DOCSLIB.ORG

Piriformospora Indica >

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Piriformospora Indica > داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 1، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 5(1), 2016 ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ Piriformospora indica در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻤﻴ ﺪرﺿﺎ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ، اﺑﺮاﻫﻴ ﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﮔﻞ ﺗﭙﻪ و ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻔﺎﻳﻲ داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ، اﺳﺘﺎد و داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس، ﺗﻬﺮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 21/02/1394 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘ ﺬﻳﺮش : 07/26/ 1394 رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ ر.، ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﮔﻞﺗﭙﻪ ا. و ﺻﻔﺎﻳﻲ ن. 1394. ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ Piriformospora indica در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ . داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ):1(5 61 48-. ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ Pirifomospora indica از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ رﻳﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪاران ﺧﺎك اﺳﺖ، ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳ ﺠﺎد ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮاﺗ ﻲ در ﻓﻴﺰﻳ ﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﺧﻮد، ﻋﻤﻠﻜ ﺮد آن ﻫﺎ را در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ و اﻣﻜ ﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛ ﺸﺖ آن ﻫﺎ را در ﺧﺎ كﻫﺎي ﺷﻮر، ﺧﺸﻚ ﻳﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻏ ﻴﺮزﻳﺴﺘﻲ و زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ آورد . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑ ﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﻲ در ﺳﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي رﻳﺸﻪ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮوﺗﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آن ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري و ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻨ ﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻮدﻫﺎ و ﺳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ارﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ و ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻧﻤﻮد . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺗﻨﺶ، ﺧﺸﻜﻲ، ﺷﻮري، Pirifomospora ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ و ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ، از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(Waller et al . 2005). روشﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻮان رﻳﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪاران ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻛﺰي در ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري رواﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن، ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻮﺛﺮي در اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﮔﻴ ﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي زﻧﺪه (ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎ) و ﻏﻴﺮزﻧﺪه ( ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ) و ﺑﺎزده ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي دارﻧﺪ ( Qiang et al. 2012). از ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﺪاران ﺧﺎك، ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺗﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻴ ﺘﺮوژن، ﺣﻞﻛ ﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻓﺴﻔﺎتﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺧﺎك، ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮك رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه و ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺖ رﻳﺸﻪ از اﺟﺰاي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺎﻳ ﺪار ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ ( Bohnert & Jensen 1996 ). ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ: [email protected] 48 ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ Piriformospora indica در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﮔﻞ ﺗﭙﻪ و ﺻﻔﺎﻳﻲ Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 5(1), 2016 ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ در ﻃﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آرﺑﻮﺳﻜﻮل دار ﺑﺎ رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﺎن، ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺬب ﻛﻨﻨﺪه وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮي ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬا ﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴ ﺎه و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ( ﺻﺪروي Kirch et al. 2000 ،1390 ). اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ، ﻫﻤﺰﻳ ﺴﺖ اﺟﺒﺎري رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول رﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻧﺒﻮه زادﻣﺎﻳﻪ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ روي رﻳ ﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﺎن ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ اﺳﺖ ( Qiang et al. 2012 ). از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ (Endophyte) رﻳﺸﻪ Piriformospora indica Sav. Verma, Aj. Varma, Rexer, G. Kost & P. Franken ﻫﻤﺰﻳ ﺴﺖ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻛ ﺸﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ اﺳﺖ ( Peskan-Berghofer et al. 2004 ). اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺳﺎل 1998 از ﻓﺮارﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎن ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﻛﻬﻮر . Prosopis juliflora Sw. DC و ﻛﻨﺎر . Zyzyphus nummulara Wight & Arn از ﺻﺤﺮاي ﺗﻬ ﺎر ( Thar) اﻳ ﺎﻟﺖ راﺟﺴﺘﺎن ( Rajasthan) در ﻛ ﺸﻮر ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺟﺪاﺳ ﺎزي ﺷﺪ ه اﺳﺖ ( Varma et al . 1998 ) . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪي Basidiomycota ، ردهي Agaricomycetes ، راﺳﺘﻪي Sebacinales و ﺗﻴﺮهي Sebacinaceae داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﺳﻴﻌ ﻲ دار د و ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﺪن در رﻳﺸﻪ آن ﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ رﺷﺪ ﻣ ﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ( ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﮋاد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران Hibbett et al. 2007 ،1392 Qiang et al. 2012 .) اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت داﺧﻞ و ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ رﺷﺪ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻼﻣ ﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ، در ﭘﻮﺳﺖ( Cortex ) رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، وﻟﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑ ﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ ي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Das et al. 2012 ) . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ، رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮده زﻧﺪه ﻛﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗ ﻚﻟﭙ ﻪاي ﻫﺎ ( ,.Zea mays L Oryza sativa L., Triticum sativum Lam. , Sorghum vulgar e Moench)، دوﻟﭙﻪاي ﻫﺎ Glycine max L., Solanum melongena L., Artemissia annua L., Nicotiana tabacum L., ) .Cicer arietinum L) ، درﺧﺘﺎن ﭼﻮﺑﻲ، ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن داروﻳﻲ ( Bacopa , Monniera , Artemesia annua ) و ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻬﻢ دﻳﮕﺮ را ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌﺎده اي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ ( Varma et al. 1999 ). آن ﺟﺬب ﻣﻮادﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﻓﺴﻔﺮ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ زﻧﺪه و ﻏﻴﺮ زﻧﺪه از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ، ﺷﻮري و ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ( .Baltruschat et al. 2008, Ghahfarokhi & Goltapeh 2010, Dolatabadi et al 49 داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 1، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 5(1), 2016 Dolatabadi & Goltapeh 2013, Kumar et al. 2009, Sun et al. 2010 ,2011 ). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ وﺷﻮري ﺧﺎك و ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ داﻧﻪ را در ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (Oelmuller et al. 2009). اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ رﺷﺪ رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد و رﺷﺪ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎ كﻫﺎ ي ﻓﻘﻴﺮ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف آﻓﺖﻛ ﺶﻫﺎ و ﻛﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ د (Varma et al. 1999, Peskan-Berghofer et al. 2004). 1 - رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ P. indica ﻣﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﻮم ﺟﻮان اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ . رﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎ داراي دﻳﻮاره ﻧﺎزك ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺬي دوﻟﻴﭙﻮري و ﭘﺮاﻧﺘﺰوم و ﻗﻄﺮ 7/. ﺗﺎ 5/3 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ( Waller et al. 2008 ). رﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ درﻫﻢ ﺗﻨﻴﺪه و در ﻛﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻦ و روي ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳﺸ ﻪﻫﺎ ، ﻣﺘﻮرم، ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ، ﮔﺮ ه دار و ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . در ﻧﻮك رﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻮر(Auto fluorescence) ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ﺷﻜﻞ )1 . )1 ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺷﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل 25- 16 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ و ﻋﺮض 17 -10 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ و 8 ﺗﺎ 25 ﻫﺴﺘﻪ دارﻧﺪ ( Varma et al. 2001 ) . اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻗﻮس اﺗﺼﺎل و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻧﺪارد ( Varma et al. 2012b ). ). ﺷﻜﻞ .1 ﻗﺎرچ a ، Piriformospora indica : ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ، b : ﺑﺨﺶﻫـﺎ ي ﺑﻨـﺪ ﻋﺮ ﺿـﻲ رﻳﺴـﻪ ﭘﻴﻜﺎن 2 ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﻔﺬ دوﻟﻴﭙﻮري و ﭘﺮاﻧﺘـﺰوم و ﭘﻴﻜـﺎن 1 ﻧﺸـﺎن دﻫﻨـﺪه دﻳـﻮاره ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ، c : ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮر، d : ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ اﺳﻜﻦ (Varma et al. 2012a) . 50 ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎرچ درون رﺳﺖ Piriformospora indica در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﮔﻞ ﺗﭙﻪ و ﺻﻔﺎﻳﻲ Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 5(1), 2016 2 - ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎرچ در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ 2 -1- ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از .Blumria graminis Speer روي ﺑﺮگ، .Pseudocercosporella herpotricoides Fron روي ﻃﻮﻗﻪ، . Fusarium culmorum Sacc روي رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم، ﺑﺎﻛﻠﻨﻴﺰه ﺷﺪن رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮد، ﺑﺎ اﻳ ﻦ ﺣﺎل در آزﻣﺎ ﻳﺶ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪاي در ﺷﺪت ﺳﻔﻴﺪك ﭘﻮدري ﮔﻨﺪم ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچ و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از P. herpotricoides ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ( Serfling et al. 2007 ). ). آن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ ﻲ در ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﻴﻤ ﺎري ﭘﺎﺧﻮره ﮔﻨﺪم دارد، ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ي ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ و ﺑﺬر ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑﺎ آن ﻣﺎﻳ ﻪزﻧ ﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ، ﮔﻴﺎه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺷﺪه و از رﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي . Rhizoctorina sp. ،Alternaria sp . ،Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi و . Fusarium sp را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ( Varma et al. 2000 ). در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ اﺛﺮ Trichoderma spp. ،Sebacina vermifera Pers. ،P. indica ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺪس در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪي ( ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﻴﺎه، ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ، وزن ﺧﺸﻚ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و رﻳﺸﻪ) و ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗ ﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﺮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي رﺷﺪي و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎري ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻪ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺎﻳ ﻪزﻧﻲ، ﺗﻴ ﻤﺎر ( S. vermifera + T. harzianum) اﺳﺖ ( دوﻟﺖ آﺑﺎد ي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﮔﻞ ﺗﭙﻪ 1389 ). ). ﺟﻮﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻨﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ P. indica ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ Cochliobolus sativus ، Fusarium culmorum .Fusarium graminearum Petch. Ito & Kurib ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ( Deshmukh & Kogel 2007, Waller et al . 2005 .) ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي , P. indica S. vermifera , T. harzianum , T. viride در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﺧﻮره ﮔﻨﺪم ﺑ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺠﺰا و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰاﻳﻲ در ﻣﻬﺎر رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﭘﺎﺧﻮره ﮔﻨﺪم دار ﻧﺪ ( Ghahfarokhi & Goltapeh 2010 ). ). 51 داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎل ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 1، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1394 Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 5(1), 2016 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ P. indica روي ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﻴ ﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺸﺎن داده ، ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﮔﻴﺎه در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻮري اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻘﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎرچ، ﮔﻴﺎه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ Fusarium culmorum ( ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ و ﻧﻜﺮوز رﻳﺸﻪ) و Blumeria graminis ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲد ﻫﺪ . اﻟﻘﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ در ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴ ﺪاﻧ ﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪن ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﮔﻠﻮﺗﺎﺗﻴﻮن - - اﺳﻜﻮرﺑﺎت و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد داﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ( Waller et al. 2005 ). ). 2 -2- ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ درﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕ ﻲ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎرچ P. indica ﻏﻠﻈﺖ وﻳﺮوس Pepino mosaic virus در ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ي ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕ ﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﻴﺪروﭘﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮي ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮد ( Fakhro et al. 2010 .) .) 2 -3- ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪي اﺛﺮ ﻗﺎرچ P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses
    pathogens Review Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses Daniele Cristina Fontana 1,† , Samuel de Paula 2,*,† , Abel Galon Torres 2 , Victor Hugo Moura de Souza 2 , Sérgio Florentino Pascholati 2 , Denise Schmidt 3 and Durval Dourado Neto 1 1 Department of Plant Production, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418900, Brazil; [email protected] (D.C.F.); [email protected] (D.D.N.) 2 Plant Pathology Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418900, Brazil; [email protected] (A.G.T.); [email protected] (V.H.M.d.S.); [email protected] (S.F.P.) 3 Department of Agronomy and Environmental Science, Frederico Westphalen Campus, Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen 98400000, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-54-99646-9453 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of Citation: Fontana, D.C.; de Paula, S.; microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which Torres, A.G.; de Souza, V.H.M.; endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnological Applications of Piriformosporaindica
    Research Article Adv Biotech & Micro - Volume 3 Issue 4 May 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ajit Varma DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.03.555616 Biotechnological Applications of Piriformospora indica (Serendipita indica) DSM 11827 Uma1, Ruchika Bajaj2, Diksha Bhola1, Sangeeta Singh3 and AjitVarma1* 1R&D department, International Panaacea limited, India 2University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States 3Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, India 4ICFRE, Arid Forest Research Institute, India Submission: March 14, 2017; Published: May 24, 2017 *Corresponding author: Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India, Email: Abstract Piriformospora indica (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota) is a cultivable endophyte that colonizes roots and has been extensively studied. P. indica has multifunctional activities like plant growth promoter, biofertilizer, immune-modulator, bioherbicide, phyto remediator, etc. Growth promotional characteristics of P. indica outcomes. Certain secondary metabolites produced by the intense interaction between the mycobiont and photobiont may be responsible for such promising outputs. P. indica have been studied in enormous number of plants and majority of them have shown highly significant mycobiont has added value to these medicinal plant with special emphasis on Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric) and Plantago ovata (Isabgol) in has proved to be highly beneficial endophyte with high efficacy in field. This article is a review where this theKeywords: agricultural Piriformospora field. indica; Medicinal plants; Growth promoter Introduction Piriformospora indica, a model organism of the order Sebacinales, promotes growth as well as important active ingredients of several medicinal as well as economically important plants by forming root endophytic associations [1-7]. P.
    [Show full text]
  • Piriformospora Indica, a Cultivable Plant-Growth-Promoting Root
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1999, p. 2741–2744 Vol. 65, No. 6 0099-2240/99/$04.0010 Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Piriformospora indica, a Cultivable Plant-Growth-Promoting Root Endophyte AJIT VARMA,1,2 SAVITA VERMA,2† SUDHA,2 NIRMAL SAHAY,2 BRITTA BU¨ TEHORN,1 1 AND PHILIPP FRANKEN * Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Abteilung Biochemie and Laboratorium fu¨r Mikrobiologie des Fachbereichs Biologie der Philipps-Universita¨t,35043 Marburg, Germany,1 and School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India2 Received 29 June 1998/Accepted 23 December 1998 Piriformospora indica (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota) is a newly described cultivable endophyte that col- Downloaded from onizes roots. Inoculation with the fungus and application of fungal culture filtrate promotes plant growth and biomass production. Due to its ease of culture, this fungus provides a model organism for the study of beneficial plant-microbe interactions and a new tool for improving plant production systems. Fungi interact with plants as pathogens or benefactors and tremula L.) plantlets. After germination or micropropagation, may influence yields in agroforestry and floriculture. Knowl- plantlets of maize (1 week after germination), tobacco and pars- edge concerning plant-growth-promoting cultivable root endo- ley (2 weeks after germination), and A. annua, B. monnieri, and phytes is low (7), and most studies have been conducted with poplar (4 weeks of micropropagation) were placed in pots mycorrhizal fungi. These mutualists improve the growth of (9-cm height by 10-cm diameter) containing expanded clay (2 http://aem.asm.org/ crops on poor soils with lower inputs of chemical fertilizers and to 4 mm in diameter).
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptional Responses of Soybean Roots to Colonization With
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Transcriptional responses of soybean roots to colonization with the root endophytic fungus Received: 20 November 2017 Accepted: 15 May 2018 Piriformospora indica reveals Published: xx xx xxxx altered phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolism Ruchika Bajaj1,2, Yinyin Huang1, Sebhat Gebrechristos3, Brian Mikolajczyk4, Heather Brown5, Ram Prasad 2, Ajit Varma2 & Kathryn E. Bushley1 Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been shown to enhance biomass production and confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in many plant hosts. A growth chamber experiment of soybean (Glycine max) colonized by P. indica compared to uninoculated control plants showed that the fungus signifcantly increased shoot dry weight, nutrient content, and rhizobial biomass. RNA-Seq analyses of root tissue showed upregulation of 61 genes and downregulation of 238 genes in colonized plants. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes were most signifcantly enriched in GO categories related to lignin biosynthesis and regulation of iron transport and metabolism but also mapped to categories of nutrient acquisition, hormone signaling, and response to drought stress. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of genes within the phenylpropanoid and derivative pathways such as biosynthesis of monolignol subunits, favonoids and favonols (luteolin and quercetin), and iron scavenging siderophores. Highly enriched downregulated GO categories included heat shock proteins involved
    [Show full text]
  • A Renaissance in Plant Growth- Promoting and Biocontrol Agents By
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository A Renaissance in Plant Growth- Promoting and Biocontrol Agents 3 by Endophytes Rajendran Vijayabharathi , Arumugam Sathya , and Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan Abstract Endophytes are the microorganisms which colonize the internal tissue of host plants without causing any damage to the colonized plant. The benefi - cial role of endophytic organisms has dramatically documented world- wide in recent years. Endophytes promote plant growth and yield, remove contaminants from soil, and provide soil nutrients via phosphate solubili- zation/nitrogen fi xation. The capacity of endophytes on abundant produc- tion of bioactive compounds against array of phytopathogens makes them a suitable platform for biocontrol explorations. Endophytes have unique interaction with their host plants and play an important role in induced systemic resistance or biological control of phytopathogens. This trait also benefi ts in promoting plant growth either directly or indirectly. Plant growth promotion and biocontrol are the two sturdy areas for sustainable agriculture where endophytes are the key players with their broad range of benefi cial activities. The coexistence of endophytes and plants has been exploited recently in both of these arenas which are explored in this chapter. Keywords Endophytes • PGP • Biocontrol • Bacillus • Piriformospora • Streptomyces 3.1 Introduction Plants have their life in soil and are required for R. Vijayabharathi • A. Sathya • S. Gopalakrishnan (*) soil development. They are naturally associated International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) , with microbes in various ways. They cannot live Patancheru 502 324 , Telangana , India alone and hence they release signal to interact with e-mail: [email protected] microbes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora Indica Reprograms Banana to Cold Resistance
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article The Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora indica Reprograms Banana to Cold Resistance Dan Li 1 , David Mahoudjro Bodjrenou 1, Shuting Zhang 1, Bin Wang 1, Hong Pan 1, Kai-Wun Yeh 1, Zhongxiong Lai 1,* and Chunzhen Cheng 1,2,* 1 Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (D.M.B.); [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (H.P.); [email protected] (K.-W.Y.) 2 College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (C.C.) Abstract: Banana (Musa spp.), one of the most important fruits worldwide, is generally cold sensitive. In this study, by using the cold-sensitive banana variety Tianbaojiao (Musa acuminate) as the study material, we investigated the effects of Piriformospora indica on banana cold resistance. Seedlings with and without fungus colonization were subjected to 4 ◦C cold treatment. The changes in plant phenotypes, some physiological and biochemical parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and the expression of eight cold-responsive genes in banana leaves before and after cold treatment were measured. Results demonstrated that P. indica colonization reduced the contents of malondi- aldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the contents of soluble sugar (SS) and proline. Noteworthily, the CAT activity and SS content in the leaves of P. indica-colonized banana were significant (p < 0.05). After 24 h cold treatment, the decline in maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), Citation: Li, D.; Bodjrenou, D.M.; photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), efficient quantum yield [Y(II)], and photosynthetic electron Zhang, S.; Wang, B.; Pan, H.; Yeh, transport rate (ETR) in the leaves of P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora Indica Reprograms Barley to Salt-Stress Tolerance, Disease Resistance, and Higher Yield
    The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield Frank Waller*†, Beate Achatz*†‡, Helmut Baltruschat*†,Jo´ zsef Fodor§, Katja Becker¶, Marina Fischer¶, Tobias Heier*, Ralph Hu¨ ckelhoven*, Christina Neumann*, Diter von Wettsteinʈ, Philipp Franken‡, and Karl-Heinz Kogel*,** *Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; ‡Institute for Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; §Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary; ¶Institute of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; and ʈDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420 Contributed by Diter von Wettstein, May 31, 2005 Disease resistance strategies are powerful approaches to sustain- nuclear DNA sequences from the D1͞D2 region of the large able agriculture because they reduce chemical input into the ribosomal subunit (12). In contrast to arbuscular mycorrhiza environment. Recently, Piriformospora indica, a plant-root-coloniz- fungi, the fungus can be easily cultivated in axenic cultures, ing basidiomycete fungus, has been discovered in the Indian Thar where it asexually forms chlamydospores containing 8–25 nuclei desert and was shown to provide strong growth-promoting activ- (10). The fungus associates with roots of various plant species, ity during its symbiosis with a broad spectrum of plants [Verma, S. where it promotes plant growth. Hosts include the cereal crops et al. (1998) Mycologia 90, 896–903]. Here, we report on the rice, wheat, and barley as well as many Dicotyledoneae, including potential of P. indica to induce resistance to fungal diseases and Arabidopsis (13, 14).
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity, Ecology, and Secondary Metabolites Production of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Amaryllidaceae Crops
    agriculture Review Biodiversity, Ecology, and Secondary Metabolites Production of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Amaryllidaceae Crops Gianluca Caruso 1, Nadezhda Golubkina 2, Alessio Tallarita 1, Magdi T. Abdelhamid 3 and Agnieszka Sekara 4,* 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (A.T.) 2 Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Production, Selectsionnaya 14 VNIISSOK, 143072 Moscow, Odintsovo, Russia; [email protected] 3 Botany Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Behouth Steet, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; [email protected] 4 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, 31-120 Krakow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-6625216 Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: Amaryllidaceae family comprises many crops of high market potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, the utilization of plants as a source of bioactive compounds requires the plant/endophytic microbiome interactions, which affect all aspects of crop’s quantity and quality. This review highlights the taxonomy, ecology, and bioactive chemicals synthesized by endophytic fungi isolated from plants of the Amaryllidaceae family with a focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant and fungi constituents. The fungal microbiome of Amaryllidaceae is species- and tissue-dependent, although dominating endophytes are ubiquitous and isolated worldwide from taxonomically different hosts. Root sections showed higher colonization as compared to bulbs and leaves through the adaptation of endophytic fungi to particular morphological and physiological conditions of the plant tissues. Fungal endophytes associated with Amaryllidaceae plants are a natural source of ecofriendly bioagents of unique activities, with special regard to those associated with Amarylloidae subfamily.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Promotion and Disease Resistance Induced in Anthurium
    Lin et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:40 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1649-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Growth promotion and disease resistance induced in Anthurium colonized by the beneficial root endophyte Piriformospora indica Hui-Feng Lin1,2, Jun Xiong2, Hui-Ming Zhou1, Chang-Ming Chen1, Fa-Zhuang Lin1, Xu-Ming Xu1, Ralf Oelmüller4, Wei-Feng Xu2 and Kai-Wun Yeh1,3,5* Abstract Background: Anthurium andraeanum, an important ornamental flower, has to go through a growth-delaying period after transfer from tissue culture to soil, which requires time and extra costs. Furthermore, during this period, the plantlets are highly susceptible to bacterial infections, which results in impaired development and severe losses. Here, we aimed to address whether application of the endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica protects the A. andraeanum root system during the critical propagation period, and whether P. indica reduce the mortality rate by stimulating the host’s resistance against diseases. Results: We demonstrate that P. indica shortens the recovery period of Anthurium, promotes growth and confers disease resistance. The beneficial effect of P. indica results in faster elongation of Anthurium roots early in the interaction. P. indica-colonized plants absorb more phosphorus and exhibit higher photosynthesis rates than uncolonized control plants. Moreover, higher activities of stress-related enzymes, of jasmonic acid levels and mRNA levels of jasmonic acid-responsive genes suggest that the fungus prepares the plant to respond more efficiently to potentially upcoming threats, including bacterial wilt. Conclusion: These results suggest that P. indica is a helpful symbiont for promoting Anthurium rooting and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Fungi: Combining Culture-Dependent and -Independent DNA Barcoding Reveals Inter-Plant Variation in Species Richness of Endophytic Root Fungi in Elymus Repens
    Journal of Fungi Article Hidden Fungi: Combining Culture-Dependent and -Independent DNA Barcoding Reveals Inter-Plant Variation in Species Richness of Endophytic Root Fungi in Elymus repens Anna K. Høyer and Trevor R. Hodkinson * Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The root endophyte community of the grass species Elymus repens was investigated using both a culture-dependent approach and a direct amplicon sequencing method across five sites and from individual plants. There was much heterogeneity across the five sites and among individual plants. Focusing on one site, 349 OTUs were identified by direct amplicon sequencing but only 66 OTUs were cultured. The two approaches shared ten OTUs and the majority of cultured endo- phytes do not overlap with the amplicon dataset. Media influenced the cultured species richness and without the inclusion of 2% MEA and full-strength MEA, approximately half of the unique OTUs would not have been isolated using only PDA. Combining both culture-dependent and -independent methods for the most accurate determination of root fungal species richness is therefore recom- mended. High inter-plant variation in fungal species richness was demonstrated, which highlights the need to rethink the scale at which we describe endophyte communities. Citation: Høyer, A.K.; Hodkinson, T.R. Hidden Fungi: Combining Culture-Dependent and -Independent Keywords: DNA barcoding; Elymus repens; fungal root endophytes; high-throughput amplicon DNA Barcoding Reveals Inter-Plant sequencing; MEA; PDA Variation in Species Richness of Endophytic Root Fungi in Elymus repens. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 466.
    [Show full text]