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Frange EXPLORATORY ASSESSMENT EXPLORATORY ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION: The Bahamas The Netherlands Antilles Barbados St Lucia Guyana Suriname Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago frange Domestic Servitude Forced Labor Sexual Slavery Second Edition 2 The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration, advance understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through the support of the United States Department of State, Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration (PRM). The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of State or IOM. Publisher: International Organization for Migration (IOM) 17, route des Morillons 1752 N Street NW, Suite 700 1211 Geneva 19 Washington, DC 20036 Switzerland United States of America Tel: +41 22 717 91 11 +1 202 862 1826 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 +1 202 862 1879 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int http://www.iom.int/unitedstates ISBN 978 92 9068 249 3 ©2005 (first edition) International Organization for Migration (IOM) ©2010 (second edition) International Organization for Migration (IOM) Design: Noelle Ahmann Copy Edit: Sinéad Costelloe All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Exploratory Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Caribbean Region The Bahamas Barbados Guyana Jamaica The Netherlands Antilles St Lucia Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Second Edition i Acknowledgements IOM would like to express its gratitude to the many counter-trafficking governmental and non-governmental partners in The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the Netherlands Antilles, St Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago for their contribution to both editions. In particular, IOM thanks the following persons for research content, technical advice or editorial input: Carla Bakboord, Rosilyne Borland, Micah Bump, Nidia Casati, Liz Collett, Diane Cummins, Jennifer Holder Dolly, Ashley Garrett, Chanzo Greenidge, Laurence Hunzinger, Jobst Koehler, Maylene Leu-Bent, Amy Mahoney, Jacqueline Martis, Heikke Mattila, Chissey Mueller, Audrey Ingram Roberts, Sybil Douglas Ricketts and Karen de Souza. The Exploratory Assessment is part of a larger regional programme - the Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Initiative - launched by IOM in 2004. The Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) of the Organization for American States (OAS) was one of the original partners. This study and the regional programme were made possible through the funding and support of the Bureau of Populations, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) of the United States Department of State, and the Ministry of Justice of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. iii Foreword Notes on the First Edition IOM published the First Edition of the Exploratory Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Caribbean Region in 2005 with chapters on The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the Netherlands Antilles, St Lucia and Suriname. The Exploratory Assessment was published primarily as a qualitative exercise. It was not intended to supply statistics on the numbers of human trafficking victims. Rather, the purpose was to provide a starting point for the participating countries to examine human trafficking within their local context, namely the level and scope of human trafficking activity and the characteristics and profiles of potential victims and human traffickers. The methodology included a literature review, desk legal review and an exploratory field assessment by national researchers within each participating country. Media reviews, national surveys and key informant interviews were used to develop country reports on the context of human trafficking in the participating Caribbean countries. Anecdotal information from key informants provided the base of the research findings. Key informant groups were small and purposively selected, which limited the amount of information received. These reports were finalized by IOM on the basis of information in the country reports provided by the national researchers, in combination with additional information and data obtained by IOM. This material was then compiled into the Exploratory Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Caribbean Region. Notes on the Second Edition For the Second Edition, IOM updated the Exploratory Assessment by expanding the section on the definition of human trafficking, as well as by adding a chapter on Trinidad and Tobago, reorganizing some of the content, adding new information obtained since 2005 and updating the recommendations on responding to human trafficking. The information obtained during the research for both editions referred to numerous situations of human trafficking as well as the exploitation of persons working in degrading and inhumane conditions. While not allowing any overall estimates on the magnitude of the problem in the participating countries, the findings point to some level of human trafficking in the areas of forced labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. iv Since publishing the first edition in 2005, IOM and its Caribbean partners have made considerable progress in the fight against human trafficking. Activities over the past five years have included training and information campaigns, and legislative and institutional improvements. Most importantly, the combined efforts of IOM and its Caribbean partners have resulted in the identification of and assistance being provided to victims of human trafficking and/or the prosecution of human traffickers in Guyana, Jamaica, the Netherlands Antilles,1 Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Thus far, the experiences of the human trafficking victims who have been identified in the Caribbean recently reinforce the trends highlighted in the First and Second Editions of the Exploratory Assessment. As of December 2010, the First and Second Editions of the Exploratory Assessment constitute the only research material available publically that examines the context of human trafficking in several English and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries. v Table of Contents Acronyms and abbreviations 1 List of charts 3 Executive summary 5 Part I. Introduction - understanding human trafficking 7 1. The definition of human trafficking 7 2. How human trafficking happens 8 Identifying human traffickers 13 How human traffickers control their victims 13 3. The difference between human trafficking and migrant smuggling 16 4. Root causes of human trafficking 17 For the victim 17 For the community 18 6. The global scale of trafficking 19 Part II. Exploratory field assessment 21 1. Methodology 21 2. Caribbean regional overview 24 Migration trends and mobility 24 Main findings: an analysis of cross-country trends in human trafficking 29 3. The Bahamas - country report on human trafficking (2004) 47 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 47 Media review 57 Conclusion 59 Specific methodology of The Bahamas country report (2004) 60 4. Barbados - country report on human trafficking (2004) 63 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 63 Main findings: key informant interviews 66 Media review 82 Conclusion 84 Specific methodology for the Barbados country report (2004) 85 vi Exploratory Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Caribbean Region 5. Guyana - country report on human trafficking (2004) 88 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 88 Main findings: key informant interviews 93 Media review 101 Conclusion 102 Specific methodology of the Guyana Country report (2004) 104 6. Jamaica - country report on human trafficking (2004) 109 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 109 Main findings: key informant interviews 113 Media review 120 Conclusion 122 Specific methodology of the Jamaica country report conducted in 2004 122 7. The Netherlands Antilles - country report on human trafficking (2004) 125 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 125 Main findings: key informant interviews 130 The sex trade in the Netherlands Antilles 132 Media review 139 Conclusion 140 Specific methodology of the Netherlands Antilles country report (2004) 140 8. St Lucia - country report on human trafficking (2004) 143 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 143 Main findings: key informant interviews 146 Media review 152 Conclusion 152 Specific methodology of the St Lucia country report (2004) 154 9. Suriname - country report on human trafficking (2004) 155 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and the national survey 155 Main findings: key informant interviews 159 Media review 168 Conclusion 168 Specific methodology of the Suriname country report (2004) 170 Table of Contents vii 10. Trinidad and Tobago - country report on human trafficking (2007) 173 Main findings: literature and statistical reviews and national survey 173 Main Findings of Key Informant Interviews 180 Media review 199 Conclusion
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