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Toward an Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech in Commercial Talk Radio

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Toward an Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech in Commercial Talk Radio HARVARD JOURNAL OF HISPANIC POLICY VOLUME 25, 2012-2013 AN HKS STUDENT PUBLICATION www.harvardhispanic.org Twitter: @HarvardHispanic STAFF LIST 2012-2013 Octavio González Editor-In-Chief Printed on responsibly harvested, Dante Pérez agency-certified paper containing 50% Marcos Valdez post-consumer recycle content Managing Editors Cynthia Thaler Associate Publisher for Board Relations Donations provided in support of the Monica Garcia Associate Publisher for Marketing and journal are tax deductible as a non- Distribution profit gift under Harvard University’s Senior Editor for Web Content IRS 501 (c) (3) status. Contributions should specify “for use only by the Juan Salazar Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy” in Stephanie Oviedo Senior Editors for Articles and Features order to facilitate the required account- ing procedures. Jesus Davila Senior Editor for Book Reviews All views expressed in the Harvard Javier Oliver Journal of Hispanic Policy are those of Senior Editor for Commentaries the authors or interviewees only and Anne Y. Kim do not represent the views of Harvard Senior Editor for Print and Web Inter- University, the John F. Kennedy School views of Government at Harvard University, the staff of the Harvard Journal of Ernesto Umaña Senior Editor for Special Content Hispanic Policy, the Executive Advi- sory Board of the Harvard Journal of Melissa Flores Hispanic Policy, or any associates of the Senior Editor for Art Content journal. Mark Diaz Truman Alberto Auidifaz González, Jr. © 2013 by the President and Fellows Julian López of Harvard College. All rights re- Senior Editors-At-Large served. Except as otherwise specified, Martha Foley no article or portion herein is to be Publisher reproduced or adapted to other works without the expressed written consent Richard Parker of the editors of the Harvard Journal of Faculty Advisor Hispanic Policy. ii ■ The Honorable Grace Flores- Hughes SPONSORS American Author and Vice President, F&H 2 Inc. The Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy (ISSN ISSN 0892-6115) is funded entirely Alma L. Guajardo-Crossley through subscriptions and contributions. Director, Corporate Diversity, General The John F. Kennedy School of Govern- Motors ment at Harvard University provides Tony Jimenez only in-kind assistance due to an official President & CEO, MicroTech policy that prohibits funding student- coordinated publications. We would like Edwin Meléndez to thank the following sponsors who have Professor of Urban Affairs and Planning; made the publication of our twenty-fifth Director of the Center for Puerto Rican volume possible: Studies, Hunter College Robert S. Nelsen Office of Dean David Ellwood- President, University of Texas-Pan The Executive Advisory Board American of the Harvard Journal of Hilda H. Polanco Hispanic Policy Founder and Managing Director, Fiscal Management Associates, LLC Henry A.J. Ramos Principal, Mauer Kunst Consulting EXECUTIVE ADVISORY Dr. Carlos Santiago Senior Deputy Commissioner for BOARD Academic Affairs, Massachusetts James R. Carr Department of Higher Education Chair, Executive Advisory Board Roberto Suro Genoveva L. Arellano Director of the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute; Professor, School of Policy, Principal, Arellano Associates Planning and Development, University Kenneth C. Burt of Southern California Political Director, California Federation of Teachers Sylvia M. Zaldivar-Sykes Executive Director, The Lake County Alejandra Campoverdi Community Foundation Senior Advisor, Innovation and Communications Strategy, Univision Dr. Gabriela Baeza Ventura Associate Professor, US Latin@ Network News Literature; Director of Graduate Alfredo Estrada Studies, Department of Hispanic Editor, Latino Magazine Studies University of Houston Marlene L. Garcia Manager, Strategic Initiatives Group, Apple Education, Apple Inc Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy | Volume 25 | 2013 ■■ iiiiii CONTENTS 2 Editor’s Note Octavio González COMMENTARIES 5 La Gente Unida Jamás Será Vencida: The Power of Changing Demographics in the 2012 Elections and Beyond by Katherine Culliton-González 15 STEM, Shoots, and Leaves: Increasing Access of Underrepresented Groups to High-Quality, Career-Readying Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education by Chelsea Martinez SPECIAL CONTENT 27 Anatomy of a Community’s Coming of Age by Henry A. J. Ramos 35 Borderlands: U.S.-Mexican Border Policy in Pictures by Maria Davydenko FEATURED ARTICLES 49 When English Is Not Enough: Escamilla v. Cuello by Donathan L. Brown 69 Toward an Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech on Commercial Talk Radio by Chon A. Noriega and Francisco Javier Iribarren Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy | Volume 25 | 2013 ■ v CONTENTS FORMER EDITORS 97 The Importance of Preparing Teachers to Educate Vulnerable Populations by Blanchi Roblero BOOK REVIEWS 118 The Search for Kitsch: A Review of The Riddle of Cantinflas: Essays on Hispanic Popular Culture by Ilan Stavans Reviewed by Jesus Davila 121 Self-Reflection and Discovery: A Review of Mi Voz, Mi Vida: Latino College Students Tell Their Life Stories Edited by Andrew Garrod, Robert Kilkenny, and Christina Gómez Reviewed by Anthony R. Jimenez, President and CEO, MicroTech ART CONTENT 26 A Struggle for Every Generation by Daniel González 29 Justice Has No Borders by Henry A. J. Ramos 33 Infusion 34 Freedom Battle by Ray Rosario 68 El Soldado by Eric J. Garcia 117 Materia Prima by Antonio Pazaran vi ■ FEATURE ARTICLE TOWARD AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO by Chon A. Noriega and Francisco Javier Iribarren Chon A. Noriega is professor of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is also director of the Chicano Studies Research Center. He is the author of Shot in America: Television, the State, and the Rise of Chicano Cin- ema and a coauthor of Phantom Sightings: Art After The Chicano Movement and L.A. Xicano. He is currently completing a book-length study of Puerto Rican multimedia art- ist Raphael Montañez Ortiz and a longitudinal study of online and social media strate- gies among nearly 180 art museums in the United States. Noriega has edited anthologies on Latino, Mexican, and Latin American cinema, as well as the collected works of Car- melita Tropicana and Harry Gamboa Jr. Since 1996, he has been the editor of Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies. He is the editor of three book series as well as the Chicano Cinema & Media Arts DVD series. Francisco Javier Iribarren is the assistant director of the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center. He also teaches in the Department of Social Welfare and serves FEATURE ARTICLE | NORIEGA AND IRIBARREN in the Spanish Speaking Psychosocial Introduction Clinic at UCLA. Iribarren is a coauthor of “Salivary Biomarkers in Psychobiological he considerable and often heat- ed debate over hate speech has Medicine,” published in Bioinformation, produced numerous reports, and “A Family Intervention to Reduce Tarticles, and books. These studies have Sexual Risk Behavior, Substance Use, and looked at the issue from a number of Delinquency Among Newly Homeless disciplinary perspectives, including Youth,” published in the Journal of Ado- those of journalism, law, linguistics, lescent Health. He was recently named economics, history, and philosophy chair of the Community Engagement (Butler 1997; Cortese 2006; Dharma- Subcommittee for the Clinical and Trans- pala and McAdams 2003; Kellow and lational Science Institute Working Group Steeves 1998; Lendman 2006; Lewis 2007; Meddaugh and Kay 2009; Neiw- on Global Informed Consent at UCLA. ert 2009; O’Connor 2008; Slagle 2009; Tolmach Lakoff 2001). These studies offer valuable theoretical, concep- Abstract tual, interpretive, and descriptive in- This pilot study uses qualitative con- sights into hate speech, but they often tent analysis to examine hate speech rest upon unsubstantiated empirical that targets vulnerable groups, in- premises about the phenomenon it- cluding ethnic, racial, religious, and/ self. To date, there is limited research or sexual minorities, in commercial on hate speech using scientific ap- broadcasting. The study quantifies a proaches to medium, content, and i recurring rhetorical pattern for target- impact. The main goal of this pilot ing specific vulnerable groups through study is to develop a sound, replicable the systematic use of unsubstantiated methodology for qualitative content claims, divisive language, and nativist analysis that can be used to examine code words. For example, Latino im- hate speech that targets vulnerable migrants were often coded as crimi- groups, including ethnic, racial, re- nals and then linked to social institu- ligious, and/or sexual minorities, in tions that were presented as complicit commercial broadcasting. This pilot with immigrants. In this way, target study establishes data-driven descrip- groups were characterized as a pow- erful and direct threat to the nation. i. Research in economics involves the While vulnerable groups are targeted, development of models with empiri- calls for action from talk radio are then cal support (Dharmapala and McAdams directed against those identified as 2003). Media research has established sci- entific approaches for impact as it relates supporters of these vulnerable groups. to advertising as well as to media violence (Bushman and Anderson 2001). 70 ■ TOWARD AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH tive categories for such speech and pected to see significant results so as creates a preliminary baseline or ref- to establish and test data-driven de- erence point
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