Saru Kani Kassen: Riscritture E Reinterpretazioni Di Un Mukashibanashi in Periodo Tokugawa

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Saru Kani Kassen: Riscritture E Reinterpretazioni Di Un Mukashibanashi in Periodo Tokugawa Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lingue e culture dell'Asia Orientale Tesi di Laurea Saru kani kassen: riscritture e reinterpretazioni di un mukashibanashi in periodo Tokugawa Relatore Ch. Prof. Bonaventura Ruperti Correlatore Ch. Prof.ssa Luisa Bienati Laureando Elena Follador Matricola 815685 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 要旨 今日語られている『猿蟹合戦』は次のような内容で知られている。 むかしむかし、あるところに蟹と猿がいた。ある日、二匹が山へ遊びに行った。そこで、 蟹はおにぎりを、猿は柿の種を見つけて拾った。猿は柿の種とおにぎりをむりやり交換さ せてから帰ったが、蟹は真面目に種を蒔き、水をやり育てた。木が大きくなり、実も多く 生った時、蟹が枝まで登ろうとしたが、出来ずにあきらめたところ、猿がやって来た。猿 は実をもいであげると嘘をつき、木に登り熟した柿を食べながら、蟹には渋いものだけを 与えた。蟹がそれについて文句を言い出すと、猿は怒り、柿を激しく投げつけ、甲羅を破 り蟹を殺してしまう。しかし、みじんに砕けた甲羅からは小さい子蟹が生まれ、親の仇討 を誓う。友達の臼・蜂・栗・牛の糞と共に計略を企て、猿が留守の時に、家に忍び込み、 皆がそれぞれの場所に隠れる。そこへ猿が帰り、暖まろうと囲炉裏の傍に座ったところ、 灰の下に身を潜めていた栗が飛び出し、火傷をさせる。その痛みを和らげるために水桶に 近づくと、そこから蜂(又は蟹)が出てきて猿を脅かす。怖がって家の外へ出ようとする 猿は、入り口の近くで待っていた牛の糞に滑ってしまい、屋根の上から落ちた臼に潰され る。 猿が死んだかが分からないままで終わるバージョンもあるし、謝るので蟹がそれを勘弁 し命を助けるといったバージョンもある。今の子供絵本にはこのように二つの話があるの は、江戸時代の大衆文学の流れのためであると言えよう。実際には、江戸時代の作品には 結末のみならず、人物の数や助っ人の種類など、話の筋の様々な面が異なっていたのであ る。この論文では、 猿蟹合戦に関してすでに行われた研究に伴い、その最も古いとされ ている作品の時代、十八世紀の始まりにまで溯り、この昔話を分析したいと思う。 第一章では、十九世紀より近年までの研究がまとめられている。猿蟹合戦に興味を持 ち、初めてそれに関して調べた学者は、戯作や読本の作家として有名な滝沢馬琴と、その 弟子の山東京伝であった。二人とも話の由来が大陸にあると思っており、中国とインドの 古典文学に猿蟹合戦の根と「枝葉」を探ってみた。 その後、再び昔話を研究しようとした学者が現れるまで百年ほど待たなければならな い。小池藤五郎氏は、一九三〇年代に小学国語読本をめぐって発生した論争をきっかけに、 猿蟹合戦の起源を改めようと思い、それを日本文学の中に探るべきであると判断した。 元々は室町時代に成立した、蟹の眷属(親族)と猿の眷属との戦争物であったらしく、お 伽草子の一つのジャンルである異類合戦に基づいていると述べている。助っ人が家の中に 隠れ、順番に猿を攻める箇所が後から加えられ、徐々に戦争の話より仇討の話になってき たと論じている。 数年後、島津久基氏が日本だけではなく,外国にも猿蟹合戦の前半と後半に似た独立の 昔話があるということに気がつく。もとよりの合戦型の話が少しずつ仇討型になり、曽我 兄弟の伝説の影響を受け、子蟹の人物も登場するようになったという。島津氏は初めて口 承文学で伝えられた話も取り扱い、中国にとどまらず、韓国やモンゴル、インドネシアな どといった様々な国の昔話を日本の昔話と比べてみたのである。 その次に論文を出した柳田国男氏は、二十世紀の始まり頃、日本中で語られていた昔 話を中心に、猿蟹合戦の最も古い筋を復元しようとした。柳田氏は、猿と蛙が一緒に餅を 搗くが、猿の我がままな行動で餅の入っていた臼が山より転び落ち、結局蛙がそれを全て 食べてしまうというのが、東北に数多く残った話であり、本来の内容であったと述べてい る。 仇討ちの部分の方は、自立した昔話として中国などに見つけられるが、それは恐ら く後から渡来され、腕利きの座頭により猿と蛙(のちに蟹)の話に面白く付けられたのか もしれないと述べている。 柳田氏の行った日本国内の昔話に関する調査を踏まえつつ、今川恵美子氏は自身でも 猿蟹合戦の例を集め、それにいくつかの江戸時代の作品を平行させ、筋の展開を明らかに することを試みた。その結果として、島津氏の推測したように、合戦型より個人の仇討型 へ変化し、最終的に親孝行仇討になったと論じている。 1980年代に入ると、関敬吾氏は、島津氏と柳田氏の研究と共に、フィンランド人 の民俗学者、アンティ・アアルネとドイツ人のフリッツ・ルムプの研究を付加し、猿蟹合 戦を中心にアジア中の昔話を考察した。数多くの例を取りつつ、アジアの話がどこで発生 したものかは分かり得ないが、猿蟹合戦が二つの昔話の総合によって成立した日本のみの 昔話であると説いている。 『日本昔話事典』の編集者でもある稲田浩二氏も、前半の「動物葛藤」と後半の「仇 討ち型」を別々で分析し、それぞれが日本列島並びに世界の口承文学の中にどれほど広が っているかを詳しく調べた。特に、後半か又は後半に似た話が欧米にも存在するモチーフ であり、稲田氏は原初の思想アニミズムに基づいていると述べている。採集狩猟時代の人 類が巨人動物を狩っていた時、成員が各人各様の分担をもって参加してきた様相をこの話 に含めていたという。 一方、斧原孝守氏は、猿と蟹の一つだけの話を考察し、結末に蟹がなぜ螯に毛がある のかを説明して、「なぜ話」のように終わるものが、アジア諸国においてどれほど伝播し ているかを調査した。 初めて江戸時代の猿蟹合戦に関する作品を全て集められたのは、沢井耐三氏である。 沢井氏の目的は、今日知られている「猿蟹」の話と少し異なった形が例外ではなく、西日 本に「猿ヶ島敵討」という類型であったのを論証することである。その類型には、おにぎ りと柿の種の交換がなく、蟹が猿にいじめられてから、敵討ちに出かけ、猿が島へ向かう 途中で栗・挽臼・鋏などに黍団子を与えて家来にし、最後に計略による順を追った攻撃で はなく、普通の戦いで猿を退治する。 最も新しく出された花部英雄氏の論文では、桃太郎系猿蟹合戦が取り扱われる。それ が北より来た怪物退治譚と、南より来た食物争い譚の二つの気流が、日本において会った 時に産まれた昔話であり、その後その話より桃太郎が産まれたという。 第二章では、猿蟹合戦の徳川時代の作品が大きく四つの節に分かれており、分析され ている。最初の節には最も古いとされている宝永年間(一七〇四~一七一一)の赤本、又 は正徳年間(一七一一~一七一六)の絵巻より黄表紙の現れる頃までの赤本と黒本青本、 第二節には十八世紀の最後の三十年間の黄表紙と漢文の版本、第三節には十九世紀の前半 の合巻・読本・随筆・漢文での写本と版本、第四節には幕末の豆本・おもちゃ絵・錦絵・ 双六・絵巻が集まっている。それぞれの作品の内容や伝わってくるメッセージ、登場人物 の擬人化の仕方などに関して記されている。このような分析をもって時間と共に猿蟹合戦 がどのように変化してきたかということが若干でも理解できるであろうと思っている。 例えば、最初の絵本の頃は、様々な筋もあったし、蟹の助っ人には臼・杵・蜂・栗/ 卵の他に包丁・荒布・蛇・真名板・杓子・蛸なども登場するし、猿が一匹のバージョンも あるが数多くの敵を討つ本もあることから、まだ話が一つの形に定まっていなかったこと が伺える。なお、大人向けの黄表紙となると、話の中心が蟹の仇討ちではなくなり、その 代わりに猿と蟹が最後に仲直りするというめでたい結末になる。又、現在語られている話 には蟹の子供が必ずいるが、猿蟹合戦の筋に親の蟹が殺されるのが一般になるのは十九世 紀に入ってからである。それは、悲劇や哀感に満ちていた合巻や読本の作品の流行が、こ の昔話にも影響を受けたからであると言えよう。しかしながら、猿蟹合戦が今日のものに 近づいてきたのは幕末の豆本などの影響のためであろう。その頃は、助っ人が三人(臼・ 蜂・卵)に定まり、結末には今と同じように二つのパターンがあり、猿が臼に押さえられ ることによって、蟹がそれで敵を討ったというパターンと、猿が謝り蟹が勘弁するという パターンがある。 第一章に見た学者達が、全て明治時代以降に集められた資料を使いつつ研究を行って いたが、江戸時代の昔話集などがないため、どのように話が伝われていたかを知るために 文学作品を見るべきであると言えよう。 第三章では、天明元年(一七八一)に刊行された『蟹牛房挾多』という黄表紙を紹介 する。日本語での部分とイタリア語での部分と二つに別れており、日本語での部分におい て、まず、変体仮名を現代仮名遣に直し、翻刻を行った。そして、単語に漢字を与えるこ とと、句読点を打つことによって校訂を施し、最後に注釈をつけた。その上に、イタリア 語の翻訳とイタリア語での注釈も補った。 この作品は、教訓的な話で有名であった市場通笑(一七三七~一八一二)が著し、挿 絵は黄表紙の最初の発達段階において活躍していた鳥居清長(一七五二~一八一五)が描 いたものである。"教訓の通笑"と呼ばれていたにも関わらず、よく知られていた猿蟹合戦 に当時の様々な流行していた歌謡やお店などを加え、ユーモアに富んだ黄表紙を作り上げ た。それゆえに、猿蟹合戦の流れを研究するためだけではなく、江戸時代後期の風俗を理 解するのにも重要な資料になるであろうと思っている。 INDICE INTRODUZIONE : che cos'è oggi Saru kani kassen.......................................................................... 3 CAPITOLO 1 : Gli studi precedenti.......................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Takizawa Bakin................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Santō Kyōden...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Koike Tōgorō....................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Shimazu Hisamoto............................................................................................................................ 19 1.5 Yanagita Kunio................................................................................................................................... 22 1.6 Imakawa Megumi.............................................................................................................................. 27 1.7 Seki Keigo............................................................................................................................................. 29 1.8 Inada Kōji............................................................................................................................................. 32 1.9 Onohara Takashi............................................................................................................................... 35 1.10 Sawai Taizō....................................................................................................................................... 37 1.11 Hanabe Hideo................................................................................................................................... 38 CAPITOLO 2 : Testi di periodo Tokugawa........................................................................................... 43 2.1 Opere 1-13: primi kusazōshi, kabuki, manoscritti............................................................. 56 2.2 Opere 14-24: kibyōshi, kanbun................................................................................................... 69 2.3 Opere 25-37: gōkan, yomihon, zuihitsu, kanbun................................................................ 80 2.4 Opere 38- 61: mamehon, e (omochae, sugoroku, nishikie), emaki............................. 89 2.5 Conclusioni.......................................................................................................................................... 98 BIBLIOTECHE / COLLEZIONI.............................................................................................................. 103 FONTI IMMAGINI SECONDO CAPITOLO........................................................................................ 108 1 CAPITOLO 3 : Kani ga gobō hasanda...................................................................................................... 113 3.1 市場通笑の黄表紙『蟹牛房挾多』の翻刻........................................................................... 114 3.2 市場通笑の黄表紙『蟹牛房挾多』の校訂........................................................................... 146 3.3 市場通笑の黄表紙『蟹牛房挾多』の注釈........................................................................... 152 3.4 Traduzione e commento................................................................................................................ 167 3.5 画像 - Apparato di immagini........................................................................................................ 181 APPENDICE : 現代の子供絵本................................................................................................................. 193 GLOSSARIO....................................................................................................................................................... 195 BIBLIOGRAFIA................................................................................................................................................. 200 2 INTRODUZIONE: CHE COS'È OGGI SARU KANI KASSEN 猿蟹合戦 Entrando in una qualsiasi libreria giapponese e recandosi al reparto dedicato alle letture per l'infanzia, ci si imbatte sempre in una folta schiera di libri che ripropongono i cosiddetti mukashibanashi 昔話, ovvero quelle che noi denominiamo "fiabe" o "favole". Yanagita Kunio 柳田国男 (1875-1962) individua nel genere quattro specifiche caratteristiche: (上略)昔話の方には、始めからもっとはっきりとした意味があって、単に古い話または昔 の話というだけではないのである。子供が親から聴き、もしくは老人の記憶している話にも、 いろいろさまざまの種類がある。「昔話」はその中のたった一つ、すなわち形式としてその 話の初めの一句に、必ず昔とか昔々とか、あるいはもっとたわむれて「とんと昔」、「昔の 昔のその昔」等の語を用い[る。] [1](中略)話だから信じてはいけない、もしくはおも しろければそれでよろしいという心持があって、(中略)古く伝わった「信ずべき物語」と、 差別をしようとしたもののようである。現在の昔話においても、この表示法はかなり堅苦し く守られている。その形式は少なくとも三つあって、一つは(中略)東京とその付近では 「あったとさ」、「言ったとさ」とトサを添え、上方では多くトイナをつけて話す。東北の ムカシコは「あったづぉん」又は「あったちふ」という土地もある。(中略)中国九州では 普通には「あったげな」を用い[る。][2] (中略)第二の形式としては、固有名詞の故意 の省略がある[3]。これは年代を超越した昔という表現に伴うもので、やはりまた聴く人話 す人に、なんのかかわりもないことを明らかにした手段であったろうと思う。(中略)第三 の形式がある。(中略)最後に(中略)必ず形式の句があって、それが地方毎に一定してい る[4]。(中略)一番単純で数の多いのはこれでおしまい、または話はこれだけという意味 の短句である。(中略)もう一つ、今も残っている昔話の末の文句に、「めでたしめでたし」 というのがあって、これは文学にも多く採用せられている。1 [...] Per quello che riguarda i mukashibanashi, vi è un significato molto più esplicito fin
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