Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2018) 42: 502-509 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1712-25

Host-driven morphological variability in crenata ()

Gianniantonio DOMINA* Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Received: 12.12.2017 Accepted/Published Online: 03.04.2018 Final Version: 24.07.2018

Abstract: Studies on interactions between Orobanche species and their hosts are mainly focused on resistance, radical interactions, and haustorium development. The influence of the host on morphology of the parasite under environmental controlled conditions is not reported in the literature. With the aim of filling this gap, the results of cultivation experiments of Orobanche crenata on , V. sativa, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, and clymenum are presented. The tested population of O. crenata infected all the studied hosts but showed preferences toward Vicia and Pisum and, in particular, toward a foreign V. sativa cv. The higher resistance of the evaluated local cv. could be due to coevolution between host and parasite. There was little variation in times of emergence: about 110 days on V. faba, while around 125 on P. s ativ um , C. arietinum, and V. sativa. The shape and size of flowers of O. crenata were influenced by its hosts. The more flourishing the host, the more vigorous the parasite with respect to overall size, number of flowers, and density of the inflorescence. However, significant variations were also observed in the shape of the calyx and the colour of the corolla and stigma. These observations suggest that other taxa of Orobanche that grow in the wild, which are considered to be different species, could be morphotypes of the same taxon, although a process of speciation may be in progress.

Key words: Host-specificity, resistance, host-parasite coevolution, broomrape, morphometry, weed biology

1. Introduction instance, O. cumana Wallr. on the cultivated sunflower is Orobanche L. (including Phelipanche Pomel) consists often considered a variety of O. cernua Loefl. that grows of holoparasitic taxa of worldwide distribution with on wild (Pujadas-Salvà and Velasco, 2000). In greatly reduced vegetative organs. has allowed contrast, some infraspecific taxa have been described by simplification in shoot morphology of the holoparasites, their morphological variation but with explicit reference including a reduction in features that are commonly used to the host (e.g., O. minor var. compositarum Pugsley). in plant (Musselman, 1994). Furthermore, The genus Orobanche includes several serious several morphological characters undergo variation when agricultural pests that cause major crop losses throughout drying in exsiccata preparation. Such differences result in the world (Parker and Riches, 1993; Joel et al., 2007). difficulties in taxonomic identification. For instance, the virulence of O. crenata Forssk. and the The indication of the host has always been used consequent economic losses have led, in the last decades, as an additional attribute to support the morphological to the abandonment of the cultivation of Vicia faba in large features in species description and identification areas in the Mediterranean basin (Domina and Scibetta, (Piwowarczyk, 2015). Some species are reported to be 2006). Hence, it is important to better understand the species-specific, e.g.,O. salviae F.W.Schultz is exclusive interactions between host and parasite as a starting point to Salvia glutinosa L. However, most parasitise several for future experiments of basic biology but also applied closely related species, e.g., O. alba Willd. on Lamiaceae, research on agriculture. while others are more generalist, e.g., O. minor Sm. on Studies on interactions between Orobanche species Apiaceae, Asteraceae and (Beck-Mannagetta, and their hosts are mainly focused on resistance, 1930; Schneeweiss 2007), although races specifically radical interactions, and haustorium development (e.g., linked to particular hosts have also evolved in generalist Eizenberg et al., 2003; Pérez-de-Luque et al., 2005). The species (Thorogood et al., 2009; Schneider et al., 2016). influence of the host plant on morphology of the parasite The wide morphological variability observed in the was reported by Musselman and Parker (1982), who field led to the description of several taxa not always recorded that Orobanche species found on different hosts unanimously accepted by the scientific community. For show differences in morphology and vigour. Thorogood * Correspondence: [email protected] 502 DOMINA / Turk J Bot et al. (2008) sampled host-driven variation in wild in each pot and the mean was used for statistical analysis. populations of O. minor Sm. In both these studies there Measurements were taken on dry specimens, using an was no environmental control. Thus, the influence of electronic calliper. The hairs at the base of stamens were environmental variables on the morphological diversity counted with 40× magnification. Colours were noted from assessed cannot be appreciated. captured photos of the fresh plants. Colour intensity was The aim of this study was to assess possible calculated on grey scale photographs, with photo-editing morphological variations induced by host interactions software, assigning 255 to white and 0 to black. On the on O. crenata morphology under fixed environmental whole, 15 quantitative characters, 9 continuous and 6 conditions. discrete, were considered: #1 Number of parasites per pot (or per clump in the field); #2 Total plant length (cm); #3 2. Materials and methods Spike length (cm); #4 Spike density (number of flowers per The experiment consisted in the cultivation in pots, under 2 cm); #5 Stem colour intensity; #6 Flower bract length the same environmental conditions, of Orobanche crenata (mm); #7 Flower bract width at its broadest (mm); #8 host of different plants. O. crenata was chosen for this Calyx length (mm); #9 Calyx width at its broadest (mm); study because it is a well-characterised taxon from the #10 Calyx tube length (mm); #11 Corolla length (mm); #12 morphological perspective and is universally known to be Corolla width (mm); #13 Number of purple veins on the capable of infesting different legume species. It is widely side view of the corolla; #14 Stigma colour intensity, and spread through the Mediterranean basin, and remains, #15 Hairiness at the base of stamens (Figure 1). The data to date, the most important threat to legume crops in the matrix used for statistics is presented in Supplementary area (Domina and Scibetta, 2006). The seeds ofO. crenata Information 1. The number of parasites recorded per pot in were collected in April 2014 from a single capsule of a different hosts is presented in Supplementary Information plant growing in an agricultural environment, growing on 2. cultivated V. faba var. major Harz. The sampled population Measures on the broomrapes infesting L. clymenum was isolated more than 4 km from other populations of O. and C. arietinum are not included in Supplementary crenata and showed limited intrapopulation morphological Information 1 and were not used for statistical analysis variability. A voucher specimen of the parasite collected because the number of sprouted shots was too low to be in the wild is deposited in the Herbarium Mediterraneum statistically relevant (Table). We performed multivariate Panormitanum (PAL). analysis of the data in two steps: the first considering the The cultivation experiments were conducted in open wild population and the second excluding it. In this way air in the Botanical Garden of Palermo (38°06ʹ29.03ʺ N, it was possible to show with the first step the differences 13°22ʹ13.00ʺ E, 10 m a.s.l.). On 12 December 2016, a total between the parasites in the wild and in cultivation, of 210 polyethylene pots (18 cm diameter) were filled while with the second step was possible to emphasise with new compost prepared with pruning residues, then the variability of parasites in pots with different hosts. presumptively clean of broomrape seeds. The host plants Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant tested were both crops and spontaneous. Among the analyses (DAs) were performed, according to Giovino former were V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’, V. faba var. et al. (2015) and Domina et al. (2017a, 2017b), with the major ‘Aguadulce’, Pisum sativum L. ‘Senatore’, and Cicer individuals a priori assigned to 5 groups, step 1 (A#: arietinum L. ‘Calia’, while amid the latter were Lathyrus wild population on V. faba var. major; B#: cultivated on clymenum L. and V. sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. collected V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; C#: cultivated on V. faba in the wild in Godrano (North Sicily). Thirty pots were var. major ‘Aguadulce’; D#: cultivated on V. sativa subsp. prepared per host. The host seeds were sown together with nigra; E#: cultivated on P. s ativ um ‘Senatore’) or 4 groups, about 30 O. crenata seeds, at a depth of 3 cm. In addition, step 2 (excluding the wild population, to avoid conflating 30 control pots without broomrape seeds were prepared. variation caused by different hosts with that resulting from The pots were regularly watered whenever atmospheric genetic variability). The scatter plots of the measures along precipitation was insufficient, until the development of the first two canonical axes are shown. Each character was fruits and parasites in late April 2017. also subjected to univariate analysis (ANOVA or Kruskal– To assess if the individuals of O. crenata grown in pots Wallis test, with corrections for multiple comparisons, showed differences compared to those in the wild, at the Pearson’s correlation coefficients, Tukey HSD test and time of the seed harvest, in April 2014, measurements Bonferroni, respectively), using PAST version 3.15 were taken on 30 clumps picked randomly from the centre (Hammer et al., 2001; Hammer, 2017). The range of each of the collecting area. Measurements and observations continuous character of the cultivated plants is represented on the plants cultivated in pots were done in April 2017. using box-and-whisker plots. The wild population is not Character states were measured from all the individuals shown in these plots to better highlight the differences

503 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Figure 1. Characters scored for floral morphology analysis: #6 Flower bract length (mm); #7 Flower bract width (mm); #8 Calyx length (mm); #9 Calyx width at its broadest (mm); #10 Calyx tube length (mm); #11 Corolla length (mm); #12 Corolla width (mm).

Table. Synoptic table of pot infestation. Host: host plant; emergence time: number of days before the first emergences; infestation: number of infested pots out of 30; parasites per pot: average number of parasites per pot. Mean, median, standard deviation, asymmetry, and kurtosis of the number of parasites per pot.

Host 1 Emergence time Emergence Infestation Parasites Mean Median dev. St. Asymmetry Kurtosis Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 109 27 5 5.33 B 5 1.33 -0.25 -0.52 V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 108 30 8 8.47 C 8 1.94 1,4 2.82 V. sativa subsp. nigra 123 20 4 4.15 A 4 0.99 0,4 -0.77 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 123 25 4 4.36 A 4 1.25 -0,48 -0.44 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 128 3 2 – – – – – Lathyrus clymenum 128 6 2 – – – – – Control pots with Vicia faba var. major – 0 0 – – – – – ‘Castelnuovo’ not inoculated

1Letters indicate statistically significant difference to that particular group by the Student–Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.01). between parasites of the different species cultivated in pots about 110 days, while on P. s ativ um , C. arietinum, and V. that otherwise would have been less readable due to the sativa it took around 125 days. In any case, the parasite great difference between the parasites in the wild and in always developed in conjunction with the host fruiting. cultivation. The Table summarises the infestation of the host plants tested (full data available in Supplementary Information 3. Results 2). The data were normally distributed. The population of There was a small variation in emergence times, regarding O. crenata, collected in North Sicily and parasite of V. faba, hosts and parasites. On V. faba, the parasites emerged in used to inoculate the pots, showed a certain preference

504 DOMINA / Turk J Bot toward the genera Vicia and Pisum and displayed a different hosts. On V. faba, independently from the cultivar, limited capability to infect Lathyrus clymenum and Cicer denser and longer inflorescences, larger corollas than in arietinum. Moreover, it could be argued that the local other hosts, with several purple veins, and a purple stem cultivar of V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ registered a and stigma were recorded. On V. sativa, fewer and shorter higher resistance to the parasite compared to the Spanish inflorescences, a different calyx shape (between total cv. ‘Aguadulce’. The Student–Newman–Keuls test revealed length, total width, and tube length), smaller corollas with a significant difference between the means observed (P < fewer purple veins than in V. faba, a yellowish stem, and 0.01) (Hammer, 2017). Likewise, a significant difference pinkish or whitish stigma were identified. On P. s ativ um , was evident when Student’s t-test was applied to the fewer and shorter inflorescences, a different shape of the data for V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ and V. faba var. calyx (between total length, total width, and tube length), major ‘Aguadulce’ (P < 0.01). This result indicates that cv. smaller corollas with few purple veins, a yellowish stem, ‘Castelnuovo’ was statistically more resistant to the tested and yellowish or whitish stigma were noted. population of O. crenata than cv. ‘Aguadulce’. 3.1. Step 1 (including the plants in the wild and the plants The measures done (Supplementary Information 1) in pots) reveal a higher morphological variability of the parasite PCA (Figure 2) discriminated the Orobanche in cultivation in the wild than in cultivation. This finding was expected from wild ones but presented an overlap between the because all the seeds for the cultivation experiment were plants growing on different hosts (Figures 2 and 3). The collected from a single capsule, to ensure reduced genetic DAs (Figures 4 and 5) showed three well-differentiated variability. groups, whereby one included the population in the The total size of the parasite varied with the vigour of wild (Figure 4), another with the cultivated broomrapes the host. The host plants of V. faba in the field were more growing on V. faba, and the other with the cultivated developed and florid than the ones in the pots (about broomrapes growing on V. sativa and P. sativum (Figures 4 90–100 vs. 40–50 cm), and their parasites showed a larger and 5). The same results were obtained with standardised overall size, more flowers, and denser inflorescences than logarithmic data. in the cultivated plants. The host plant influenced the The initial hypothesis that the host influences the colour, size, and shape of the parasite. This behaviour is parasite’s morphology was confirmed. Of the individuals, evident when comparing the broomrapes developed with 93.94% were correctly classified by the first DA to their five

Figure 2. Principal components analysis based on the 15 considered morphological characters, with 5 a priori defined groups based on different hosts. PC1 Eigenvalue 2074.31, % variance 62.62, PC2 Eigenvalue 959.158, % variance 28.955. Black dot: wild population on Vicia faba var. major; blue circle: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; orange star: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’; pink triangle: cultivated on V. sativa subsp. nigra; green square: cultivated on Pisum sativum ‘ S e n a t o r e’.

505 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Figure 3. Principal components analysis based on the 15 considered morphological characters, with 4 a priori defined groups based on different hosts. PC1 Eigenvalue 2029.26, % variance 71.183, PC2 Eigenvalue 763.288, % variance 26.775. Blue circle: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; orange star: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’; pink triangle: cultivated on V. sativa subsp. nigra; green square: cultivated on Pisum sativum ‘ S e n a t o r e’.

Figure 4. Discriminant analysis based on the 15 considered morphological characters, with 5 a priori defined groups based on different hosts. Axis 1: Eigenvalue 64.382, % variance 76.1; Axis 2: Eigenvalue 19.225, % variance 22.72. Black dot: wild population on Vicia faba var. major; blue circle: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; orange star: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’; pink triangle: cultivated on V. sativa subsp. nigra; green square: cultivated on Pisum sativum ‘ S e n a t o r e’.

506 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Figure 5. Discriminant analysis based on the 15 considered morphological characters, with 4 a priori defined groups based on different hosts. Axis 1: Eigenvalue 27.776, % variance 91.1; Axis 2: Eigenvalue 1.8234, % variance 5.98. Blue circle: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; orange star: cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’; pink triangle: cultivated on V. sativa subsp. nigra; green square: cultivated on Pisum sativum ‘ S e n a t o r e’.

a priori assigned groups (or 89.39% with the jackknife that specific parasite. The same phenomenon has been method; see Osuji et al. (2013)). shown in other broomrapes, e.g., Ph. ramosa (L.) Pomel 3.2. Step 2 (including only the plants in pots) on Brassica napus L. in France (Gauthier et al., 2012). The DA on the cultivated plants only (Figure 5) showed Further studies are needed to investigate local similar values of correct classification (95.1% and 87.25% coevolution between hosts and Orobanche species with the jackknife method). Univariate analysis of all highlighted by different studies in the Mediterranean continuous morphological characters (Supplementary (e.g., Satovic et al., 2009; Molinero-Ruiz et al. 2015), on a Information 1) showed a larger variation in size in the greater number of hosts and with more populations. Such wild population of O. crenata than the cultivated ones. investigations could lead towards the selection of specific The intensity of stem colour distinguished between the resistant cultivars for different agricultural regions. broomrapes growing on V. faba and those growing on The host and its vigour influenced the time of V. sativa and P. s ativ um . There were outlier values in emergence, the vigour, and the morphology of the parasite. the corolla length, corolla width, and the intensity of The observed host-driven variability includes variation the colour of the stigma. The characters that showed the in the size, shape, and colour of the parasites and affects highest variation included the length of the flower bract, almost all the individuals of the population growing on the total calyx length, and the calyx tube length (Figure a given host. The data recorded on O. crenata can lead 6). to general considerations that are valid within the whole genus and could change the taxonomic interpretation 4. Discussion of the known variability in some groups. For example, From this study, it can be confirmed that the tested it is plausible that some morphologically similar taxa, population of O. crenata can parasitise different legumes with limited genetic characterisation, such as O. cernua but has some preferences, supposedly due to a local and O. cumana, are nothing more than stabilised forms, coevolution between the host plant and the parasite. The due to interaction with the host. The same may be the Sicilian cv. ‘Castelnuovo’ of V. faba demonstrated more case for the group of O. minor in the Mediterranean. resistance to the tested population of O. crenata than the Similar considerations could be made for taxa associated Spanish cv. ‘Aguadulce’. This behaviour could be explained with particular environments, such as O. litorea Guss. by a pluri-generational selection of the local variety to on Asteraceae on sandy dunes, for which a part of their

507 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Figure 6. Box-and-whisker plots of the 12 continuous numeric characters. For each sample, the 25%–75% quartiles are drawn using a box. The median is shown with a horizontal line inside the box. The minimal and maximal values are shown with short horizontal lines, the whiskers. These are drawn from the top of the box up to the largest data point less than 1.5 times the box height from the box, and similarly below the box. Individual outlying data points are displayed as circles. Plots: #2 Total plant length (cm); #3 Spike length (cm); #6 Flower bract length (mm); #7 Flower bract width (mm); #8 Calyx length (mm); #9 Calyx width (mm); #10 Calyx tube length (mm); #11 Corolla length (mm); #12 Corolla width (mm). Groups: B) cultivated on Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’; C) cultivated on V. faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’; D) cultivated on Vicia sativa subsp. nigra; E) cultivated on Pisum sativum ‘ S e n a t o r e’.

morphological variability could be an adaptation to the Cultivation trials, supported by genetic analysis, to test growth environment. It is conceivable that in the long run the host’s and the growth environment influences on the this morphological variation can lead to speciation, but parasite should be done. Furthermore, the characteristics this phenomenon should be assessed case by case. of parasites that developed on the various hosts should be cross-tested to check their stability.

508 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

References

Beck-Mannagetta G (1930). Das Pflanzenreich (Regni vegetabilis Musselman LJ (1994). Taxonomy and spread of Orobanche. In: Pieterse conspectus) - Orobanche. Verlag Engelmann 96: 1-305. AH, Verkleij JAC, ter Borg SJ, Biology and management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop Domina G, Scibetta S (2006). Research on Orobanche crenata of Orobanche and Related Striga Research. Royal Tropical Management in Sicily from the 19th to the Early 20th Century. Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 27-35. Phytoparasitica 34: 111-114. Musselman LJ, Parker C (1982). Preliminary host ranges of some Domina G, Greuter W, Raimondo FM (2017a). A taxonomic strains of economically important broomrapes (Orobanche). reassessment of the Centaurea busambarensis complex Econ Bot 36: 270-273. (Compositae, Cardueae), with description of a new species from the Egadi Islands (W Sicily). Isr J Plant Sci https://doi.org Osuji GA, Onyeagu SI, Ekezie DD (2013). Comparison of jackknife /10.1080/07929978.2016.1257146. and resubstitution methods in the estimation of error rates in discriminant analysis. International Journal of Mathematics Domina G, Scibetta S, Scafidi F, Giovino A (2017b). Contribution and Statistics Studies 1: 29-37. to the identification of Dianthus rupicola (Caryophyllaceae) subspecies using morphological and molecular approaches. Parker C, Riches CR (1993). Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology Phytotaxa 291: 17-32. and Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Eizenberg H, Colquhoun JB, Mallory-Smith CA (2003). Variation in Pérez-De-Luque A, Rubiales D, Cubero JI, Press MC, Scholes J, Yoneyama K, Takeuchi Y, Plakhine D, Joel DM (2005). clover response to small broomrape (Orobanche minor). Weed Interaction between Orobanche crenata and its host legumes: Sci 51: 759-763. unsuccessful haustorial penetration and necrosis of the Gauthier M, Véronési C, El-Halmouch Y, Leflon M, Jestin C, Labalette developing parasite. Ann Bot-London 95: 935-942. F, Simier P, Delourme R, Delavault P (2012). Characterisation Pujadas-Salvà AJ, Velasco L (2000). Comparative studies on of resistance to branched broomrape, Phelipanche ramosa, in Orobanche cernua L. and O. cumana Wallr. (Orobanchaceae) winter oilseed rape. Crop Prot 42: 56-63. in the Iberian Peninsula. Bot J Linn Soc 134: 513-527. Giovino A, Domina G, Bazan G, Campisi P, Scibetta S (2015). Satovic Z, Joel DM, Rubiales D, Cubero JI, Román B (2009). Taxonomy and conservation of Pancratium maritimum Population genetics in weedy species of Orobanche. (Amaryllidaceae) and relatives in the Central Mediterranean. Australasian Plant Pathology 38: 228-234. Acta Bot Gallica 162: 289-299. Schneeweiss GM (2007). Correlated evolution of life history and Hammer Ø (2017). PAST 3.06. Available from: http://folk.uio.no/ host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants ohammer/past (Last accessed 2 August 2017). Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). J Evolution Biol Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001). PAST: paleontological 20: 471-478. Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Schneider AC, Colwell AEL, Schneeweiss GM, Baldwin BG (2016). Palaeontol Electron 4: 1-9. Cryptic host-specific diversity among western hemisphere Joel DM, Hershenhorn Y, Eizenberg H, Aly R, Ejeta G, Rich, PJ, broomrapes (Orobanche s.l., Orobanchaceae). Ann Bot- Ransom JK, Sauerborn J, Rubiales D (2007). Biology and London 118: 1101-1111. management of weedy root parasites. Horticultural Reviews Thorogood CJ, Rumsey FJ, Hiscock SH (2009). Host-specific races in 33: 267-349. the holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche minor: implications Molinero-Ruiz L, Delavault P, Pérez-Vich B, Pacureanu-Joita M, for speciation in parasitic plants. Ann Bot-London 103: 1005- Bulos M, Altieri E, Domínguez J (2015). History of the race 1014. structure of Orobanche cumana and the breeding of sunflower Thorogood CJ, Rumsey FJ, Harris SA, Hiscock SH (2008). Host- for resistance to this parasitic weed: a review. Span J Agric Res driven divergence in the parasitic plant Orobanche minor Sm. 13: e10R01. (Orobanchaceae). Mol Ecol 17: 4289-4303.

509 DOMINA / Turk J Bot 18 11 4 10 14 9 13 10 3 9 9 12 8 16 9 15 10 8 11 12 12 10 9 9 10 9 8 12 8 12 18 10 10 16 9 8 15 10 #15. Hairiness #15. Hairiness the base of at stamens 2 12 91 169 123 181 123 174 113 190 150 180 148 86 147 85 166 87 133 80 140 94 147 90 146 91 154 86 113 162 91 120 145 87 126 148 89 121 147 86 #14. Stigma #14. Stigma colour intensity 174 88 purple whitish pinkish whitish pinkish whitish pinkish whitish yellowish whitish yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple pinkish yellowish purple pinkish yellowish purple pinkish yellowish purple pinkish yellowish purple Stigma Stigma colour whitish purple 5 7 5 8 4 9 3 9 8 8 9 5 9 6 8 6 7 5 7 2 8 7 8 7 8 4 6 7 5 8 8 6 7 9 5 7 8 5 #13. No. #13. No. Corolla veins 7 4 7.1 6.4 7 5.3 6.2 6.7 3.9 5.7 8.7 6.8 7.9 7.1 5.4 6.6 7.2 7.4 7 7.9 5.6 8.7 7.8 7.3 6.8 7.7 7.2 7.8 6.4 7.1 7.2 6 6.8 7.5 6.4 6.9 7.4 8.7 6.4 6.7 #12. Corolla #12. Corolla (mm) width 5.7 7.6 20.4 20.5 20.1 20.2 17.6 19.4 11.2 20.7 23.2 22.2 19.8 23.2 18.4 18.9 22.4 21.3 20 23.8 19.1 22.8 20.7 21 19.5 22.4 22.7 22.3 19.4 19 22.5 17.3 21.4 21.5 19.5 21.9 21.2 23.4 18.4 22 #11. Corolla #11. Corolla (mm) length 19.5 21.8 5.3 5.8 2.4 3.6 5.1 3 2.6 2.6 4.2 6.6 4.5 1.8 4.3 0.1 4.3 1.2 3.8 0.8 2.9 0.1 4 2.2 5.4 2.8 5 4.6 0.1 2.8 5.5 1.4 3.8 3.6 5.8 2.5 5.4 6.3 3.5 4.9 #10. Calyx tube (mm) length 2.5 3.2 1.8 4.2 1.8 3.7 1.4 3.8 1.2 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.9 3.8 4.1 4.3 2.5 4.3 4.2 2.3 4.2 4.6 2.3 4.6 4.3 1.9 4.8 3.8 2.3 #9. Calyx (mm) width 3.7 2.5 14.4 18.2 15.5 13.5 12.1 14.3 9.3 21.5 18.7 16.7 15.2 15.5 17.2 14.6 19.5 17.1 14.7 17 16.4 12.7 12.9 21.8 14.1 15.2 15.7 21.3 16.5 16 19.7 13.7 20 19.9 16.8 13.9 16.5 17.8 14.1 19.9 #8. Calyx (mm) length 11.6 21.4 3.8 4.6 4 4.8 2.9 4.9 2.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 4.6 5 4.6 4.3 5.3 4.7 4.8 5.2 4.3 4.1 3.7 4 4.4 4.7 4.5 5.2 5 4.5 4.9 3.9 5.4 4.9 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.1 5 #7. Flower bract bract #7. Flower (mm) width 3.9 5.1 16.5 21.5 18.2 19.5 15.7 20.1 10.2 20 23 21.4 22.6 20.6 19.4 18.3 23.2 22.8 21.2 23 20.6 20.2 18 20.6 19.5 21.8 22.6 23.6 18.9 21.3 21.4 20.3 21 22.4 19.1 21.6 19.9 22.8 18.7 22.6 #6. Flower bract bract #6. Flower (mm) length 20.6 23.2 68 97 107 101 113 122 100 117 104 96 113 114 107 107 111 96 104 101 114 121 112 64 89 66 93 104 133 102 103 122 104 115 113 117 106 98 111 113 #5. Stem #5. Stem colour intensity 92 122 brown purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple brown purple brown purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple Stem Stem colour purple purple 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 #4. No. #4. No. Flowers each 2 cm 3 4 rare dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense rare dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense Spike density dense dense 7 26 8 40 16 36 11 48 19 40 29 23 28 26 31 28 28 31 19 37 22 24 25 18 21 7 34 36 15 41 37 8 40 53 10 29 25 12 #3. Spike #3. Spike length (cm) 30 10 16 56 17 66 21 57 20 63 27 56 48 43 45 36 52 40 47 43 32 58 42 39 38 32 34 12 62 56 17 60 65 16 57 78 19 46 42 19 #2. Shoot #2. Shoot length (cm) 54 18 2 8 5 4 7 9 7 8 9 3 7 7 6 9 9 8 9 7 8 6 7 5 6 9 5 5 8 9 4 7 7 5 7 8 5 4 12 3 #1. Shoots #1. Shoots per or pot clump 9 6 cultivated wild cultivated wild cultivated wild cultivated wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild wild cultivated wild wild cultivated wild wild cultivated wild wild cultivated wild wild cultivated Origin wild cultivated major major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. var. var. var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. major major var. ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major major var. ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major major var. ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major major var. ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major major var. major major var. ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia faba Vicia Host Synoptic table of the characters observed and measured. Measures used for statistical analysis are numbered. Characters scored for floral floral for scored Characters numbered. are analysis statistical used for Measures observed measured. the characters and of table 1. Synoptic Information Supplementary asthe indicated is of atthe thestamens base hairiness 2 cm;the each of flowers number as the is indicated density spike 1. The in Figure presented are analysis morphology per mm. hairs of number

1 DOMINA / Turk J Bot 9 9 9 9 10 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 8 3 10 9 10 10 12 11 13 11 12 12 12 9 11 8 13 11 10 11 10 8 8 8 9 10 157 142 92 156 95 151 94 153 93 142 88 92 144 81 92 178 86 93 176 87 87 82 96 89 89 91 89 95 92 92 101 93 91 94 89 88 89 87 87 94 116 86 87 116 90 122 yellowish yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple yellowish purple purple yellowish purple purple whitish purple purple whitish purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple pinkish purple purple pinkish purple pinkish 5 5 3 4 4 5 5 6 3 3 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 6 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 5 5 5 6 5 4 6 5 5 6 5 4 6 6.4 6.2 6.5 7.9 5.7 7 6.9 7.8 6.5 7.3 7 6.4 7.7 7.3 7.2 6.9 7 5.3 7.6 7.1 7.3 7.4 6.5 7.1 7.5 7.4 6.6 7.6 7.6 6.3 7.3 4.8 7.1 7 6.9 7.6 6.8 5.8 8.6 7.4 6.6 7.1 7.7 7.6 6 18.1 21.6 18.7 17.8 20.1 22.6 16.4 22 19.6 22.3 18.6 21 20 18.2 21.9 20.9 18.2 19.8 20.1 16.3 22.3 20.2 21 21.1 18.5 20.2 22.1 21.2 18.8 21.9 20.6 18.1 22 13.6 20.4 23 19.8 21.8 22.3 16.6 24.6 21.1 18.9 21.3 21.9 17.1 2.2 2.1 4.3 2.7 3.2 5.9 2.8 4.9 5.4 4.9 2.8 6 0.1 3.6 6.2 2.8 1.5 6.1 0.1 2.2 5.2 4.4 6.1 5 2.1 4.5 3.8 4.8 0.1 3.4 3.4 2.1 4.4 0.1 2.3 4.6 2.3 5.5 4.9 0.1 2.7 2.8 0.1 4.8 6.2 0.1 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.5 1.3 2.5 1.8 2 1.5 1.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.5 2 1.9 1.9 2 1.9 2 2.4 2.1 1.4 2.5 1.3 1.9 2.5 1 1.8 2.4 1.7 2.3 2.5 1 2.4 1.8 1.2 2.3 2.1 0.9 14.4 15.5 12.9 15 10 20.1 12.4 21.5 10.2 21.4 15.3 17.5 12.6 12.2 19.8 14 13.1 16.3 9.3 12.8 17.5 16.5 16.3 17.4 16.4 16.8 21 17 11.9 21.3 11.4 16 21.2 8.1 15.4 21.6 14.5 19.7 21.4 8.3 21 16 10.1 21 19.8 7.6 3.5 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 4.9 2.8 4.8 2.9 5.4 3.5 5 3.1 3.8 5.1 3.6 3.7 4.4 2.8 3 5.1 3.8 4.5 5 3.6 3.9 5.3 3.9 2.8 5 3.5 3.6 5.3 2.9 4.2 5.6 3.7 5 5.3 2.5 5.3 3.4 3.4 5.4 5.1 2.7 16.3 15.8 17.7 11.6 16.8 21.4 16.2 23.9 17.9 23.6 15.4 21.6 13.7 16.5 22.1 15.8 16.1 19 11.9 15.2 22.3 16.7 19.7 21.6 15.8 18.8 24.5 16.8 16 21.6 15.1 15.6 23.6 12.8 18.1 24.2 15.6 22 23.6 11 23.9 14.7 14.7 24.2 22.1 11.6 118 109 104 108 116 92 121 107 97 112 88 111 98 103 117 101 106 113 105 111 112 104 122 97 98 118 104 97 113 102 108 107 118 102 102 113 127 98 107 121 104 95 117 112 101 106 purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple brown 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 3 2 3 dense dense dense dense dense dense dense rare dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense rare dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense dense rare dense rare 6 7 11 7 10 11 9 8 11 6 9 9 10 13 7 9 13 6 8 9 6 18 10 11 11 8 12 9 9 7 11 10 11 8 10 9 9 15 8 9 17 9 10 11 9 8 11 15 17 14 19 18 15 17 17 14 18 18 19 21 17 16 20 14 16 18 15 19 17 19 18 15 18 17 15 15 18 19 18 19 18 18 18 20 17 19 19 18 18 19 16 16 8 5 11 5 8 5 11 8 4 5 9 5 6 12 5 8 8 5 9 9 3 8 8 5 9 8 6 8 13 5 10 8 7 3 6 4 7 5 3 8 8 5 8 9 6 5 cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ major var. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Supplementary Information 1. (Continued). Information Supplementary

2 DOMINA / Turk J Bot 7 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 9 8 8 9 12 8 11 9 11 7 10 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 8 9 8 10 12 8 12 11 9 11 10 9 11 9 8 10 95 86 91 91 90 89 94 87 86 90 83 91 82 96 91 94 96 90 85 91 157 87 86 162 91 87 189 115 89 186 123 93 181 119 91 86 125 118 82 106 122 78 77 176 90 78 purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple purple yellowish purple purple yellowish purple purple whitish pinkish purple whitish pinkish purple whitish pinkish purple purple pinkish pinkish purple whitish pinkish purple whitish whitish purple purple 4 2 4 2 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 2 5 3 7 4 3 3 4 2 2 5 2 2 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 5 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 5 3 4 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.6 6.5 6.8 5 6.8 6.9 7.5 6.7 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.4 7.3 6 6.6 6.5 6.3 5 6 7.4 5.8 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.5 7.4 6.4 5.9 7.1 6.2 6 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.7 4.4 4.7 6.1 4.6 7 6.4 4.5 4.6 20.3 18.8 19.2 20.7 17.12 19.3 20.2 18.5 17.9 20.5 21.6 19.7 20 18.6 21 19.8 19.3 20.8 18.7 20.3 15.3 20.1 21.7 18.3 19.3 20.7 19.8 15.6 21.9 18.3 17 20.1 17.7 17.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 20.3 19.1 20.6 20.1 18 19 18.2 17.8 19.2 6.2 4.6 4.9 5.9 0.1 4.5 4.6 2.8 2.2 4 3.2 1.9 0.1 2.4 4.3 0.1 5.3 0.1 3.2 2.8 1.3 2.2 2.3 3 3.4 2.8 0.1 3.7 0.1 5 5.1 1.3 6.2 2.6 2.6 2.3 3.4 1.2 2.7 5.7 0.4 4.5 2.9 2.6 3 0.1 3 1.4 2.9 2.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2 2.1 2 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.1 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.1 3 2 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 2 2 1.5 1.9 2 1.9 1.9 2.1 2 1.8 2.2 2.9 1.7 1.9 2.7 1.9 2.7 1.8 1.5 2.4 1.9 20 10.5 20 19.9 11.5 14.1 14.4 14.5 13.5 14.6 13.4 13.2 15.8 15.6 19.7 13.6 19.5 15.3 14.2 14.4 10 15.5 14.8 14.8 17 14 13.2 9.6 13.9 11.9 12.3 14 12.5 13.3 13.4 13 19.6 13.2 12.2 19.7 13.8 15.4 12.2 13.2 14.2 14.1 4.1 2.6 3.7 4.1 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.3 2.4 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.2 3.5 4.3 3.3 4.1 3.2 3 3 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.6 2.8 2.5 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.9 3.1 4.2 2.6 2.9 4.2 3.5 3.7 3 3.7 2.7 2.7 21.4 13.6 19.8 22.2 16.6 17.6 16 17.5 11.8 17.7 15 17.3 16.2 17.7 22.1 17.3 21.4 16.9 15.1 15.8 14.8 18.2 16.8 13.6 16.8 15.8 11.2 12.4 18.3 13.8 12.8 18.1 15.4 16.1 15.2 15.7 22.7 14.3 14.3 22 18.6 18 15.7 16 13.1 13.9 201 192 208 201 212 205 182 202 187 191 191 193 192 192 204 193 201 196 191 180 203 202 201 209 203 203 199 203 192 151 211 184 157 147 207 193 202 191 203 184 203 211 149 112 196 186 yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow pink yellow yellow pink pink yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow pink yellow yellow pink purple yellow yellow 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 rare rare dense rare rare rare dense rare dense rare rare rare dense rare dense dense dense rare dense rare rare rare rare dense rare rare rare rare rare rare rare rare dense rare rare rare dense rare dense rare rare rare rare dense rare dense 8 10 7 6 8 10 7 5 9 8 8 7 9 6 6 8 3 6 8 6 8 10 5 4 10 7 9 10 5 5 5 6 7 8 5 7 9 6 11 5 5 7 7 7 9 5 16 15 13 14 16 15 14 14 17 16 14 10 16 16 12 19 5 12 17 13 15 18 16 7 17 13 14 15 14 9 9 14 17 16 16 13 17 9 19 14 16 16 14 15 15 8 5 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 5 4 7 7 4 4 5 6 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 8 5 3 cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ ‘Senatore’ subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. subsp. nigra subsp. major ‘Aguadulce’ major var. Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Vicia sativa Vicia Pisum sativum Vicia sativa Vicia Vicia faba Vicia Supplementary Information 1. (Continued). Information Supplementary

3 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Supplementary Information 2. Number of parasites recorded Supplementary Information 2. (Continued). per pot in different hosts.

Number of Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Host parasites per pot Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 8 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 7 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 6 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 5 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 4 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 4 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 5 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 4 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 4 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 3 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 3 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 3 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 0 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 0 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 4 Vicia faba var. major ‘Castelnuovo’ 0 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 14 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 14 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 10 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 10 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 10 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 3 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 10 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Vicia faba var. major ‘Aguadulce’ 9 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0

4 DOMINA / Turk J Bot

Supplementary Information 2. (Continued). Supplementary Information 2. (Continued).

Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 6 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 6 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 6 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 6 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 6 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 5 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 4 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 3 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 2 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 2 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 1 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 4 Lathyrus clymenum 1 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 3 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 3 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 2 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 2 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 2 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Pisum sativum ‘Senatore’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 3 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 2 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 2 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0 Cicer arietinum ‘Calia’ 0 Lathyrus clymenum 0

5