro, 2003, garia depends on its own income and funds. (BPU, Belgrade, 2003) p. 1999–2002. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the [4] G. Kamisheva, ‘Traditions and Reforms Sofi a University had many funds available for in Bulgarian Physics. Milko Borissov (1921 research purposes until 1939 when they were – 1998)’, in CP1203 7th International Confer- nationalised. According to funding regulations ence of the Balkan Physical Union, edited by only the income from the accrual of interest was A. Angelopoulos and T. Fildisis, (AIP, 2009), available for use. Since then, fi nancial support p. 1336 – 1341

19 [5] G. Kamisheva, ‘Lectures in Mathemati- b) The production of a historical material that cal and Theoretical Physics at the University is both profitable in terms of educational of Sofia by Professor Georgi Ivanoff Maneff applications and suitable for activities aiming (1921 – 1944)’, in Prof. G. Manev’s Legacy at promote public awareness of the different in Contemporary Astronomy, Theoretical and temporalities that have been merged in the Gravitational Physics, edited by V. Gerdjikov history of science and render the written and M. Tsvetkov, (Heron Press, Sofia, 2005) p. monuments of this history tokens of a 45 – 53. common cultural legacy. Ganka Kamisheva The interdisciplinary team is constituted by Institute of Solid State Physics historians, historians of science, philologers, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria paleographers, chemists and didacticians. The [email protected] project is supported by the International Acad- emy of History of Science. The duration of the project is from September A PROJECT ON GREEK ALCHEMY 2012 to September 2015. (DACALBO) More information can be found at: www. hpdst.gr/dacaldo Digital archive concerning alchemy in Byzantium and in Greek-speaking communities of the Ottoman Empire and educational as A PROJECT ON SCIENCE AND RELI- well as cultural utilization of this archive GION (NARSES) The HPDST team has been funded by the Nature and Religion in Southeastern European National Strategic Reference Framework for the Space: mapping Science and Eastern project DACABO on Greek Alchemy. Christianity religions in South Eastern Europe DACALBO project addresses a significant and Eastern Mediterranean gap in the current historiography of sciences, by exploring and carefully mapping the Byzantine The HPDST team has been funded by the and post-Byzantine alchemy through the creation National Strategic Reference Framework for the of a comprehensive, open access, digitized, and project NARSES on Science and Religion. NARSES aims to map the relationship be- searchable data-base and metadata material. th tween sciences and religion from the 4 c. AD Specifically the project aims to: th to the 20 c. in Southeastern Europe and East a) Identify, collect, digitize and classify all Mediterranean. It will focus on social formations surviving manuscript and printed primary where Eastern Christianity was, depending on sources relevant to alchemy in Greek the period, dominant or an important religious language during the periods of Byzantium tradition. and the Ottoman Empire. Exploring historically the relationship be- b) Collect and classify the secondary tween sciences and religions is essential in order bibliography. to understand the relation between sciences and c) Create prosopographical entries for every societies. The “Needham question” (why certain identifiable author. societies rather than others develop a specific d) Evaluate the modifications or transformations scientific practice) is closely tied with this rela- which Byzantine alchemical tradition has tionship. NARSES proposes to fill an important undergone, and to ascertain its relations with gap in the historiography: while a huge literature Hellenistic, Arabic, or Latin alchemy. exists on science and religion in Western Chris- e) Determine what twists in the development tianity there is almost a complete void for the of alchemy have taken place after its areas of Byzantium, the Ottoman Empire and the introduction in the cultural context of Balkan states, marked by Eastern Christianity. Greek-speaking communities of the Ottoman th th NARSES interdisciplinary research will reveal Empire, from the 15 to the 18 century and unknown dimensions of science-religion rela- the passage to “Chymistry”. tions, with major implications for the relevant Additional objectives: historiography developed in reference with the a) The enrichment of the history of Byzantium, West European societies. drawing lines of connection between the NARSES aims a) to collect, critically exam- historiography of Byzantine alchemy and ine and catalogue the religious texts on nature, that of the natural sciences in South-Eastern the scientific texts evincing theological aspects Europe. and the canonical texts on knowledge and sci-

20 ences; b) to map the complexity of the relations the contribution of the outstanding breeders between sciences and religion, the Eastern Konstantin Malkov and Prof. Ivan Ivanov being Christianity groups active in debates on nature emphasized. The creation of network of agricul- and the institutions responsible for the produc- tural experimental stations covering different tion and negotiation of knowledge about nature regions of the country (Sadovo, Obraztsov chif- and God. lik, Kneja, Dobrich, Sofia, etc.) is examined as The PI has organized training of young schol- a purposeful state policy, beneficial to breeding ars on sciences and religions in SE Europe and and agriculture. The crucial importance of the East Mediterranean through interdisciplinary establishment of the Faculty of Agronomy and research, networks, seminars and conferences. Forestry at Sofia University (1921) as well as The implementation of NARSES will open a the Central Agricultural Experimental Institute new research field which will constitute a solid in Sofia (1919) for the genetical education and ground in order to further develop the research to research is pointed out, and the merits of the pro- the whole Eastern Europe and the interdisciplin- fessors of genetics Mihail T. Hristoff and Gen- ary comparative studies on science and religions tcho Gentcheff are recognized. The world-wide between West and East. It will contribute to the achievements of the most outstanding Bulgarian dialogue between societies having different geneticist Prof. Dontcho Kostoff are thoroughly cultural histories and traditions. commented and strongly emphasized. The duration of the project extends from The author describes the close relations of November 2012 to November 2015. Bulgarian geneticians with universities and scientific institutions in Europe and USA, ma- terialized through education and specialization CLASSICAL GENETICS IN BULGARIA in prestigious scientific centers and collabora- Mintchev, Dinko, Classical Genetics in tions with eminent geneticists - E. M. East, Bulgaria, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, N.I.Vavilov, A. Gustafsson. Mintchev points out Ikopis, Sofia, 2010, 119 p. (in Bulgarian, that Bulgarian geneticists and particularly Prof. English summary) Dontcho Kostoff contributed to the development of basic branches of genetics, such as cytogenet- ISBN – 978-954-91905-4-0 ics, immunogenetics, mutational genetics, and The book is a short treatise presenting the related phenomena, like polyploidy and remote rise and development of the classical genetics in hybridization. Thus, the leading position of Bulgaria in both a scientific and comprehensive Bulgarian genetics and breeding in South-East way. The author examines the first hypothetical Europe up to 1949 is convincingly presented. ideas on heredity in the Medieval literature; texts The decline of genetical education and research, by the writer Joan Ekzarh and writings of the and the dramatic fate of Prof. Dontcho Kostoff so-called “bogomili” (known also as “albigeois” and other eminent Bulgarian geneticians after in France and “katari” in Italy) are commented. the imposiion of the Lyssenkoist dictatorship in biological science (1949) is outlined. Philosophical concepts of Dr Peterth Beron, Dimitar Mutev and Vassil Beron (19 century) The book of Dinko Mintchev is an important are also considered. contribution to the history of Bulgarian classical The author puts emphasis on the establish- genetics, assisting young generations of biolo- ment - after five century-long Ottoman domina- gists to acquire knowledge on the rise of this tion - of the young Bulgarian state (1878) as a extraordinary science in Bulgaria. key event giving rise to scientific institutions such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Aglika Edreva (successor of the Bulgarian Literary Association Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics founded in 1869 in Braila, Romania) and Sofia Bulgarian Academy Sciences St. Kliment University (1888) where the first lec- 1113 Sofia tures on genetics were delivered by Prof. Georgi Bulgaria Shishkov (1904). The role of the eminent pro- email: [email protected] fessors Methodii Popoff and Stefan Konsuloff, leaders of the newly-founded Natural Scientific Society, major lecturers and promoters of genetical sciences in Bulgaria, is underlined. Special attention is given to the development of breeding closely related to genetical science,

21 A BOOK ON CRItICAL EDUCAtION the Swiss Physical Society Annual Conference, 13-18 July 2011. Kostas Skordoulis, Dave Hill, Critical Edu- st From Southeastern Europe Mrs. Ganka cation. Proceedings of the 1 International Kamisheva, Bulgaria, Dr. Rajka Jurdana, Croa- Conference, Athens 12-16 July 2011, Institute tia, Dr. George N. Vlahakis, Greece and Dr. of Historical Research/National Hellenic Re- Constantine Tampakis, Greece, participated. The search Foundation-Nisos, Athens, 2012. cover Proceedings:Layout 1 6/20/12 1:30 PM Page 1 participation of the Greek delegates was funded by the project HEPHAESTUS. The programme of the meeting was as fol- CRITICAL lows: EDUCATION Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Yacin Karim (Geneva/Lyon): Charles-Eugene Athens 12-16 July 2011 Guye’s experiments on relativity

CRITICAL EDUCATION CRITICAL Editors Kostas Skordoulis & Dave Hill Jan Lacki (Geneva): Arthur Schidlof and the fi rst chair of mathematical physics in Geneva Jean-Pierre Hurni (Geneva): Investigating Clifford structures: early mathematical physics between Geneva, Lausanne and Bern. Régis Catinaud (Geneva): Gockel versus INSTITUTE FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH Kostas Skordoulis & Dave Hill (eds) NATIONAL HELLENIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION 978-960-9535-42-7 νήσος Kowalski in Fribourg: revisiting the pure versus applied science debate Reinhard Folk (Linz): Sternwartebibliothek

This volume comprisesst of the papers pre- Kremsmünster sented during the 1 International Conference Sonja Lackner (Graz): Charting the planets:

on Critical Education, which was held in Athens Early representatives of planetary movements between 12 -16of July 2011. The conference was Peter Holmberg (Finnland): Aurora Borealis co-organized by the Programme HEPHAESTUS – early observations and research and the Faculty of Primary Education of the Jean-François Loude (Lausanne): Heinrich National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. von Wild (1833-1902) and his Polaristrobom- Responsible for the organization were Profes- eter sor Dave Hill, from Middlesex University, UK, Constantine Tampakis (Greece): The poet Professor Peter McLaren, from UCLA, USA and his plants: Theodoros Orfanidis and early and Professor Kostas Skordoulis, affi liated to modern Greek scientifi c community the Programme for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The core of the discussion aimed primarily at evincing the signifi cance of critical education within contemporary conditions and its relationship with politics, education, teachers and students as well as radical movements. It is crucial that this was the fi rst time such a conference was held and that numerous scholars from different countries had the opportunity to present their research work. The various points and refl ections brought up during the 5 days of the conference are assembled in this particular volume, through C. Tampakis at the comferance the 34 papers presented by participant scholars originating from a variety of countries and fi elds Denis Weaire (Ireland): of specialization. Hutchie Synge: Mystery Man Sofi a Talas (Italy): Bubble Chambers at their EUROPEAN PHYsICAL sOCIEtY/HIs- Beginning – The Italian Contributions tORY OF PHYsICs GROUP ANNUAL Araceli Sanchez Varela (Geneva): How MEEtING experiments miss their ending: the case of LEP Walter Kutschera, Wolfgang Reiter (Vien- The European Physical Society/History of na): Josef Schintlmeister and the “Uranverein„ Physics Group annual meeting took place during Dieter Hoffmann (Germany): Peter Debye and

22 the Third Reich. Vandoulakis, Ioannis, HOU Karl Grandin (Sweden): No- Vlahakis, George, HOU bel Prizes, Neutrality and the Cold War José M. Sánchez-Ron (Spain): Spain and the The programme was intense and interest- World of Quantum Physics (1920-1950): Ger- ing and covered almost all fi elds of history of man and US physicists viewed through the Chinese science. Greek participants also gave correspondence of Miguel Catalán, discoverer a view of the history of science in Greece and of the multiplets presented aspects of the links between these two George N. Vlahakis (Greece): Dimitri- great civilizations. os Hondros, student of Sommerfeld: His The detailed programme of the Conference contributionth to the development of Physics in can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/ the early 20 century Greece cngrconf/program

CONFERENCE ON CLIMAtE AND WEAtHER: sCIENCE As PUBLIC CULtURE The Conference took place between 7-9 of January 2013 at the Museum of the History of Science & Maison Française d’Oxford in the framework of the research programme in His- tory of Science. It was organised by the Maison Française d’Oxford, in collaboration with the Museum of the History of Science, the Faculty G. N. Vlahakis at the conference History of the University of Oxford, Oxford Brookes University, the Centre Koyré (EHESS) tH and the Institut d’Histoire Moderne et Contem- 13 INtERNAtIONAL CONFERENCE poraine (IHMC), and with the support of the ON tHE HIstORY OF sCIENCE IN CHI- French Embassy in London. NA AND INtERNAtIONAL CONFER- th On Monday 7 , a reception was hosted at the ENCE FOR tHE CHINEsE HIstORY Museum of the History of Science including a OF sCIENCE AND Its INtERACtION private view of the exhibition “Atmospheres: WItH tHE GREEK CIVILIZAtION Investigating the Weather from Aristotle to

The conference took place between 22-27 of Ozone”. th July 2012 in Athens, Greece. It was organized by On Tuesday 8 , sessions on the subjects of the Chinese Society for the History of Science the “Commodifi cation of meterological knowl- and Technology, the Chinese Academy of Sci- edge”, and “Media”, were followed by a lecture ences/Institute for the History of Natural Science by Pascal Lecomte (European Space Agency, and the Hellenic Open University. Harwell-Oxford) on “Data: From Satellites to the

A large number of Chinese historiansth of sci- Public. The Value of Climate Data, their Cost and ence came to Athens for the 13 International How they are Perceivedth by the Public”. Conference on the History of Science in China Wednesday 9 was devoted to the session and the International Conference on Chinese “Historicizing climate history”, during which History of Science and its interaction with the George N. Vlahakis (Hellenic Open University)

Greek Civilization. presented histh paper “Climate, Weather and So- Organizer of the event in Athens and the ciety in 19 century Greece”. person who is responsible for the success of the Conference was Prof. Byron Kaldis of the Hel- lenic Open University. Members of the Local Organizing Committee were:

Athanasakis, Dimitris, HOU Sakorrafou, Kyriaki, HOU Steiris, George, HOU & Univ. of Athens Stergiopoulos, Kostas, HOU

23 6tH INtERNAtIONAL CONFERENCE “FERE-VELEstINO-RHIGAs, HIstORY- ARCHAEOLOGY-PHYsICAL sCIENCEs” th The scientifi c Society for the Study of Feres-Velestino-Rhigas organized the 6 International Conference “Fere-Velestino-Rhigas, History-Archaeology-Physical Sciences” between 4 - 7 October 2012, in Velestino, Thessaly. The Conference was a scientifi c success as participants gave original papers related to the subject of the Confer- ence. The President of the Organizing Committee, Dr. Dimitrios Karamberopoulos, took care of the host of the participants and besides the main events of the Confer- ence participants had the chance to exchange opinions and discuss matters of mutual interest during the lunches and dinners with a glass of local wine. The programme of the Conference can be found at: http://www.rhigassociety.gr/PRPR12.pdf

G. N. Vlahakis at the conference

ALMAGEst 3/1, VOL. 5 ALMAGEst 3/2, VOL. 6

The fi fth volume of The sixth volume of Almagest, International Almagest, International Journal for the History Journal for the History of Scientifi c Ideas, pub- of Scientifi c Ideas, published in May 2012 is a lished in November 2012 volume of varia. is a volume of varia.

Contents: Contents:

Edward J. Larson & Alexey V. Postnikov Ronald L. Numbers “George Bogle, the fi rst “Creation, Evolution, British envoy to Bhutan and the Boundaries of and Tibet (1774-1775): Science: The Debate in the United States” the importance of his mission for his contempo- Albrecht Heeffer raries and subsequent participants of the Great “The Genesis of the Algebra Textbook: Game in Asia” From Pacioli to Euler” Anne-Laurence Caudano Thomas De Vittori “An Astrological Handbook from the Reign of “History in mathematics teaching: Manuel I Komnenos” current problems and new proposals” Erica Torrens & Ana Barahona Laurent Mazliak “The ‘Tree of Life’ in textbooks and muse- “Study of a Trajectory: ums” Kiril Popoff, wars, and ballistics” Daniel Špelda Silvia F. de M. Figueirôa “Anachronisms in the history of science: An “A sample of geological textbooks: attempt at a typology” the book História Física da Terra (1943) by Jasper Doomen Alberto Betim Paes Leme” “Understanding and Explaining”