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“ Merajut Pengabdian IPTEK Dan Seni Untuk Tanah Papua” PROSIDING SEMINAR HASIL PENELITIAN EDISI IV 2018 “ Merajut Pengabdian IPTEK Dan Seni Untuk Tanah Papua” STUDI KEANEKARAGAMAN KUMBANG (COLEOPTERA: SUPERFAMILI CURCULIONOIDEA) DI HUTAN TROPIK CAGAR ALAM PEGUNUNGAN CYCLOPS, JAYAPURA, PAPUA EVIE LILLY WARIKAR1 DAN EUNICHE R.P.F. RAMANDEY2 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura Email: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh berbagai persoalan muncul di dalam kawasan C.A.P. Cyclops seperti eksploitasi lahan secara masif dan invasif telah terjadi, seperti banyaknya pemukiman, berladang dan berkebun, kandang ternak dan perambahan hutan untuk kebutuhan hidup, serta pembangunan infrastruktur yang tidak sesuai dengan pola ruang yang sudah direncanakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendata keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas kumbang (Coleoptera) di daerah penyangga hutan alami (hutan tropik) Pegunungan Cyclops, Kabupaten Jayapura. Penelitian keanekaragaman kumbang (Coleoptera) Superfamili Curculionoidea dilakukan selama 19 hari aktif dari tanggal 15 Agustus s/d 2 September 2017 menggunakan perangkap cross-wet trap sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan sampel kumbang dengan 10 kali pengulangan (replikasi). Shannon Weiner Index (H’) digunakan untuk memperkirakan indeks keanekaragaman kumbang pada lokasi sampling. Hasilnya, Dari total 47 individu kumbang dengan 8 spesies kumbang Superfamili Curculionoidea yang mewakili 4 famili berbeda yaitu: Famili Curculionidae (3 spesies), Famili Anthribidae (2 spesies), Famili Brentidae (1 spesies), dan Famili Elateridae (2 spesies). Hasil observasi memperlihatkan bahwa hutan alami (hutan tropik) Pegunungan Cyclops memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman kumbang yang rendah seperti diindikasikan oleh nilai H' di bawah 1 (H’= 0.87). Berdasarkan struktur komposisinya (trophic guilds/feeding group), terlihat pola perbandingan kelompok kumbang phytophagous 80% sedangkan kumbang fungivore 20% dari seluruh spesies yang ditemukan. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Cyclops PENDAHULUAN fauna yang tinggi dimana hampir sebagian besar kekayaan alamnya belum Propinsi Papua merupakan bagian dieksplorasi. dari Pulau New Guinea, salah satu pulau Kumbang secara taksonomi sangat tropis terbesar di dunia yang memiliki beragam dan hadir sebagai ordo terbesar keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi. dari kelompok serangga yang ada di Propinsi ini memiliki keanekaragaman dunia. Alderton et al. (2001) flora dan fauna yang tinggi, diperkirakan menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 400.000 50% dari kehati Indonesia ada di Papua. kumbang di dunia telah terdeskripsi. Memiliki tingkat endemisitas flora dan Lebih dari 25.000 spesies kumbang LPPM UNCEN 94 ISBN 978-602-7905-39-9 STUDI KEANEKARAGAMAN KUMBANG (COLEOPTERA …. EVIE LILLY WARIKAR1 DAN EUNICHE R.P.F. RAMANDEY mungkin terdapat di New Guinea dan dari hasil penelitian tersebut ditemukan 43 pulau-pulau disekitarnya. Jumlah ini spesies kumbang Curculionidae. masih dapat meningkat mengingat banyak Penelitian selanjutnya pada bulan Oktober daerah di Papua yang jarang atau sama 2015 oleh Warikar dan Ramandey sekali belum pernah dikunjungi untuk menemukan 10 spesies kumbang melakukan survey tentang kumbang. Curculionidae di lahan Perkebunan Bahkan, kumbang terkadang Kelapa Sawit di Arso II, Kabupaten diabaikan dalam sejumlah survei yang Keerom. dilakukan di Papua, terutama yang kurang Salah satu daerah yang belum menarik dan berukuran lebih kecil. dikunjungi untuk studi penelitian Meskipun lokasi-lokasi tersebut telah kumbang di Papua adalah wilayah Hutan diobservasi, sebagian besar spesiesnya di Pegunungan Cycolps. Belum ada data tetap masih tidak dikenal secara ilmiah survei mengenai jenis-jenis kumbang pada (tidak teridentifikasi). Sementara wilayah ini. Wilayah ini memiliki hutan mempertimbangkan durasi dari proses yang cukup luas dan memberikan manfaat identifikasi, masih banyak kumbang yang yang besar bagi kehidupan sehari-hari belum memiliki nama. Beberapa studi masyarakat setempat. Pegunungan tentang kumbang sudah dilakukan di New Cyclops ditunjuk sebagai Cagar Alam Guinea tapi sedikit jarang dilakukan di (CA) berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Papua. Riedel (1995) melaporkan Menteri Pertanian Nomor : sembilan spesies Ottistira (Famili 56/Kpts/Um/1/1978 tanggal 26 Januari Curculionidae; Subfamili Ottistirini) dari 1978 dan ditetapkan berdasarkan Surat New Guinea yang baru untuk ilmu Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor : pengetahuan. Setliff (2007, yang dikutip 365/Kpts-II/1987 tanggal 18 Nopember dalam Riedel, 2010) melaporkan bahwa 1987 dengan luas 22.500 Ha. Secara 40 spesies Trigonopterus telah Geografis Cagar Alam Pegunungan dideskripsikan dari New Guinea, tetapi Cyclops terletak pada 145˚30’ BT dan hanya empat spesies ini tercatat dari 2˚31’ LS. Cagar Alam Pegunungan daratan Irian Barat (Papua). Salah satu Cyclops terletak memanjang dan survei dilakukan pada 2009 oleh Riedel membentang dari teluk merah ke arah dkk di Pegunungan Cyclops (Papua). timur. Gunung Rafeni merupakan puncak Mereka menemukan 51 spesies tertinggi dalam kawasan ini, Trigonopterus (Famili Curculionidae; ketinggiannya mencapai 1.880 meter dpl. Subfamili Cryptorhynchinae) dan Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebanyakan dari spesies tersebut belum berbagai persoalan muncul di dalam dideskripsikan (hanya 3 spesies yang kawasan C.A.P. Cyclops yang seharusnya telah dideskripsikan dan 48 darinya ‘steril’ dari berbagai kegiatan manusia, belum terdeskripsi) menggunakan berupa gangguan fungsi hidrologi dan taksonomi secara DNA (DNA ekologi yang menyebabkan terjadinya barcoding). sedimentasi dan banjir. Prinsip kelestarian Data awal yang sudah diperoleh dari dan keseimbangan ekosistem tidak penelitian sebelumnya adalah data jumlah sepenuhnya diterapkan dalam pengelolaan spesies kumbang di wilayah hutan Bonggo daerah penyangga C.A.P. Cyclops. (Penelitian Warikar tahun 2010), di mana Eksploitasi lahan secara masif dan invasif LPPM UNCEN 95 ISBN 978-602-7905-39-9 STUDI KEANEKARAGAMAN KUMBANG (COLEOPTERA …. EVIE LILLY WARIKAR1 DAN EUNICHE R.P.F. RAMANDEY telah terjadi, seperti banyaknya selama empat bulan dari bulan Agustus pemukiman, berladang dan berkebun, sampai dengan bulan November 2017. kandang ternak dan perambahan hutan Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk kebutuhan hidup, serta semua spesies kumbang Superfamili pembangunan infrastruktur yang tidak Curculionoidea di hutan Pegunungan sesuai dengan pola ruang yang sudah Cyclops, Jayapura, sedangkan sampelnya direncanakan. Disampig itu juga semakin adalah semua spesies kumbang meningkatnya kegiatan pemekaran Superfamili Curculionoidea di hutan wilayah, konversi hutan sebagai lahan Pegunungan Cyclops, Jayapura yang kelapa sawit dan aktivitas logging di tertangkap saat observasi. Perangkap Papua yang berdampak pada cross-wet trap digunakan sebagai metode berkurangnya luasan areal hutan yang untuk mengumpulkan kumbang di hutan mengancam keberadaan/eksistensi dari Pegunungan Cyclops, Jayapura. keanekaragaman hayati termasuk Peralatan dan Bahan keanekaragaman kumbang di Papua. Alat yang digunakan yaitu: Peningkatan kegiatan deforestasi Perangkap cross-wet trap, wadah atau penebangan hutan ini tidak hanya penangkap/capture container, klip plastik berdampak pada berkurangnya areal hutan dan kawat penggait, tali raffia, botol di Papua tetapi sekaligus berdampak pada transparan untuk cairan (veromon atau hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati di alkohol), GPS (Global Position System), Papua. Kondisi ini akan menjadi serius altimeter, mikroskop, gabus/papan dengan mempertimbangkan relatif perentang, pinset/ jepit, tissue, kaca minimnya penelitian di Papua, khususnya pembesar, kotak plastik/box specimen, penelitian tentang keragaman jenis thermometer, peralatan menulis, insect kumbang, sehingga dikhawatirkan akan pin, kertas label, kamera digital, buku banyak spesies kumbang yang akan identifikasi kumbang/buku panduan terancam punah sebelum diteliti atau di lapangan. Sedangkan bahan yang data keberadaannya di alam. digunakan adalah: Alkohol 70%, garam Disamping itu perlu juga untuk (maximum soluble of salt), deterjen. mempertimbangkan peranan jenis Prosedur Kerja kumbang di alam dalam kaitannya sebagai Perangkap dipasang selama 19 hari bioindicator bagi kesehatan lingkungan aktif dari tanggal 15 Agustus s/d 2 hingga peranannya sebagai serangga September 2017 di habitat hutan alami perusak kayu. Dengan mengetahui (hutan tropik) Pegunungan Cyclops, keragaman dan komposisi peranannya Jayapura. Perangkap dipasang dengan 10 (trophic guild) di alam maka akan kali pengulangan (replikasi) seperti memudahkan dalam mengontrol terlihat pada Gambar 1. Replikasi keberadaannya di alam (menekan atau perangkap dipilih secara acak untuk setiap meningkatkan populasinya) dan bahkan lokasi dengan jarak yang tertentu antar bisa berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. perangkap. Perangkap dipasang pada habitat hutan alami (hutan tropik) BAHAN DAN METODE Pegunungan Cyclops, Jayapura dengan koordinat dan ketinggian ditunjukkan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di pada tabel 2. hutan Pegunungan Cyclops, Jayapura LPPM UNCEN 96 ISBN 978-602-7905-39-9 STUDI KEANEKARAGAMAN KUMBANG (COLEOPTERA …. EVIE LILLY WARIKAR1 DAN EUNICHE R.P.F. RAMANDEY Tabel 2. Koordinat perangkat dan ketinggian No. Perangkap Koordinat Ketinggian (m dpl) 1 P1 S: 02°32’32,99” 300 E: 140°30’43,75” 2 P2 S: 02°32’31,19” 300 E: 140°30’43,57” 3 P3 S: 02°32’26,28” 315 E: 140°30’43,47” 4 P4 S: 02°32’24,27” 315 E: 140°30’43,02” 5 P5 S: 02°32’22,40” 340 E: 140°30’43,97” 6 P6 S: 02°32’20,27” 340 E: 140°30’44,49” 7 P7 S: 02°32’17,48”
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