Production and marketing of cotton in West Pakistan Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Malik, Muhammad Iqbal, 1932- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 07:03:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551366 PRODUCTION AND M ARKETING OF COTTON ; v ■ ; I N W E S T P A K I S T A N / : ' - by ' '■ ' . Muhammad Iqhal Malik; - ,■ >' - . - _ - ■/-_ 1 ■: , ; A Thesis Submitted to the: Faculty of the DEPARTM ENT OF AGRICULT URAL ECONOMICS \ I ;■ '■ i:- In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For tho Degree of MASTER, OP,S CIEn Oe ' Ih the Gradtiate College UNiyERSlT Y O F ARIZONA - v X ■ 1 , 1959 , 1 •' • • u. i 1,1. 9 / / 9 T 9 Btr^TSteENT ,BY: A u t h o r This thesis has beeh submitted in partial fulfillment of require­ ments for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be: made available to borrowers, under rules of the Eibrahy. ' ' /. ' ; Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate aekhowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate Coliege: when in their judgment .the propos ed use of the material is in the interests of scholar - ship. Ih all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. ■s ig E eda APPROVAE BE THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been, approved on the date shown below: Charles A. Wilmdt Date Assistaht Professor of Agricultural Economics ' AC KNOW LED GMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation: to the Council on Economic and Cultural Affairs of New York for the generous scholarship which made it possible for him to undertake this work,, and also to the University of Arizona for the graduate tuition scholarship which relie.ved him: of a burdensome financial problem. W -Y 'A' yn' n :-.-.- -. ; . ■; To Dr. A. B. Lewis, Associate Director for Agricultural Econo- mics of the Council on Economic and Cultural Affairs, the author would like to extend special recognition for recommending him to the Council for graduate study in the United States and for his unfailing cooperation and inspiration, v ■ ,1 -x' ;'' ; fhe author feels deeply indebted to Dr. Charles A, Wilmot, his major profes:S.or and thesis director, for his. constant guidance and a ssist­ ance in developing the ideas and analyses in this work and also for ac cdmpanying him personally on an extensive field trip through the cotton belt of the United Stat es* - •; , 1. Grateful thanks are als o extended to Dr* R. E. Seltzer, Head of the Department of Agricultural Economics for his valuable help and sug­ gestions. ; . To Drs. M. M, Kelso, Thomas Stubblefield, and G. L. Gifford Special appreciation is expressed for their: critical evaluations of the " Rnalmantiscript* ’ •: ' . - -c- % The author also acknowledges his debt to Mr. Joseph H. McClelland, Information Specialist, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Ari­ zona, and to the Editor of the Cotton Trade Journal of Memphis , Tennessee, for providing the photographs which were used: in the thesis. ‘ : ^ Special thanks ar e extended to Mrs. Helen Dely for editing and typing the manuscript. Last, but not least, the author wishes to express genuine apprecia­ tion to- Mr. Joseph C, Shirley, Foreign Student Adviser, fOr the pleasure which his cooperation and friendship have brought throughout the. author's stay at the University of Arizona. Page List df taMes» „ e >•.. .. •9 0 O 9 e o o o @ o vi List of Figures. „ ; „ V . ... o o o « o viii CHAPTER ' v: ' /. AT : INTRODUCTION. ,, ► e > > d, -.#■ The Problem^ . » o » . , . 1 Obj ectives» * » • @ @ ® « « • * « » »* » » 2 Method, of Study, > . , , >v » ®o o , « , 2 Liz^itatious of Study , , , ® ® . p o o 3 . THE COUNTRY, v.. i. .-. ...... .... ..... Geographical Description.. ... ... ...... 5 ‘the tic on.orn.y.. • «.. ..« . * ■. « *.. •» • » *,.. • . > .. * .. 9 History of Cotton Culture in Pakistan. ........ 10 PRODUCTION OF COTTON IN WEST PAKISTAN. Production Areas. .. v. ,. 12 Trends in. Acreage and Yields. .. 12 Varietal Distribution. ... ... 9 e ® »; ; « 9 o ’ , e 19 Methods of Cultivation . .. e 0 9. 9 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 22 Land Tenure System. „ . .......... 27 , Pests and Diseases ... .... ; .... 29 Salinity and Wat e rlo g gin g . ., . > 32 Methods of H a rv e st...., , O' o o o ‘ o 34 Production Credit... ... i . .... 36 Costs of Production. 2. o. .....d » . 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS (coat'd) i r CHAPTER Page .MARKETING COTTON IN WEST PAKISTAN'* 43 Mair$:et Organisation* . , , . , 43 ■ .Functioits of Cotton. Marketing ... „ «,. „ „ 49 Marketing and Related Practices of Growers-. „ 64 FunctidrisxPerformed by Ginners. 66 ' Services Performed by Other Functionaries. 77''. Operation of the Karachi Market. .......... 80 .^S'^lSt.S'* . * . o . * * » . * * . » o. ... o * a '• * . o! » « * ■ a J • » 83 Jt*roble m s . a * » . ...... -* * -« . * a . * . *-.*. * 89 V PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF ARIZONA . .COTTON-^ COMPARATrVtE JlNAEYSlS:a.>:.' a.a..v 106 ProdnCtion. .... .. 108 Marketing. ..... .. ...« » 118 . ¥i;\ S WM^RY AND;^ . 130 VII RECOMMENDATIONS. .... * . 183 bibliography................. 139 ■ L" v;':: APPENDIXi*:, ...■... G.,.. 142 Y. ''"LIST';OF TABLES:'.;' Table : : ; ' . Page 1. Comparative .Cotton Yields, Short Staple. Cotton, West Pakistan; Arizona and California, United S td C e S , 1^5l'"58o > • » e *• e>< • * * ■ e e * e e o o e e. ,e •, *, ,9 90* o e e e » 1 9 2. Costs of Production of Desi and American Type . Cottons 3 Lyallpur, Jallim.der, and Gurdaspur Dis- trictS:,.. 19SSi” i 933* '„• > y *.• .* ,# * > » >■ .•»»«■».» » ♦ •# #% ? •. -y.. ■ *40 . 3„ Per Acre Cost of Producing Cotton in Lyallpur ■ District, 5-Year Average, 1935-1940. , ....... , . ... 41 4. Cost of Prodneing Atoerican Gotton in Lydllpur, , Sar godba, 1^6# gonie r s.nd' Mnltan! Dist , ’West : ' ■ P a k is ta n i Per. Acre, 1957-58. , ........................ '42 5. Location .of 72 Secondary Cotton Markets, by D is ­ trict, West Pakistan, 1959. .. ... * • > «,... ... .. , . 45 . ' ; • . v .: . v ^ : 6. Costs of Transporting One Bale Equivalent of Cotton from.. Village near Lyallpur Market to , Karachi, W est Pakistan, 1959. , . , , . >. .. 84 7-. Marketing Charges for One Bale (392 lbs . net . ’• < weight) Equivalent of Cotton at Lyallpur Market,, • 1 . West Pakistan, 1959. ... ..... .. .. ... .. ■ 85 . 8. Cost of Ginning Cotton, per Bale, Based on Aver- ; age of Eight Gins, West Pakistan, 1959. ........... .. 86 9. Total Merchandising' GpSts Involved, in Moving One Bale of Cotton or its Equivalent from Village near Lyallpur to Karachi, West Pakistan, 1959" .... ....... 88 LIST GF TABLES (coat'd) Table Page 10. Acreages Devoted to Gotton and Sugar Caae in the Former, Punjab Province, West Pakistan, 1947--1955 94 v 11. Cotton Acreage by Counties and Total Productidn, ' • Arizona,. 19 oS...»*. ® ® . .. .. *. .■. .. 111 12' Estimated Cost of Producing Upland Seed Cotton :-Per ll,cr,e, ,A.ri^dna;, 1953.. ...^ * • • • « . 119 ■ LIST OF FIGURES Figure : : . ' . ’ ' Page i. Map pi Jr^aFiaiaix • * • • . »■ ® . * . *. »*. »«.« . * . ■» * »>. 7. Z .', Land utilization in Pakistan, byclassification and acreage, 1 -05-7.» * . • ® . «■ *. ..•.. ».* . * « ® . * . * . * » * .. * . « . 8 , Cotton map of West Pakistan showing divisions and diStrlets > 10SO • « « « « . • « «■*««« . * , 13 Average acreage devoted to cotton, by 5-year periods, West Pakistan, 1900-* 1959 <• • • » .. .. ....... .14 5. Allocatipn of cotton acreage by divisions. West P a k is ta n , 1930-54 (5-year average) „ , ..... , . v. 17 6: Proportional distribution of average cotton pro­ duction among the six major producing countries of the free world, 1952-1959. • • • . .. ..... ... .i . 18 .... Market functionaries , by type, West Pakistah, 1959. ..-. 50 Distribution system for Pakistan cotton, 1959. ..... 59 , Relative positions of major cotton exporting coun­ tries of the free world, by yolumes of cotton exported^ 5-year average, 1954-58, . ... .... .. ... ... 61 10. Volume of cotton exported annually, Karachi, West Pakistan, 1949-50 to 1957-58 . .. .. ... ........ .. ... 62 . 11 : ' Distribution of ginning factories, by type, number, and districts'. West Pakistan^ 1956-57.. ... ........ 70 v iii LIS T OP FIGURES (c ont ' d) Figure , . : ■■■ Page . ' . - . ' ■ * .12^. Comparative average monthly prices of seed cotton, variety 2 89F, Khanewal and Montgomery markets j West Pakistan, 1956. » . „ , . 90 13. Monthly average spot prices of cotton by variety, Karachi, West Pakistan, 1956-'57. , .... ... 91 ' ^. M spoh prices- for cotton, variety 289F, by method ginned, Karachi, West Pakistan, 1 9 5 6 “ 5 7* ;o. e e e ,« e e . e e e e * o m * a . « * . e e . a a 92 15. Map of United StateS. showing relative position of the state: pf Arizona,' ,19 59 ... 107 16. Map showing cotton producing areas in Arizona, 1 9 5 9 1 » . a a •" o « a « • a a a e? a a a a a a ,e' a a -a a a . a * * a * a * a a a a 109 CHARTER. I INTRODUCTION The Prohlem Gottoti i's the m ajar cash crop in .West Pakistan, It provides widespread emp 1 oyment5 and since 1:950 has earned for the country