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Tesis Doctoral Universidad Nacional del Sur Tesis de Doctor en Biología LAGUNAS SOMERAS COMO ECOSISTEMAS CENTINELAS DE LA VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA: RESPUESTA DE LAS COMUNIDADES FITOPLANCTÓNICAS Josefina Zunino Bahía Blanca Argentina 2018 Universidad Nacional del Sur Tesis de Doctor en Biología LAGUNAS SOMERAS COMO ECOSISTEMAS CENTINELAS DE LA VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA: RESPUESTA DE LAS COMUNIDADES FITOPLANCTÓNICAS JOSEFINA ZUNINO BAHÍA BLANCA ARGENTINA 2018 PREFACIO Esta Tesis se presenta como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Doctor en Biología de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en esta Universidad u otra. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO) perteneciente al Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CCT-CONICET-BB), dependiente del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), durante el período comprendido entre 1 de abril de 2014 y 1 de mayo de 2018, bajo la dirección de la Dra. María Cintia Piccolo (IADO-CONICET) y la Dra. Irina Izaguirre (UBA-CONICET). UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR Secretaría General de Posgrado y Educación Continua La presente tesis ha sido aprobada el……/……/……., mereciendo la calificación de ……………….(…………………...) A Simón AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas e instituciones que hicieron posible el desarrollo de esta Tesis Doctoral. En primer lugar a mi directora, la Dra. M. Cintia Piccolo por su tenacidad y dedicación para lograr la mejor versión profesional de mí y por su apoyo en todo momento. A mi codirectora la Dra. Irina Izaguirre por los aportes brindados y su gran predisposición. Al Dr. Gerardo Perillo y la Dra. Piccolo por darme la posibilidad de formar parte de este grupo de investigación. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), al Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO) y a la Universidad Nacional del Sur, y al Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia de la Universidad Nacional del Sur. También quiero agradecer a las instituciones que colaboraron para la realización de esta investigación: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN3038, con el apoyo de US National Science Foundation (Grant GEO-1128040), al Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) y los integrantes del grupo PAMPA-CONICET. A la Dirección de Turismo de la Municipalidad de Puan y muy especialmente al personal de la laguna: Chiqui y Ricardo, que hicieron posibles mis campañas y lo hicieron con la mejor predisposición. Al personal técnico, administrativo, becarios e investigadores del IADO. Al Dr. Alejandro Vitale por sus aportes tecnológicos. A la Dra. Ines O’ Farrell y la Dra. Nora Maidana por la colaboración brindada para la determinación de especies. Al Dr. Leonardo Lagomarsino, el Dr. Felix Ignacio Contreras, la Dra. Vanesa Bohn y Manuel Tolsa por sus contribuciones y/o consejos. A mis compañeros de oficina, con quienes hemos crecido juntos, aprendiendo lo bueno y lo malo de esta profesión: Ana Laura, Carina, Facundo, Andrea B, Katy, Clara, Andrea H, Lujan, Carla y Gian. En especial a mis amigos: Vanina, Federico y Belén y a mi querido compañero Ernesto donde sea que estés. Gracias a Selvita y a Magda. A mi familia, mis hermanos, mis suegros, mis amigos, por su cariño y apoyo incondicional. En especial a Maximiliano, por su amor, su ayuda y paciencia y por que juntos hicimos realidad el desafío más lindo de la vida: Simón, a quien dedico este trabajo. Lagunas someras como ecosistemas centinelas de la variabilidad climática: Respuesta de las comunidades fitoplanctónicas RESUMEN Los lagos y lagunas son utilizados como indicadores del cambio climático en todo el mundo. La celeridad con la que responden a los eventos atmosféricos convierte a estos ambientes en ideales para estudiar los efectos de la variabilidad climática de una región. Las lagunas pampeanas son cuerpos de agua someros, que carecen de estratificación y presentan una tendencia a la eutrofización. El fitoplancton constituye el nivel más importante de los productores primarios en la trama trófica de la mayoría de los ecosistemas acuáticos y es un elemento clave como indicador de la calidad del agua. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue conocer y comparar la respuesta de la comunidad fitoplanctónica a la variabilidad climática, las variables fisicoquímicas y a las actividades antrópicas en dos lagunas someras de la Región Pampeana con distintas características de salinidad (Laguna de Puan y La Salada). Las lagunas se estudiaron mediante muestreos mensuales de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y biológicos desde octubre 2012 a marzo 2015 en La Salada y desde abril 2014 a julio 2016 en Puan (mediciones de baja frecuencia). Se realizó una caracterización climática de cada sitio y se analizaron los eventos secos y húmedos de la región durante el período 1960-2016. Por otro lado, con sensores de medición continua (alta frecuencia), se obtuvieron parámetros ambientales (temperatura del aire, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento, dirección del viento y humedad relativa) y limnológicos (clorofila a, oxígeno disuelto, temperatura del agua). Las lagunas de Puan y La Salada están ubicadas al sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Durante el desarrollo de esta investigación se determinó que la región estaba siendo influenciada por los efectos del fenómeno ENSO. Mediante la utilización del Índice Estandarizado de Precipitación (IEP) y el método de quintiles, se encontró que los años 2014, 2015 y 2016 fueron años húmedos. La precipitación registrada en cada sitio mostró diferencias significativas, determinando subregiones diferentes para cada laguna. En Puan, el análisis de alta frecuencia de las variables ambientales, realizado con el método de la Transformada Rápida de Fourier y el estudio de las condiciones sinópticas atmosféricas, permitió detectar un patrón de circulación de vientos local, generado por el Sistema Serrano de Ventania. Este patrón se caracterizó por un cambio en la dirección e intensidad del viento durante el día (mayor intensidad de dirección: S, SE) y la noche (menor intensidad con dirección N y NE). En la Laguna de Puan, las abundantes precipitaciones durante el período 2014-2015 afectaron el volumen, área y nivel del agua, y modificaron las características fisicoquímicas. En la laguna La Salada, las características morfométricas y fisicoquímicas no mostraron fluctuaciones importantes durante los eventos lluviosos. Las condiciones fisicoquímicas entre estos dos cuerpos de agua someros, fueron significativamente distintas en la conductividad, la transparencia del agua, la concentración de nutrientes y la clorofila a. Sólo la laguna de Puan presentó variaciones anuales importantes de estos parámetros. Se estudió la dinámica temporal del fitoplancton mediante un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo, se calculó biovolumen, biomasa, índices ecológicos y se analizaron los grupos funcionales de la comunidad fitoplanctónica. Los resultados de la serie temporal (octubre 2012 – marzo 2015) del fitoplancton en La Salada, no mostraron diferencias anuales importantes. La comunidad estuvo dominada por especies del género Ochromonas. La dominancia de estas especies se observó durante todo el período los máximos valores de abundancia se registraron durante el otoño de 2013 y 2014. El mantenimiento artificial del nivel del agua influye en la escasa fluctuación de las variables fisicoquímicas de la laguna La Salada. Esto genera que sea un ambiente con elevada estabilidad temporal en sus características (valores altos de transparencia y conductividad) que colabora con el desarrollo y permanencia de un grupo funcional (X3) dominante. Por el contrario, en Puan durante el período abril 2014 – julio 2016 se observó una gran variabilidad temporal de las abundancias fitoplanctónicas, reflejada en las diferencias observadas entre los años estudiados y en las diferencias estacionales. Durante 2014 la laguna de Puan sufría las consecuencias de la sequía de años previos, con escasa transparencia del agua y elevada conductividad. Estas condiciones y la ausencia de peces favorecieron el desarrollo de la comunidad zooplanctónica, que habría generado una importante presión de pastoreo, con un control “top- down” sobre el fitoplancton. En 2015 el nivel del agua se restableció dando lugar en primera instancia a especies de grupos funcionales de mayor tamaño (MP) y oportunistas (W1), mientras que al final del período de estudio (2016) se identificó una proliferación de Microcystis aeruginosa (M) cuya capacidad de latencia y potencial de toxicidad incrementan la importancia del monitoreo del fitoplancton en esta laguna. Las mediciones mensuales, permitieron establecer que la Laguna de Puan responde a la variabilidad climática de la región, generando importantes cambios en las comunidades fitoplanctónicas. Por su parte en La Salada, el fuerte efecto antrópico, debido al manejo lagunar, no permite detectar cambios en el fitoplancton durante los períodos secos y húmedos. Sin embargo, la medición en alta frecuencia de la clorofila a en La Salada reveló importantes fluctuaciones de este parámetro durante el pasaje de centros de baja presión. El paso de frentes, caracterizado por vientos fuertes, nubosidad y/o lluvias, provoca que la clorofila disminuya significativamente. La clorofila a tarda un tiempo aproximado de 1,5
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