Behaviour of Horses in the “Round Pen Technique”
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PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Book B
PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Book B Name: Club Name: County: Thank you for helping with the PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Program! Here are some notes to help you lead this project: The PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Policy & Safety Guidelines must be followed at all times when using this activity book. Please see your Extension Office or http://extension.psu.edu/4-h/projects/ horses/cloverbud-program/cloverbud-policy-and-guidelines for a copy of the policy and guidelines. Many sections include a variety of activities. At least one activity per section must be completed. There will be three PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Books. All Cloverbud members in one club or group should complete the same book in the course of one year, regardless of their ages or the length of time they have been members. Ex: This year, all Cloverbud Horse Club members complete Book B. Next year, all members will complete Book C, etc. Currently, this curriculum is available as an electronic publication. Please contact your local Extension Office for printed copies. For additional Cloverbud activities, please refer to our Leader & Educator Resource page located at http://extension.psu.edu/4-h/projects/horses/cloverbud-program/leader-resources. PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Mission This educational program provides safe, fun, hands-on, developmentally appropriate learning opportunities for 4-H youth ages 5 to 7 years (as of January 1st). Using horses, this program will focus on participation as well as cooperative learning in informal settings. Summary of Differences Between -
UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared By: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G
4-H MEMBER GUIDE Agricultural Extension Service Institute of Agriculture HORSE PROJECT PB1654 UNIT 8 GRADE 12 UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING HHORSEORSE BBEHAVIOREHAVIOR 1 CONTENTS Introduction 3 Planning Your Project 3 The Basics of Horse Behavior 3 Types of Behavior 4 Horse Senses 4 Horse Communication 10 Domestication & Behavior 11 Mating Behavior 11 Behavior at Foaling Time 13 Feeding Behavior 15 Abnormal Behavior / Vices 18 Questions and Answers about Horses 19 References 19 Exercises 20 Glossary 23 SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED • Improved understanding of why horses behave like horses • Applying basic behavioral knowledge to improve training skills • Learning to prevent and correct behavioral problems • Better ways to manage horses through better understanding of horse motivation OBJECTIVES To help you: • Be more competent in horse-related skills and knowledge • Feel more confident around horses • Understand the applications of basic knowledge to practical problems REQUIREMENTS 1. Make a project plan 2. Complete this manual 3. Work on this project with others, including other 4-H members, 4-H leaders, your 4-H agent and other youth and adults who can assist you in your project. 4. Evaluate your accomplishments cover photo by2 Lindsay German UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared by: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G. Meadows, Professor James B. Neel, Professor Animal Science Department The University of Tennessee INTRODUCTION he 4-H Horse Project offers 4-H’ers opportunities for growing and developing interest in horses. This manual should help expand your knowledge about horse behavior, which will help you better under T stand why a horse does what it does. The manual contains information about the basics of horse behavior, horse senses, domestication, mating behavior, ingestive (eating) behavior, foaling-time behavior and how horses learn. -
History-Of-Breeding-And-Training-Of-The-Kladruber-Horses
History of Breeding and Training of the Kladruber Horses The Kladruber horse is the only breed of the original ceremonial horses still bred that is the only draught horse breed in the world originated, bred and trained for drawing carriages of the social elites. Thanks to the Habsburg conservatism and unchanged breeding goal, the Kladruber horse has preserved its original “baroque” appearance from the 18th century to date. It still bears the traits of the original, but now extinct breeds (old Spanish horse and old Italian horse) which were at its beginning and from medieval times until the 18th century influenced the stock in most European countries and colonies and by the end of the 18th century were extinct. Even though there are only limited opportunities for ceremonial carriage horses to be used at (now the most frequent breeds are warmblooded horses for sport) the Kladruber horse breed has been preserved and still serves its original purpose for example at the Danish Royal Court and it is also used for state functions. Horse breeds are divided into primitive (indigenous) and intentionally designed (on the basis of targeted selective breeding) however some breeds oscillate between these two main types. Then the horse breeds are divided according to their purpose such as draught horses which the carriage horses fall into (weight up to 1200 kg), riding horses (up to 800kg) and pack horses (less than 500 kg). A new horse breed came into existence either in a particular area, using the same genetic material and the effect of the external conditions and climate (most of the breeds started in this way) or it came into existence in a single place – at a dedicated stud farm with a clearly defined breeding goal using particular horses of selected breeds imported for this sole purpose and applying the knowledge of selective breeding available at that time as well as the knowledge of local natural conditions and climate. -
Observing Wild Horse Behavior by Dr
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cape Lookout www.nps.gov.calo Observing Wild Horse Behavior by Dr. Sue Stuska, Wildlife Biologist - have interactions with other stallions (and to occur over mares in estrus Horses, Cape Lookout National Seashore mares, if they have the chance). (breeding readiness). The wild horses in the park are Wild social behavior is fascinating. The result of any interac- managed as wild animals. Wild horse watching is so informative be- tion is usually a clear winner cause the whole horse society is there; they and loser. If a youngster is This means that they show us wild behav- have all grown up learning the behavioral involved, he may show his iors and interactions which are fascinating “rules”; and they have a large area in which teeth in a clapping gesture to to watch. The draw for visitors and locals to interact. Most notably, a number of stal- display his submissiveness alike is that these magnificent animals can be lions are present, the whole social “order” is and thus avoid being the watched from a distance without our inter- in place, and there are no artificial boundar- target of aggression. fering in their wild lives and, so, they show ies - only natural ones. us how wild horses act when not influenced When a stallion loses he by people. Instead of leading, stallions most often fol- doesn’t necessarily run away. low the mares as they move from place to You may see him suddenly What can we learn from wild place. As long as the mares are far enough be interested in grazing, or horses? he may walk to his mares and Horses thrive in the wild, Stallion herding posture involves a straight head-neck line, low- move them away to pro- and have evolved through ered nose, and pinned ears. -
RESEARCH Immshiïî DE RECHERCHES
RESEARCH IMMSHiïî DE RECHERCHES NATIONAL HISTORIC PARKS DIRECTION DES LIEUX ET DES AND SITES BRANCH PARCS HISTORIQUES NATIONAUX No. 77 January 1978 An Annotated Bibliography For the Study of Animal Husbandry in The Canadian Prairie West 1880-1925 Part A - Sources Available in Western Canada and United States Introduction This annotated bibliography pinpoints materials useful in studying animal husbandry as a part of mixed farming. All re ferences to ranching have been omitted. Since Canadian his torians have not focused their efforts on the history of prairie animal husbandry with any vigour, this study must be regarded as only a starting point. Statistics gleaned from Annual Reports of the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture provide evidence that animal husban dry, as part of mixed farming, played only a supporting role in that province's economy. Commencing during the early 1880s with the appearance of a few odd farm animals in the North West Territories, livestock numbers rose to a level that provided a total cash value equivalent to slightly more than the in come derived from oats cultivation in 1920. The factors that made animal husbandry viable are easy to pinpoint; advances in veterinary science virtually eliminated animal disease in Saskatchewan by 1925, and animal-rearing techniques kept pace with veterinary achievements. However the limited extent of livestock production indicates that there were serious dis advantages. The failure to adapt barn technology to mitigate the extremities of the prairie winter resulted in problems in wintering stock. This combined with high grain prices from 1900-20, and costly barns, silos and machinery, discouraged the average dry land farmer. -
Welfare Quality of Breeding Horses Under Different Housing Conditions
animals Article Welfare Quality of Breeding Horses Under Different Housing Conditions Silvana Popescu *, Eva A. Lazar, Cristin Borda, Mihaela Niculae , Carmen D. Sandru and Marina Spinu Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] (E.A.L.); [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (C.D.S.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-264-596-384 Received: 7 February 2019; Accepted: 28 February 2019; Published: 5 March 2019 Simple Summary: Depending on their use, horses are exposed to specific welfare risks. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the welfare of breeding mares and stallions, in different types of housing, a topic which little has been written on. The assessed breeding horses were included in one of four welfare categories on the basis of a numerical welfare score calculated by the assessment of 30 management and animal-related indicators (health and behavior). The study also evidences the deficiencies and negative effects on horses’ welfare from the tie-stalls system, which is still used in some countries. This housing type is linked to increased risks of respiratory and locomotive problems, which have a significantly higher prevalence in the tie-stalled stallions than in mostly freely kept mares. The overall welfare categories recorded showed better welfare in the mares (“enhanced” and “excellent”) than in the stallions (“acceptable” and “enhanced”). Accordingly, it can be concluded that positive changes in housing management, such as free housing with the use of boxes, could improve the welfare quality of breeding stallions. -
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS of WILD HORSES in the AMERICAN LANDSCAPE a Dissertation Submitted to the Gradu
RUNNING WILD, RUNNING FREE?: CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF WILD HORSES IN THE AMERICAN LANDSCAPE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Andrea Lynn Mott In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies May 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Running Wild, Running Free: Changing Perceptions of Wild Horses in the American Landscape By Andrea Lynn Mott The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Thomas D. Isern Chair Angela Smith Cynthia Prescott Kevin Sedivec James F. Hoy Approved: July 11, 2014 John Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Since the 1930s, wild horses have become a subject of public concern. They are often showcased as symbols representing the historic past of the western United States. More recently they have become symbols of a mythic, or imagined, west. Writers, scholars, politicians, advocates, ranchers, and land managers are among the few groups who have taken a role in the livelihood of these animals living freely on public rangelands. The protection movement that began in the 1950s and carried over into the 1970s ultimately resulted in the passage of the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. This act placed all wild horses living on public rangelands under the protection of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. Before this legislation individuals in the West could round up wild horses without interference. -
THE HANOVERIAN No 01| January 2012
01|2012 THE HANOVERIAN No 01| January 2012 Breeding- values Balance is important Stallion Performance Test Every stallion has a chance Sport Desperados awarded Sport Perigueux is not only a top-class producer but he also proves his abilities in international jumping competitions. photo: Frieler Balance is important With the onset of a new year the time has come to plan and ponder over whom to breed the mares to; which are the suitable stallions? A valuable tool in this planning phase is the breed value estimation. By Dr. Ludwig Christmann 2 The Hanoverian 01|2012 SportBreeding oung sires are often the the focus; the new Current top producers Ystars from the stallion performance tests and The charts reflect the current top producers in Stallions that fulfill the following the moving and jumping acrobats that are placed other words the best 10 percent of the Hanoverian conditions are considered in the in the limelight in the first months of the New Year breed. The graphical illustration is based on a re- top lists for dressage and jum- on stallion exhibitions. In respect to breed progress commendation of the FN task-force. The stallions, ping: it is certainly good for breeders to be willing to dressage as well as jumper producers, are divided give young sires a chance. This becomes questio- by the accuracy of their breed values. This accuracy – Registration in the Hanoveran nable at the time when too many discover the depends on the amount of available data and the Stallion Book I for the bree- same favorites before information on heritability is heredity of various attributes. -
The Principles of Equitation Science
Articles The Principles of Training One of the outcomes of Andrew McLean's PhD thesis was the proposition of eight training principles. These were presented for the first time at the satellite meeting of the 2003 congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology held in Abano-terme, Italy. The Pressure Principle: The removal of physical pressure or discomfort reinforces (rewards) whatever behaviour precedes the moment of removal (i.e. leg(s) rein(s), spurs, whip-tap, headcollar). Pavlov's Principle: Relaxation and attentiveness can only occur if the horse responds to predictable signals that do not invade the pain threshold. Thus, training the horse to respond unconditionally to light aids in hand and under saddle is essential. The Exclusivity Principle: Each response should be trained and elicited separately (do not pull on the reins (stop) and kick with the legs (go) at the same time). The Shaping Principle: Responses should be progressively improved, step-by-step, learned response by learned response, toward the final outcome. The Proportional Principle: Increasing pressures of aids should correspond with increasing levels of response i.e. a small leg aid should result in a smaller go reaction, while a bigger aid should produce a stronger go response. The Self Carriage Principle: The horse must travel in-hand and under saddle free of any constant rein or leg pressure, otherwise he will switch off to them The Fear Principle: Fear is quickly learned, not easily forgotten and is strongly associated with the movement of the horse's legs. It is important to learn to identify the range of fear responses in horses and to diminish them to avoid the horse experiencing them. -
Table S1. the Survey Distributed to Swedish and Norwegian Horse Owners Having Horses Showing FFL When Fed Wrapped Forages
Table S1. The survey distributed to Swedish and Norwegian horse owners having horses showing FFL when fed wrapped forages. Modified (Translated from Swedish and Norwegian language) for the purpose of publication. Bulleted points indicate the response of the questions and different response alternatives are comma-separated. Space was provided for alternative answers where necessary. 1. In which region is your horse stabled? o Northern Sweden/Norway, Central Sweden/Norway, Southern Sweden/Norway 2. How old is your horse? (Years): ______ 3. Which breed is your horse? If crossbred, enter the breeds you know o Arabian, Angoloarabian, Thoroughbred, Swedish warm-blood (SWB), Standardbred, Cold-blood trotter, North Swedish draught-horse, Ardenneais, Gotland pony, Shetland pony, Connemara pony, New Forest pony, Welsh pony, Welsh Cob, Friesian horse, Haflinger, Quarter horse, Paint horse, Appaloosa, Tinker horse, Clydesdale, Shire horse, Icelandic horse, P.R. E (Pura Raza Española, Andalusian), Lusitano, Riding pony, Crossbred: ____________ 4. Which gender is your horse? o Mare, Gelding, Stallion 5. Is your horse born and bred in Sweden/Norway? o Yes, Don’t know, No; imported from: _____________ 6. What is the colour of your horse? Choose the colour closest to the colour of your horse. o Grey, Bay, Black, Chestnut, Paint, Palomino/Isabelline, Leopard pattern, Buckskin, Cremello, Other: ________________________________ 7. What is the withers height of your horse? Type the answer in cm.__________________________ 8. What is the weight of your horse? Type the answer in kg. Help: Approximate weight for different breeds: Shetland pony 100-200 kg, Gotland pony 150–250 kg, Icelandic horse 250–400 kg, Arabian horse 350–500 kg, Thoroughbred 400–600 kg, Standardbred 400–600 kg, Swedish warmblood (SWB) 450–700 kg, Ardenneais 700–900 kg. -
Spokane County Green Horse Project Training Horses
SPOKANE COUNTY GREEN HORSE PROJECT TRAINING HORSES (Foals Through 4th Year Under Saddle) OBJECTIVES Develop leadership, initiative, self-reliance, and good sportsmanship. Accept responsibility by having an animal to care for regularly. Learn the principles of livestock nutrition and what constitutes a balanced ration. Skill in horsemanship, patience, and understanding in handling horses and ponies. Knowledge of safety precautions to prevent injuries to yourself, other riders, and their mounts. Learn about proper equipment and its care. Consider alternate methods of doing a job. Gain an appreciation and understanding for research and improved methods and how to use them. Accept the results of your work and how to use these in planning and managing your next goal. Seek out the scientific principles involved in raising and training horses. Encourage interest and provide an opportunity for members in horse related industries. PROJECT This project is for members who have a saddle-type horse or foal available to care for and train. It is designed to help a member select a horse and train it to maturity. Beginning with a foal, the requirements are for a 6-year progressive project. For each year of the project there will be a project description, requirements, and methods showing how to accomplish the requirements. A 4-H’er may show more than one horse in this project, but only one per age division of the horses. A horse must show progression from year to year – so may not show at same level two years in a row. No horse may be shown by two handlers. No stallions, other than foal of the current year may be shown. -
The Effect of Loading Upon Hoof Wall Growth and Hoof Shape in the Thoroughbred Foal
The effect of loading upon hoof wall growth and hoof shape in the Thoroughbred foal by Simon John Curtis A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire in collaboration with Myerscough College February, 2017 Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards: I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution. Material submitted for another award: I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. Signature of Candidate; Type of Award; Doctor of Philosophy School; School of Sport and Wellbeing i Abstract The hoof wall is adapted to take most of the weight-bearing of the foot and is anisotropic and homogeneous. Foals appear to be born with symmetrical paired feet which by maturity are frequently unequal in angle and width. They stand within minutes of birth subjecting the hoof wall to loading. Hoof growth rate and hoof compression may be factors affecting hoof shape. The effect of conformation changes during maturation upon loading and differential hoof growth was unknown. The aims were to; quantify and evaluate the epidermal structure, hoof growth rate, hoof renewal, dorsal hoof wall angle, plastic hoof compression, and hoof loading, during paediatric development. Hoof growth rate, renewal, and hoof angle were recorded in foals (n=80) and weanlings/yearlings (n=12) and the hoof wall structure of histological samples of fetuses and paediatric foals (n=15) was determined.