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Modern Indian Political Thought MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT MA [Political Science] First Semester II (POLS 702C) [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Aruna Kumar Malik Assistant Professor, Gujarat National Law University Authors: Dr Jyoti Trehan Sharma and Ms. Lianboi Vaiphei (Units: 1.2-1.3, 1.4.3, 2.2, 2.4-2.5, 2.7, 3.2, 4.2, 4.5.1) © Dr Jyoti Trehan Sharma and Ms. Lianboi Vaiphei, 2015 Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty (Units: 2.3, 4.5, 4.6) © Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty, 2015 Vikas Publishing House (Units: 1.0-1.1, 1.4-1.4.2, 1.5-1.9, 2.0-2.1, 2.6, 2.8-2.12, 3.0-3.1, 3.3-3.10, 4.0-4.1, 4.3-4.4, 4.7-4.11) © Reserved, 2015 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi 110 014 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: helpline@vikaspublishing.com SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Modern Indian Political Thought Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit: I Unit 1: Features of Modern Indian Salient features of Modern Indian Political Thought Political Thought Early Nationalist Responses: Rammohan to Jotiba Phule (Pages 3-36) Socio-Political Thought: Naoroji, Ranade and Tilak Unit: II Swami Vivekananda to Sri Aurobindo- A critical analysis of Indian Unit 2: A Critical Analysis of Indian Nationalism Nationalism (Pages 37-83) Gandhi, Subhas Bose , Neheru and Patel: An estimate of their views on national integration Rabindranath Tagore: Political Ideas, Nationalism Unit: III Unit 3: Political Thinkers – I Keshab Baliram Hedgewar: Concept of State (Rastra) (Pages 85-105) V.D. Savarkar: Cultural Nationalism M.S. Golwalker: Hindu Nationalism-A Critical Study Deendayal Upadhyaya: Integral Humanism Unit: IV Unit 4: Political Thinkers – II Syed Ahmed Khan: Socio-Political Thoughts (Pages 107-146) Mohammed Iqbal: Political Ideas Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Two Nation Theory Constitutionalism and Nationalism: Ambedkar and J.P. Narayan Ram Manohar Lohia: Political Thought CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 FEATURES OF MODERN INDIAN POLITICALTHOUGHT 3-36 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Modern Indian Political Thought: An Overview 1.3 Early Nationalist Responses 1.3.1 Ram Mohan Roy 1.3.2 Jotiba Phule 1.4 Socio-Political Thought 1.4.1 Dadabhai Naoroji 1.4.2 Ranade 1.4.3 Tilak 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading UNIT 2 A CRITICALANALYSIS OF INDIAN NATIONALISM 37-83 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Swami Vivekananda to Sri Aurobindo 2.2.1 Sri Aurobindo Ghose 2.3 Mahatma Gandhi 2.3.1 Major Influences on Gandhi 2.3.2 Political Ideas 2.3.3 Satyagraha 2.3.4 Concept of Society and Individual 2.3.5 Gandhian Socialism 2.4 Subhash Chandra Bose 2.4.1 Political Ideas 2.4.2 Socialist Ideology 2.4.3 The Concept of Samyavada 2.4.4 Nationalism 2.4.5 Concept of Freedom 2.4.6 Left Ideology 2.5 Jawaharlal Nehru 2.5.1 Political Ideas of Jawaharlal Nehru 2.5.2 Democratic Socialism 2.5.3 Concept of Democracy 2.5.4 Concept of Nationalism 2.5.5 Concept of Internationalism 2.5.6 Concept of Secularism 2.6 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2.7 Rabindranath Tagore: Political Ideas, Nationalism 2.7.1 Concept of Democracy 2.7.2 Rights 2.7.3 Concept of Freedom 2.7.4 Views on Nation and Nationalism 2.7.5 Views on Internationalism and Universalism 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Terms 2.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.11 Questions and Exercises 2.12 Further Reading UNIT 3 POLITICAL THINKERS – I 85-105 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Keshab Baliram Hedgewar: Concept of State 3.2.1 Life and Works 3.3 V.D. Savarkar: Cultural Nationalism 3.4 M.S. Golwalker: Hindu Nationalism 3.5 Deendayal Upadhyaya: Integral Humanism 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 POLITICAL THINKERS – II 107-146 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Syed Ahmed Khan: Socio-Political Thoughts 4.2.1 Aligarh Movement: Social Reform and Education 4.2.2 Concept of Nationalism 4.2.3 Communalism 4.3 Mohammed Iqbal: Political Ideas 4.4 Mohammed Ali Jinnah 4.4.1 Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points 4.4.2 Two-nation Theory 4.5 Constitutionalism and Nationalism: B.R. Ambedkar 4.5.1 J.P. Narayan 4.6 Ram Manohar Lohia: Political Thought 4.6.1 Goa and Nepal 4.6.2 Lohia's Views on Capitalism and Marxism 4.6.3 Revolutionary Thinker 4.6.4 Lohia's Anti-English View 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Terms 4.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.10 Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION The period between 1707 and 1950 is extremely crucial in the history of India. NOTES The advent of the Europeans for the purpose of trading eventually led to the invasion of India by the British who ruled over India for a long time. The World War I and World War II played an important role in arousing the spirit of nationalism among people. Various freedom fighters fought for the independence of the country in their own way. The Indian independence struggle included various political organizations, philosophies and movements. All of them aimed at ending the British rule in India. The Indian National Congress, along with Mahatma Gandhi, played a major role in the Indian national movement. Indian independence movement was fuelled by two ideologies—modernism and extremism. Both these ideologies strived for Poorna Swaraj but in different ways. Finally, India became independent on 15 August 1947 and became a republic on 26 January 1950 when the Constitution of India was enforced. During this period of struggle, India witnessed the arrival of several social and political thinkers. Early thinkers like Rammohan Roy, Dayanand Saraswati and Vivekananda show the path to new thoughts and acted as catalysts to a new awakening. They were followed by people, such as, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, V. D. Savarkar and Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, to mention a few. This book discusses in detail the ideologies of thinkers mentioned above and many more. The book critically assesses the socio-political and economic factors that led to the rise of these thinkers. This book, Modern Indian Political Thought, has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode (SIM) format. It follows asimple pattern, wherein each unit of the book begins with theIntroduction followed bythe Unit Objectives for the topic. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner and is interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to reinforce the student’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit. The Summary, Key Terms andActivityfurther act as useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Features of Modern Indian UNIT 1 FEATURES OF MODERN Political Thought INDIAN POLITICAL NOTES THOUGHT Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Modern Indian Political Thought: An Overview 1.3 Early Nationalist Responses 1.3.1 Ram Mohan Roy 1.3.2 Jotiba Phule 1.4 Socio-Political Thought 1.4.1 Dadabhai Naoroji 1.4.2 Ranade 1.4.3 Tilak 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION The impact of modern Western culture gave birth to a new awakening in India. Western conquest exposed the weakness and decay of Indian society. Thoughtful Indians began to look for the defects in their society and for ways and means of removing them. While large number of Indians refused to come to terms with the West and still put their faith in traditional Indian ideas and institutions, others gradually came to hold that modern Western thought provided the key to the regeneration of their society. They were impressed in particular by modern science and the doctrines of reasons and humanism. Moreover, the new social groups—the capitalist class, the working class, the modern intelligentsia—demanded modernization since their own interests demanded it. The arrival of this intellectual renaissance in India has been a great causal factor in the rise of modern Indian nationalism.
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