Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Loxton, James Ivor. 2014. Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13070023 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America A dissertation presented by James Ivor Loxton to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, MA July 2014 © 2014 James Loxton All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Steven Levitsky James Ivor Loxton Dissertation Advisor: Professor Jorge I. Domínguez Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America Abstract Beginning in the late 1970s, with the onset of the third wave of democratization, a host of new conservative parties emerged in Latin America. The trajectories of these parties varied tremendously. While some went on to enjoy long-term electoral success, others failed to take root. The most successful new conservative parties all shared a surprising characteristic: they had deep roots in former dictatorships. They were “authoritarian successor parties,” or parties founded by high-level incumbents of authoritarian regimes that continue to operate after a transition to democracy. What explains variation in conservative party-building outcomes in Latin America since the onset of the third wave, and why were the most successful new conservative parties also authoritarian successor parties? This study answers these questions by developing a theory of “authoritarian inheritance.” It argues that, paradoxically, close links to former dictatorships may, under some circumstances, be the key to party-building success. This is because authoritarian successor parties sometimes inherit resources from the old regime that are useful under democracy. The study examines five potential resources: party brand, territorial organization, clientelistic networks, business connections and a source of cohesion rooted in a history of joint struggle. New conservative parties that lack such inheritance face a more daunting task. Such parties may have better democratic credentials, but they are likely to have worse democratic prospects. ! iii! This argument is developed through an analysis of four parties: Chile’s Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Argentina’s Union of the Democratic Center (UCEDE), El Salvador’s Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and Guatemala’s Party of National Advancement (PAN). Drawing on interview and archival data gathered during 15 months of fieldwork in five countries, this study contributes to three literatures. First, as the first book-length comparison of conservative parties in Latin America, it contributes to the literature on Latin American politics. Second, by developing a new theory of how successful new parties may emerge—the theory of authoritarian inheritance—it contributes to the literature on party-building. Third, by developing the concept of authoritarian successor parties, it sheds light on a common but underappreciated vestige of authoritarian rule and, in this way, contributes to the literature on regimes. ! iv! Table of Contents Tables and Figures vi Acknowledgements vii 1. Introduction: Conservative Party-Building in Latin America 1 2. Authoritarian Inheritance: A Theory of Conservative Party-Building 62 3. Chile’s UDI: Origins of an Authoritarian Successor Party 123 4. Chile’s UDI: Authoritarian Inheritance and Party-Building Success 208 5. Argentina’s UCEDE: Democratic Credentials and Party-Building Failure 287 6. El Salvador’s ARENA: Origins of an Authoritarian Successor Party 359 7. El Salvador’s ARENA: Authoritarian Inheritance and Party-Building Success 423 8. Guatemala’s PAN: Democratic Credentials and Party-Building Failure 504 9. Conclusion 562 Bibliography 582 ! v! Tables and Figures Table 1.1. New conservative parties in Latin America (1978-2000) 25 Figure 1.1. Four Parties’ Electoral Performance Over Time 28 Figure 1.2: Four Cases, Three Paired Comparisons 33 Figure 2.1. Conservative Parties and Authoritarian Successor Parties 77 Table 2.1: Authoritarian Successor Parties and Conservative Party-Building Success 86 Figure 4.1. UDI’s Support among Economic Elites 214 Figure 4.2. UDI in Chamber of Deputies Elections (%) 216 Figure 4.3. Votes vs. Seats for UDI-RN Coalition 283 Figure 5.1. UCEDE in Chamber of Deputies Elections (%) 336 Figure 7.1. ARENA in Legislative Elections (%) 430 Figure 8.1: PAN in Legislative Elections (%) 544 vi Acknowledgements I would like to thank the members of my committee—Steven Levitsky, Jorge I. Domínguez, Kenneth M. Roberts and Daniel Ziblatt—for their extraordinary support during the long process of writing this dissertation. Each provided invaluable feedback and advice along the way, and I am truly indebted to all of them. I would particularly like to thank my chair, Steven Levitsky, who has supported me from day one. Without his guidance and encouragement, it is very unlikely that this dissertation would have turned out as it did. I would also like to thank my beautiful, wonderful wife Julieta, whose love and support has kept me going during this odyssey. Te amo, Shooli. vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Conservative Party-Building in Latin America This is a story about life after dictatorship—in two distinct senses. First, the study examines the political response of Latin American elites to the third wave of democratization (Huntington 1991). The third wave, which spread democracy to nearly every country in the region during the last two decades of the 20th century, presented a challenge to these groups. Historically, economic elites in much of Latin America had depended on the military for protection. In the event of threats from below, they always had the option of seeking help by “knocking on the barracks door.” The third wave put an end to this tradition. For a number of reasons, including changes in the international environment, the coup option became both costly and undesirable. No longer able to rely on the military, elites found themselves political orphans and, consequently, would have to fend for themselves. This unprecedented situation is the first meaning of the phrase “life after dictatorship.” The second meaning refers to the main puzzle that this study seeks to unravel. In response to the third wave, elites throughout Latin America turned seriously to electoral politics. The most important manifestation of this electoral turn was the formation of new conservative parties. Several of these parties quickly grew into significant electoral players and appeared to have promising futures. During the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, however, many of these new parties fell into terminal crisis. While just a few years earlier scholars had believed a conservative renaissance to be underway, they now spoke of a “conservative party deficit” (Roberts 2006a). The new conservative parties that succeeded, meanwhile, shared an unusual characteristic: all of them were also authoritarian successor parties, 1 or parties founded by high-level incumbents of former dictatorships that continue to operate after a transition to democracy. What allowed such parties to thrive while other conservative parties floundered? Why did parties with deep roots in former authoritarian regimes, such as Chile’s Independent Democratic Union (UDI) and El Salvador’s Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), succeed, while parties with better democratic credentials, such as Argentina’s Union of the Democratic Center (UCEDE) and Guatemala’s National Advancement Party (PAN), failed? The puzzling phenomenon of successful authoritarian successor parties is the second meaning of the phrase “life after dictatorship.” In this study, I develop a theory of authoritarian inheritance to explain variation in conservative party-building in Latin America since the onset of the third wave. The central argument is that new parties may inherit valuable resources from defunct dictatorships that help them to flourish under democracy. While one might expect parties with deep roots in former authoritarian regimes—regimes often guilty of massive human rights violations—to repel voters in the context of democracy, I argue that such roots are sometimes the key to electoral success. Because of their connections to previous dictatorships, such parties may inherit crucial determinants of party-building, including a party brand, territorial organization, sources of cohesion, clientelistic networks and business connections. While other new parties usually must amass these resources from scratch, authoritarian successor parties may simply inherit them and are thus born with an important advantage. Paradoxically, parties formed by individuals with better democratic credentials sometimes have worse democratic prospects, while parties whose leaders have close links to past dictatorships are sometimes born with the tools for electoral success. 2 In making this argument, I add to three scholarly
Recommended publications
  • Informe Anual DDHH 2014 Co
    INFORME ANUAL SOBRE DERECHOS HUMANOS EN CHILE 2014 © Informe anual sobre derechos humanos en Chile 2014 © Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2014 ISBN: xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-x Editor general Tomás Vial Solar Edición Sergio Missana Diseño Felicidad Impreso en Chile por Salesianos Impresores S.A. Universidad Diego Portales Dirección de Extensión y Publicaciones Av. Manuel Rodríguez Sur 415 Teléfono (56-2) 676 2000 Santiago de Chile www.ediciones.udp.cl Licencia Creative Commons: Reconocimiento – No comercial – Compartir igual: Los artículos de este libro se distribuyen bajo una Licencia Creative Commons. Pueden ser reproducidos, distribuidos y exhibidos bajo la condi- ción de reconocer a los autores / las autoras y mantener esta licencia para las obras derivadas. Las opiniones, análisis, conclusiones o recomendaciones expresadas en los ar- tículos corresponden a las y los autores. INFORME ANUAL SOBRE DERECHOS HUMANOS EN CHILE 2014 CENTRO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS FACULTAD DE DERECHO ● UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALES INDICE Presentación 09 1. ¿Una nueva medida de lo posible? Verdad, justicia, memoria y 21 reparaciones pos-dictadura. 2. La huelga, un derecho fundamental. 63 3. Trabajadoras de casa particular: invisibilizadas y discriminadas. 109 4. Territorios indígenas y política pública de entrega de tierra en 157 Chile. 5. Diligencia debida: proyectos de inversión, propiedad sobre 203 los recursos naturales y consulta libre, previa e informada a los pueblos y comunidades indígenas concernidos. 6. El impacto del sistema penitenciario en los derechos humanos: 245 la percepción de las personas privadas de libertad. 7. Medio ambiente y derechos humanos: organismos 291 genéticamente modificados y derechos del obtentor vegetal. 8. Derechos de los migrantes y refugiados.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Chile: La Persistencia De Las Memorias Antagónicas
    Política y Cultura ISSN: 0188-7742 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco México Waldman Mitnick, Gilda Chile: la persistencia de las memorias antagónicas Política y Cultura, núm. 31, 2009, pp. 211-234 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=26711982011 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Chile: la persistencia de las memorias antagónicas Gilda Waldman Mitnick* Resumen A pesar de los años transcurridos en democracia, en Chile siguen persistiendo las sombras del pasado dictatorial. El país todavía no ha logrado realizar el duelo por un pasado tan doloroso, y las memorias antagónicas y contrapuestas siguen vigentes. Ello se manifiesta, por ejemplo, en los conflictos generados en torno a la conmemoración del 11 de septiembre, en los polémicos debates por los memoriales erigidos en honor de personajes políticos de izquierda y de derecha, así como en las contradictorias mi- radas respecto a uno de los personajes más emblemáticos de la represión dictatorial, Miguel Krassnoff, tal como aparece en dos libros de reciente publicación. Palabras clave: Chile, memorias antagónicas, fechas, memoriales, personajes. Abstract In Chile, in spite of the last eighteen years of democracy, there are still shadows of the dictatorial past. Duel of the painful past hasn’t been yet accomplished, and contradic- tory and antagonistic memories are still playing a crucial role in society and politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic Analogy in Proposals for World Order, 1814-1945
    Domestic analogy in proposals for world order, 1814-1945: the transfer of legal and political principles from the domestic to the international sphere in thought on international law and relations HIDEMI SUGANAMI Thesis submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1985 2 ABSTRACT The ways in which legal and political principles obtaining within states can profitably be transferred to the relations of states are among the contentious issues in the study of international relations, and the term 'domestic analogy' is used to refer to the argument which supports such transfer. The 'domestic analogy' is analogical reasoning according to which the conditions of order between states are similar to those of order within them, and therefore those institutions which sustain order within states should be transferred to the international system. However, despite the apparent division among writers on international relations between those who favour this analogy and those who are critical of it, no clear analysis has so far been made as to precisely what types of proposal should be treated as exemplifying reliance on this analogy. The first aim of this thesis is to clarify the range and types of proposal this analogy entails. The thesis then examines the role the domestic analogy played in ideas about world order in the period between 1814 and 1945. Particular attention is paid to the influence of changing circumstances in the domestic and international spheres upon the manner and the extent of the use of this analogy. In addition to the ideas of major writers on international law and relations, the creation of the League of Nations and of the United Nations is also examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago De Chile Boletín Informativo Nº 27, Octubre Y Noviembre2014
    Observatorio de Justicia Transicional (ex Observatorio ddhh) Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago de Chile Boletín informativo Nº 27, octubre y noviembre2014 Noticias institucionales Seminario en Valdivia para el Día Internacional de los DDHH El día 10 de diciembre marca el quinto aniversario de nuestros boletines informativos periódicos, cuya primera edición, de apenas dos páginas, fue publicada el 10 de diciembre de 2009 para conmemorar el Día Internacional de los DDHH. En igual fecha de este año, el Observatorio participó en una jornada en la Universidad Austral de Chile, con sede en Valdivia. Bajo la coordinación de la profesora Daniela Accatino de la Facultad de Derecho, se debatieron los principales resultados del Informe Anual de la UDP de 2014 en materia de justicia transicional; los procesos judiciales en la región de Los Ríos por violaciones a los ddhh cometidas en tiempos de dictadura, y un análisis del comportamiento judicial en esta y otras materias. A continuación se exhibió, en el histórico Club de Cine de la Universidad, el largometraje El Juez y el General (2008, dirs. Elizabeth Farnsworth y Patricio Lanfranco), en presencia del Sr Lanfranco quien a continuación realizó una sesión de preguntas y respuestas con el público asistente. L@s participantes desde la casa de estudios fueron Vladimir Riesco, profesor de la facultad y abogado litigante en causas ddhh, y Lisa Hilbink, cientista política estadounidense cuyo libro „Jueces y Política en Democracia y Dictadura: Lecciones desde Chile‟ ha sido publicado recientemente en
    [Show full text]
  • Narrow but Endlessly Deep: the Struggle for Memorialisation in Chile Since the Transition to Democracy
    NARROW BUT ENDLESSLY DEEP THE STRUGGLE FOR MEMORIALISATION IN CHILE SINCE THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY NARROW BUT ENDLESSLY DEEP THE STRUGGLE FOR MEMORIALISATION IN CHILE SINCE THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY PETER READ & MARIVIC WYNDHAM Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Read, Peter, 1945- author. Title: Narrow but endlessly deep : the struggle for memorialisation in Chile since the transition to democracy / Peter Read ; Marivic Wyndham. ISBN: 9781760460211 (paperback) 9781760460228 (ebook) Subjects: Memorialization--Chile. Collective memory--Chile. Chile--Politics and government--1973-1988. Chile--Politics and government--1988- Chile--History--1988- Other Creators/Contributors: Wyndham, Marivic, author. Dewey Number: 983.066 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: The alarm clock, smashed at 14 minutes to 11, symbolises the anguish felt by Michele Drouilly Yurich over the unresolved disappearance of her sister Jacqueline in 1974. This edition © 2016 ANU Press I don’t care for adulation or so that strangers may weep. I sing for a far strip of country narrow but endlessly deep. No las lisonjas fugaces ni las famas extranjeras sino el canto de una lonja hasta el fondo de la tierra.1 1 Victor Jara, ‘Manifiesto’, tr. Bruce Springsteen,The Nation, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Santiago, Diez De Mayo De Dos Mil Siete. VISTOS: En
    Santiago, diez de mayo de dos mil siete. V I S T O S: En estos autos N° 106.686 - E, rol del Primer Juzgado del Crimen de Santiago, por sentencia dictada por el juez con dedicación exclusiva don Joaquín Billard Acuña el veintinueve de abril de dos mil cuatro, que se lee de fojas 2.154 a 2.218, se castigó a Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko, Marcelo Luis Manuel Moren Brito, Basclay Humberto Zapata Reyes y Osvaldo Enrique Romo Mena, a sufrir cada uno de ellos, diez años de presidio mayor en su grado mínimo y a las accesorias de inhabilitación absoluta perpetua para cargos y oficios públicos y derechos políticos e inhabilitación absoluta para profesiones titulares mientras dure la condena, por su responsabilidad de co- autores del secuestro calificado en las personas de Ricardo Aurelio Troncoso Muñoz, Hernán Galo González Inostroza, María Elena González Inostroza y Elsa Victoria Leuthner Muñoz, a contar desde el quince de agosto de mil novecientos setenta y cuatro; y a satisfacer las costas del litigio, sin otorgárseles ninguno de los beneficios de la Ley N° 18.216. Respecto de los abonos de tiempo, en el caso de Krassnoff Martchenko se le reconocieron los treinta y dos días que se encontró privado de libertad, entre el seis de enero de dos mil tres y el seis de febrero del mismo año; a Moren Brito, sesenta y nueve días que estuvo preso, entre el tres de enero de dos mil tres y el doce de marzo de ese período; a Zapata Reyes, setenta y un días que quedó detenido y en prisión preventiva, entre el tres de enero y el catorce de marzo de dos mil tres; y a Romo Mena, el tiempo que ha permanecido privado de libertad ininterrumpidamente desde el veintiséis de diciembre de dos mil dos, según aparece de fojas 1.347.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pinochet Project: a Nation’S Search for Truth Memory Struggles in Post-Pinochet Chile
    Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects Projects Spring 5-1-2011 THE PINOCHET PROJECT: A NATION’S SEARCH FOR TRUTH MEMORY STRUGGLES IN POST-PINOCHET CHILE Christine Mehta Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone Part of the Latin American Studies Commons, Modern Literature Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Recommended Citation Mehta, Christine, "THE PINOCHET PROJECT: A NATION’S SEARCH FOR TRUTH MEMORY STRUGGLES IN POST-PINOCHET CHILE" (2011). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 214. https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone/214 This Honors Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PINOCHET PROJECT: A NATION’S SEARCH FOR TRUTH MEMORY STRUGGLES IN POST-PINOCHET CHILE www.christinemehta.com A Capstone Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Renée Crown University Honors Program at Syracuse University Christine Mehta Candidate for B.A. Degree and Renée Crown University Honors May 2011 Honors Capstone Project in: International Relations and Journalism Capstone Project Advisor: a Professor Gladys McCormick Honors Reader: a Professor Mauricio Paredes Honors Director: a James Spencer, Interim Director Mehta 1 Date: April 27, 2011 a “The Chilean version of struggles over collective memory is worth telling in its own right. It is a dramatic story, filled with heroism and disappointment on matters of life and death.
    [Show full text]
  • “Mano Dura”: Authoritarian Legacies and Policing in Brazil and the Southern Cone
    The Persistence of the “Mano Dura”: Authoritarian Legacies and Policing in Brazil and the Southern Cone Anthony Pereira Department of Political Science Tulane University Mark Ungar Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars LASA Congress Las Vegas, October 2004 Abstract Democratic transitions in Brazil and the southern cone have had relatively little impact on patterns of policing. Close military-police ties, militarized training and doctrine, high rates of violence, a lack of effective court oversight, and continuity of organizational forms and personnel are all characteristics of the police in contemporary Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Why has there been so little change in policing in these new democracies? Some scholars argue that these patterns are a legacy of recent military rule, but we argue that they are a legacy of an authoritarian state rather than just of specific authoritarian regimes. Other scholars attribute variation in new democracies to different modes of transition, but we assert that civil society support and political interests are more important than the initial transition in the enactment of police reforms (or the lack of them). Finally, we explain that the degree of police centralization powerfully influences reform efforts in these Latin American democracies. Introduction In Latin America, violence by the police – and its support by the law, courts, and state agencies – was an integral part of authoritarianism. But the transitions to democracy did not have the impact on police forces that they did on more prominent actors such as political parties and military high commands. “Police” here refers to state security forces responsible for domestic “law and order,” which includes military and intelligence agencies as well as police forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: Background and U.S
    Chile: Background and U.S. Relations name redacted Analyst in Latin American Affairs November 19, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R40126 Chile: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Chile, located along the Pacific coast of South America, is a politically stable, upper-middle- income nation of 18 million people. In 2013, Michelle Bachelet and her center-left “New Majority” coalition won the presidency and sizeable majorities in both houses of the Chilean Congress after campaigning on a platform of ambitious reforms designed to reduce inequality and improve social mobility. Since her inauguration to a four-year term in March 2014, President Bachelet has signed into law significant changes to the tax, education, and electoral systems. She has also proposed a number of other economic and social policy reforms, as well as a process for adopting a new constitution. Although a significant majority of the public initially supported the reforms, Chileans have grown more divided over time, with some groups pushing for more far- reaching policy changes and others calling for Bachelet to scale back her agenda. Disapproval of the reforms, a corruption scandal that implicated her son, and Chile’s slowing economy have taken a toll on President Bachelet’s approval rating, which has declined to 29%. Chile’s economic growth has slowed considerably in recent years, falling to 1.9% in 2014. Analysts have largely attributed the slowdown to the end of the global commodity boom and the coinciding drop in copper prices, which have a significant impact on the Chilean economy. There are also indications that the Bachelet Administration’s policy reforms may have reduced business confidence and dampened growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Americas Overview
    AMERICAS OVERVIEW Human Rights Developments The October 1998 arrest in London of Chile=s former military ruler, Augusto Pinochet, rekindled hopes for victims of human rights abuses around the world. The case marked a significant step forward in the struggle to achieve justice for egregious human rights violations, spawning the development of similar efforts to pursue former dictators enjoying retirement in the comfort of impunity. Accustomed to seeing impunity as the norm, human rights activists worldwide were encouraged by Pinochet=s detention. In Latin America, in particular, impunity for major violations continued to be one of the principle obstacles to human rights protection. Although democracies in the region remained stable for the most part, human rights violations took place throughout, nowhere more brutally than in Colombia. And even as the Pinochet precedent broke new ground, fresh challenges to international human rights mechanisms arose. Significantly, Chile did not face political instability as a consequence of the legal action taken against the general in Spain and the United Kingdom. Opponents of the Spanish prosecution had predicted dire political consequences if it moved forward, in part as a means to pressure the two European countries into ensuring that Pinochet was returned to Chile without facing charges in Spain. Yet by the end of October 1999, Chile was preparing without turmoil for a presidential election in December in which Pinochet was not a major issue. Meanwhile, judges detained and charged numerous former officers of his government for grave human rights abuses. Moreover, a majority of Chileans, according to public opinion polls, believed that Pinochet should be brought to account for the human rights violations that accompanied his coup.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Growth Through Women's Economic Participation
    THE % THE 51 51 % Driving Growth through Women’s Economic Participation Edited by DIANE WHITMORE SCHANZENBACH and RYAN NUNN The 51% Driving Growth through Women’s Economic Participation Edited by Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach and Ryan Nunn OCTOBER 2017 ii Acknowledgments The Hamilton Project wishes to thank members of its Advisory Council for their valuable contributions to this book. In particular, the Project is grateful to Roger C. Altman, Penny Pritzker, and Robert E. Rubin for helpful discussions and insights. The contents of this volume and the individual papers do not necessarily represent the views of individual Advisory Council members, nor do they necessarily represent the views of the institutions with which the papers’ authors are affiliated. The Hamilton Project is also grateful for the expert feedback provided by participants at the May 2017 authors’ conference held at the Brookings Institution. We appreciate the contributions of everyone who participated in that meeting. The editors appreciate insightful comments from Jay Shambaugh as well as the outstanding work of The Hamilton Project staff on this book. Kriston McIntosh provided expert guidance on all aspects of production. Lauren Bauer, Audrey Breitwieser, and David Dreyer contributed substantially to the development of the book. Patrick Liu, Megan Mumford, Greg Nantz, and Becca Portman provided superb research assistance. We also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Karna Malaviya, Carmel Steindam, Alison Hope, Brianna Harden, Vesna Asanovic, Anna Rotrosen, and Melanie Gilarsky. The policy proposals included in this volume are proposals from the authors. As emphasized in The Hamilton Project’s original strategy paper, the Project was designed in part to provide a forum for leading thinkers across the nation to put forward innovative and potentially important economic policy ideas that share the Project’s broad goals of promoting economic growth, broad-based participation in growth, and economic security.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Leadership and the Continuing Quest for Justice in Argentina
    Executive Leadership and the Continuing Quest for Justice in Argentina Terence Roehrig Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 3, August 2009, pp. 721-747 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0097 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq/summary/v031/31.3.roehrig.html Access Provided by Stetson University at 01/17/11 6:18PM GMT HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY Executive Leadership and the Continuing Quest for Justice in Argentina Terence Roehrig* ABSTRACT After Argentina transitioned from military rule to democracy, the new civilian government attempted to prosecute members of the former military regime for human rights abuses. However, military rebellions, pardons, and amnesty laws prevented all but a few from being held accountable for past crimes. In 2003, President Néstor Kirchner along with the Argentine legislature and Supreme Court opened the door for further prosecution. Though many contributed to the revival of these efforts to prosecute military personnel and police, it was the actions of President Kirchner that were most crucial in removing the obstacles necessary to resume judicial proceedings. * Terence Roehrig is an Associate Professor in the National Security Decision Making Depart- ment at the U.S. Naval War College. He is a co-author of a forthcoming book entitled South Korea since 1980: Democratization, Economic Struggle, and Nuclear Crisis (Cambridge University Press, 2010) with Uk Heo. In addition, he is the author of two books, From De- terrence to Engagement: The U.S. Defense Commitment to South Korea (Lexington Books, 2006) and The Prosecution of Former Military Leaders in Newly Democratic Nations: The Cases of Argentina, Greece, and South Korea (McFarland Press, 2002), and coeditor of Ko- rean Security in a Changing East Asia (Praeger, 2007).
    [Show full text]