Vaccinium Arctostaphylos Vaccinium Myrtillus L. Vaccinium Oxycoccus L

Vaccinium arctostaphylos Vaccinium myrtillus L. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. ERICACEAE

Rainer W. Bussmann, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, Zaal Kikvidze, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Manana Khutsishvili, Inesa Maisaia, Shalva Sikharulidze, and David Tchelidze

Synonyms

Vaccinium myrtillus L.: Vaccinium myrtillus subsp. oreophilum (Rydb.) Á. Löve, D. Löve & B.M. Kapoor; Vaccinium myrtillus var. oreophilum (Rydb.) Dorn; Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb. Vaccinium oxycoccos L.: Oxycoccus palustris Pers.; Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib.; Oxycoccus vulgaris Hill Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.: Rhodococcum vitis-idaea Avrorin; Vaccinium jesoense Miq.

R. W. Bussmann (*) · N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] K. Batsatsashvili · M. Khutsishvili · I. Maisaia · S. Sikharulidze · D. Tchelidze Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; mananakhuts@yahoo. com; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Z. Kikvidze 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1 K. Batsatsashvili et al. (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Far Eastern Europe, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77088-8_138-2 2 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Local Names

Vaccinium arctostaphylos: Azeri: Черника кавказская (tsernika kabkasskaja), гара шаrгалы (gara sharralei); Armenian: арчвохкузак (artsochkyzak); Georgian: მაღალი მოცვი (maghali motsvi), კავკასიური მოცვი (k’avk’asiuri motsvi); Chanetian: ანცერა (antsera), ცანაკო (tsanak’o); Mthiuletian: მაცილა (matsila); Megrelian: ბაჭა (bach’a), მაყურზენე (maq’urzene), მელიშიაში ჯა (melishiashi ja), ჯაშმელიშია (jashmelishia); Lechkhumian: მომცვი (momtsvi); Kartlian: მოცხარი (motskhari); Okribian: ტყის-ჩაი (t’q’is-chai); Svan: ცინყა (tsinq’a) (Grossheim 1952; Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991); English: bearberry. Vaccinium myrtillus: Georgian: მთის მოცვი (mtis motsvi), მოცვი (motsvi), მოდგინარი (modginari); Svan: იღვი (ighvi), მეგმულდ (megmuld); Tush: ჟოლი (zholi); Khevsur: შალშავი (shalshavi), შელშავი (shelshavi); Azeri: Черника (tsernika), гара гиле (gara gile); Armenian: мртенакан гапаласин (mrtenakan gapalacin) (Grossheim 1952; Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991). Vaccinium uliginosum: Russian: Голубика (golubika); Armenian: гайгани капуйт гапаласин (gaigani kapuyit gapalacin) (Grossheim 1952; Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991). Vaccinium vitis-idaea: Georgian: წითელი (ts’iteli), წითელი მოცვი (ts’iteli motsvi); Svan: ვიღვი (vighv), მაიოლ (maiol), მაია (maia); Tush: სტომი (stomi); Khevsur: წითელმოჩა (tsitelimocha); Russian: Брусника (brusnika); Azeri: гапаласенин (gapalacenin) (Grossheim 1952; Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011; Makashvili 1991).

Botany and Ecology

Vaccinium arctostaphylos: A tall shrub or a small tree, up to 2–3 m tall, with terete branches. Leaves alternate, large, 6–8 cm long, oblong to elongate-oblong, narrowed at base and apex, sometimes strongly tapering toward the apex, margins serrulate, paler below. Flowers in a loose few-flowered raceme, long-pediceled, in the axils of small ovate leafy bracts; calyx with broad rounded teeth; corolla large, 6 mm long, reddish-white, campanulate-cylindric, with five short broadly triangular lobes; stamens with hairy filaments; the anthers unappendaged; style sometimes slightly exerted. Berry large, globose, black. A montane species grows in Caucasus (Cis- caucasia, West and South Transcaucasia, Talysh), Balkan Peninsula, and Asia Minor. Vaccinium arctostaphylos occurs in mountain slopes, fir-and-spruce and fir-and- beech woods, rhododendron thickets, and occasionally oak forests, near the timber- line in stands of birch and occasionally of pine, sometimes forming extensive thickets. Deciduous and dark conifer forests (beech, spruce-fir, beech-fir), oak forest edges, Rhododendron ponticum shrublands; grows in a form of thickets (Ketskhoveli et al. 1971–2011;Figs.1, 2, 3,and4). Vaccinium myrtillus: Shrub with sharply angled glabrous branchlets, 15–40 cm tall; leaves deciduous, light green, turning red in fall, thin, ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute with a soft mucro, rounded or slightly cordate at base, 10–28 mm long, Vaccinium arctostaphylos 3

Fig. 1 Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 2 Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 3 Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 4 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Fig. 4 Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 5 Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Vaccinium arctostaphylos 5

6–18 mm broad, finely serrate-dentate, covered on both sides with scattered hairs, the petiole 1–1.5 mm long; flowers solitary at the base of young branchlets, nodding, the pedicels 2.5–3.5 mm long; calyx with an almost entire limb; corolla greenish- pink, urceolate-globose, 3–4.5 mm long, four- or five-lobed; stamens 8–10, the glabrous filaments dilated at base; anthers with two long appendages; berry globose, black, with a blue bloom, 6–8 mm in diameter, with reddish pulp, juice with dyestuff properties. Flowering May–June, fruiting July–September. Ural, Caucasus, and Altai, in coniferous forests up to 2000 m (Shishkin and Boborov 1952; Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). Vaccinium oxycoccus: An evergreen creeping subshrub, the slender shoots up to 75 cm long; leaves coriaceous, on short petiole to 1 mm long, ovate to oblong-ovate, 8–16 mm long and 3–6 mm broad, revolute, acute, dark green and lustrous above, glaucescent with a waxy bloom; flowers two to four rarely six in a terminal umbellate inflorescence on the preceding year’s branches; pedicels in the axils of scale like bracts, 15–45 mm long, one-flowered, drooping, puberulent, with two minute linear bracts about the middle; calyx with four rounded sepals 0.5–0.7 mm long and 0.7–1 mm broad, ciliate-margined; corolla very deeply four-parted, with upturned pinkish-red petals, 4–7 mm long; stamens eight, densely framed by hairs, the anthers minutely warted; style slightly exceeding the stamens, both style and stamens exerted; berry dark red, juicy, globose, oblong-ovoid, or occasionally pyriform. Flowering May–July, fruiting August–September. Ural, Altai, and Cauca- sus, in Sphagnum bogs (Shishkin and Boborov 1952).

Fig. 6 Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 6 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea: A subshrub, from 2.5 to 25 cm tall; branchlets terete, white- hairy; leaves coriaceous, wintering, elliptic or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, slightly denticulate or entire, revolute, 5–27 mm long, 3–12 mm broad, borne on pubescent peduncles 0.5–3 mm long, dark green above, pale and dotted with dark brown glands beneath, ﬂowers on short pubescent reddish pedicels in a terminal short but dense two- to eight-ﬂowered clusters on the preceding year’s branchlets, with a faint but pleasant scent; calyx four-toothed, with short rounded reddish teeth,

Fig. 7 Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 8 Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae), Adjara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Vaccinium arctostaphylos 7

Fig. 9 Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae) fruits, Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

Fig. 10 Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Ericaceae) dry leaves sold as tea, Batumi, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana)

0.75–1.25 mm long and 0.75–1 mm broad; corolla campanulate, pale pink, 4–6.5 mm long, four-lobed; stamens eight with hairy ﬁlaments; anthers unappendaged; style exerted; ovary four-locular; berry subglobose, ripening dark red, edible. Flowering May–June; fruiting August–September. Ural, Caucasus, and Altai. In mostly coniferous mountain forests, in thickets, and in bogs. In the Caucasus up to 3300 m (Shishkin and Boborov 1952).

Phytochemistry

Vaccinium myrtillus: Organic acids (citric acid), essential oils, triterpenoids (amyrin, oleanolic, and ursolic acids), alkaloids (murtine), vitamins (C, B), phenols (hydroquinone, arbutin, methylarbutin, asperuloside, monotropeozide), phenol carboxylic acids, tannins, catechins (epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin), tannins, flavonoids (kaempferol, rutin, astragalin, hyperin, quercitrin, isokvetsitrine, 8 R. W. Bussmann et al. aviculine, meratin), anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin), triterpenoids (ursolic acid), phenylcarboxylic acids (Sokolov 1985). Vaccinium oxycoccos: Saponins, tannins, phenols and their derivatives (arbutin), triterpenoids (ursolic and oleanolic acids), flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, hyperin, rutin, hesperidin), organic acids (citric, benzoic), essential oils (linalool, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl, n-amylol, ethylpropane, hexyl acetate, hexanol, ethyl lactam, ethylene antanol, heptanol, ethyl caprylate, furfural, octanol, ethyl caprylate, decanol, phenyl acetate, phenylethanol), carotene, phenyl carboxylic acids (gallocatechin, catechin, epigallocatechin, enylallocatechinallate), tannins, and anthocyanins. Phenols (arbutin, methylarbutin, hydroquinone, pyrozide, caffeylarbutin), aldehydes, triterpenoids (ursolic acid), vitamins (C), phenol carboxylic acids (lorogenic, coffee, isochlorogenic, neochlorogenic, ferulic, o-pyrocatechol), catechins (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin), tannins, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, rhamnoside, isokvetsitrine, rutin, kaempferol, avicularin, hyperin, glucopyranoside, luteolin), essential oils, terpenoids (myrcene, limonene, b-terpene, a-pinene, carene, camphene, verbenol, mentene, camphor, linalool, terpinene, terpineol, borneol, cineole, longifolene, a-murolen, c-cadinene, batherine, isopimaradiene, pimaradiene), anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins (Sokolov 1985).

Local Medicinal Uses

Vaccinium arctostaphylos: Leaf tea is used medicinally as astringent (Grossheim 1952). In Western Georgia, fresh and dry Vaccinium is used as remedy to heal stomachaches (Burduli 2002). An alcohol-based blueberry tincture, as well as a blueberry broth, is considered an anti-diarrhea remedy. Dry fruits of blueberry, especially in a tincture, are recommended against diarrhea and gastrointestinal inflammations (Burduli 2002). Fruits and leaf infusions are used to treat anemia, colds, and inflammations. The fruit tincture serves to cure stomachache, and a leaf infusion is used to remedy diabetes, anemia, cold, inflammation, and stomach ailments (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). Vaccinium myrtillus: In Karachay-Cherkessia it is used as tincture for colds and as infusion for diarrhea, gastralgia, diabetes, menorrhagia, leukemia, typhoid, and scrofulosis and to treat fungal infections. The leaves as infusion are especially used to treat diabetes, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pyelitis, cystitis, urethri- tis, diseases of the liver and pancreas, peritonitis, and hemorrhoidal hemorrhage (as enemas). External applications include the treatment of purulent wounds, ulcers, and eczema (Sokolov 1985). The fruits are used for colds and dry throat and as medicinal tea. The leaves help to decrease blood sugar and help to remedy kidney stones. It is also used as tea (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). Vaccinium vitis-idaea: A leaf decoction is used as diuretic and treatment for hypertension, cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, diarrhea, uterine bleeding, gout, Vaccinium arctostaphylos 9 nephrolithiasis, and rheumatism. In Karachay-Cherkessia, the leaf extract is used for catarrhal diseases and as tincture for wound care. In Altai, the tincture is used for colds and upper respiratory tract infections; infusion of branches and leaves is used for headache and rheumatism, and it also serves as an astringent and hemostatic (Sokolov 1985). The branches are used to treat liver ailments and to prevent bedwetting in children (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017; Gvaramadze 1997).

Local Food Uses

The leaves of all species are used as tea substitute in the Caucasus; the fruits are eaten and used as jam and juice and to produce alcohol (Grossheim 1952). In Adjara, the leaves of motsvi მოცვი Vaccinium sp. were used to cook a kind of dish called motsvizhveripkhala მოცვიჟვერიფხალა (Shalikava 2009). Vaccinium arctostaphylos: The fruits are used to prepare compotes and jams and, together with the leaves, are used for tea (Burduli 2002; (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). The fruits are also used to prepare blueberry wine and alcohol (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017; Fig. 10). Vaccinium myrtillus: Fruits are eaten raw and used to color vodka red. The dried and roasted fruits serve as coffee substitute (Grossheim 1952). The berries of shavshavi შავშავი Vaccinium myrtillus L. are edible when ripe in Pshavi. The roots are used for infusions. The harvested berries can be kept up to 1 week (Baliauri 1941). In Khevsureti and in Tusheti, motsvi მოცვი Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves are used as tea (Makalatia 1933). In Svaneti motsvi მოცვი (locally tsinq’a) ცინყა (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), maq’vali მაყვალი (locally vighv) ვიღვ (Rubus ssp.), and zholo ჟოლო (locally ingha) ინღა (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits are used to make compotes and marmalades, while their leaves are used in infusions (Javakhishvili 1986). Plants mixed together for pkhali in Adjara include dvarula dvalura დვარულა დვალურა Polygonum carneum C. Koch, dondoli დონდოლი Gadelha lactiflora (M. Bieb.), ch’inch’ari ჭინჭარი Urtica dioica L., katamnatsara ქათამნაცარა Chenopodium album L., ch’ich’laq’a ჭიჭლაყა Amaranthus retroflexus L., perapera ფერაფერა Phytolacca americana L., k’uk’umzhava კუკუმჟავაand svint’ri სვინტრი Polygonatum ssp.,ch’arbadelo ჭარბადელო Arctium lappa L., and also young leaves of motsvi მოცვი Vaccinium ssp., venakhi ვენახი Vitis vinifera L., babuats’vera ბაბუასწვერა Taraxacum ssp., Kajiloja ქაჯილოჯა Daucus carota L., Ts’its’marit’a წიწმარიტა Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., and burt’q’ila ბურტყილა Lapsana grandiflora M. Bieb. The plants used by Adjara people as food are ajark’ela აჯარკელა Lathyrus roseus Steven, ajorik’a აჯორიკას Aruncus vulgaris Raf. (young leaves are pickled), bobots’vera ბობოწვერა Taraxacum ssp. (ground roasted dry roots used instead of Cichorium), dilq’a დილყა Heracleum sp. (shoots are peeled and eaten), k’onst’ant’ila კონსტანტილა (white roots are edible), ozaghina ოზაღინა 10 R. W. Bussmann et al.

Chaerophyllum aureum L. (young leaves are pickled), ghima ღიმა Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. (mixed with leek or ajorik’a აჯორიკა Aruncus vulgaris Raf. and pickled), and dvalura დვალურა Polygonum carneum (Baramidze 1987; Kakhidze 2007; Kokhreidze 1947; Nizharadze 1971). Wild pkhali plants can be cooked in various ways: can be pickled, boiled, and seasoned with vinegar, walnuts, and various spice herbs (Kokhreidze 1947). Vaccinium myrtillus leaves are used for tea. The fruits are eaten raw and used for marmalade and also to make berry wine (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017). Vaccinium vitis-idaea: The branches are used for tea; the fruits are eaten raw (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017).

Local Handicraft and Other Uses

The leaves of all species can be used for tanning leather. Leaf extract can be used as fungicide against Fusarium. The fruits are used to yield a brown, red, and violet dye for cotton, wool, and silk (Sokolov 1985). The branches of Vaccinium myrtillus and fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea are used as dye (Batsatsashvili et al. 2017; Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017a, b, 2018; Bussmann 2017).

References

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