WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

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SEPTEMBER 1991 I I TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE I CHAPTER 1 .INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 Purpose of the Plan ...... 1-1 Planning as a Concept ...... 1-1 Organization of the Plan ...... 1-1 ~I Legislative and Legal Base for the Plan and Implementation ...... 1-2 I CHAPTER 2 .HISTORY ...... 2-1 CHAPTER 3 .NATURAL ENVIROWNT ...... 3-1 E Climate ...... 3-1 Geologic Resources ...... 3-3 Topographic/Slope ...... 3-6 Soil Resources ...... 3-6 I Water Resources ...... 3-13 Woodlands ...... 3-25 I Summary ...... 3-26 CHAPTER 4 .POPULATION/SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 4-1 National Trends ...... 4-1 State. Regional. and County Trends ...... 4-3 I West Pennsboro -Township Population Tends and Characteristics ...... 4-9 I Population Summary ...... 4-18 CHAPTER 5 .ECONOMIC BASE ...... 5-1 Regional Influences ...... 5-1 I Historic Development ...... 5-1 Employment Patterns ...... 5-2 Market Centers ...... 5-8 Income Level Characteristics ...... 5-12 I Economic Base Summary ...... 5-15 CHAPTER 6 .HOUSING ...... 6-1 I Residential Unit Design ...... 6-3 Population Distribution By Household ...... 6-4 Size of Dwelling Units ...... 6-5 Age of Dwelling Structures ...... 6-5 I Housing Conditions ...... 6-6 Value of Housing ...... 6-8 I Summary ...... 6-11 CHAPTER 7 .EXISTING IAND USE ...... 7-1 Residential Land Use ...... 7-2 I Commercial Land Use ...... 7-2 Industrial Land Uses ...... 7-2 Agricultural Land Use ...... 7-3 Public/Semi-Public ...... 7-3 I Vacant Land Use ...... 7-3 Summary ...... 7-3 I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER 8 .TRANSPORTATION ...... 8-1 Overview/Regional Context ...... 8-1 Transportation Inventory ...... 8-2 CHAPTER 9 .COMM[JNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES ...... 9-1 Schools ...... 9-1 Higher Education ...... 9-4 Libraries ...... 9-4 Health Facilities ...... 9-5 Emergency Services ...... 9-8 Municipal Building ...... 9-9 Parks and Recreational Facilities ...... 9-9 Public Sewer ...... 9-9 Public Water ...... 9-10 Solid Waste Management ...... 9-10 Utilities ...... 9-11 Summary ...... 9-11 CHAPTER 10 .ENERGY ...... 10-1 Energy Conservation in West Pennsboro Township ... 10-1 Energy Conservation Options ...... 10-2 CHAPTER 11 .MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION ...... 11-1 Municipal Administration ...... 11-1 Municipal Revenues ...... 11-4 Municipal Expenditures ...... 11-8

CHAPTER 12 .COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 12-1 Principle Goal of the Plan ...... 12-1 Statement of Community Goals and Objectives ..... 12-2 SocialGoals ...... 12-2 Physical Goals ...... 12-3 CHAPTER 13 .FUTURE LAND USE PLAN ...... 13-1 Land Use Concepts ...... 13-2 Residential Land Uses ...... 13-2 I Commercial Land Uses ...... 13-4 Industrial Land Uses ...... 13-5 Landscaping ...... 13-6 I Lighting ...... 13-6 Parking ...... 13-6 Relationship to Adjacent Municipalities ...... 13-7 I CHAPTER 14 .TRANSPORTATION PLAN ...... 14-1 Relation of Future Land Use and Transportation Plan . 14-1 Functional Classification of Roadways ...... 14-1 I Transportation Improvements...... 14-2 Highway Design Criteria ...... 14-3 I I I I

I TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

CHAPTER 15 .COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN ...... 15-1 I Public Schools ...... 15-1 Parks and Recreation ...... 15-1 Police Protection ...... 15-2 I Fire Protection ...... 15-4 Water Service ...... 15-4 Sewage Collection and Treatment Service ...... 15-5 I CHAPTER 16 .HOUSING PLAN ...... 16-1 Housing Plan Implementation Strategies ...... 16-3 I CHAPTER 17 .ENERGY PLAN ...... 17-1 Energy Goal and Policies ...... 17-1 Planning Considerations and Implementation Strategies ...... 17-1 I Buildings ...... 17-2 Municipal Services ...... 17-3 Transportation ...... 17-3 I Land Use ...... 17-4 Alternative Energy Sources ...... 17-4 I Citizen Participation ...... 17-4 CHAPTER 18 .PLAN ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ... 18-1 Plan Administration ...... 18-1 Plan Implementation ...... 18-1 I Capital Improvements Program ...... 18-3

I APPENDIX I Glossary of Terms I Community Attitude Survey and Results I I I I I I I I I MAE' - TABLE OF CONTENTS FOLLOWING ,I MAE'S PAGE Geology Map 3-5 ~I Slopes Map 3-8 Generalized Agriculture Soils 3-8 Soil Limitation Map 3-9 i'I Prime Farmland Map 3-12 Homesite Suitability 3-12 I Drainage Basins Map 3-16 Flood Plains/and Wetlands Map 3-21 I Woodlands Map 3-27 I Cumberland County Geographic Areas 4-1 Housing Inventory .. -. 6-8 I Land Use Map 7-3 Transportation Map 8-5 I Community Facilities Map 9-12 Future Land Use Map 13-6 I Transportation Plan Map 14-3 I FIGURES PAGE 4-1 Population Trend 1920-1980 (State, Region, County I Municipality) 4-4 4-2 Population Density and Area-1980 (County) 4-6 4-3 Population Comparison (Township) 4-12 I 4-4 .Populationby Age by Sex (Township) 4-14 I I I I LIST OF TABLES PAGE I 3-1 Geologic Description 3-3 3-2 Prime Agricultural Land Characteristics 3-11 3-3 Geology-Engineering Properties 3-13 I 3-4 Geology-Hydrologic Properties 3-19 3-5 Public and Private Wetland Involvement 3-23 3-6 Wetland Values 3-24 4-1 1980 Population, Area, and Density (County) 4-7 I 4-2 1980 Population Characteristics (County) 4-8 4-3 Population Trends and Change (Selected Municipalities) 4-10 4-4 Population Projections 4-11 I 4-5 Persons by Race and Spanish Origin 4-15 4-6 Years of School Completed 4-16 4-7 Population by Households/Marital Status 4-17 5-1 Total Workers 16 Years and Over by Place of Work 5-3 I 5-2 Percent Unemployment Workers 16 Years and Over 5-3 5-3 Workers 16 Years and Over by Place of Work 5-4 5-4 Employment by Occupation in-Private Industry 5-6 I 5-5 Employment by Major Industry (County) 5-7 5-6 Employed Persons 16 and Over by Industry (Township) 5-9 5-7 Employed Persons 16 and Over by Occupation (Township) 5-9 5-8 Retail Establishments in County 5-10 I 5-9 Carlisle Area Largest Employers 5-11 5-10 Distribution of Family Income 5-13 5-11 Percentage of Families Below Poverty Line 5-14 I 5-12 Median Family Income 5-15 6-1 Year-Round Dwelling Units (Selected Municipalities) 6-2 6-2 Housing Inventory: 1970-1980 6-3 I 6-3 Year Round Dwelling Units by Occupancy Status and Tenure 6-3 6-4 Residential Design 6-4 6-5 Household Size (Selected Municipalities) 6-4 6-6 Rooms Per Housing Unit 6-5 6-7 Age of Dwelling Units 6-6 6-8 Occupied Housing Units by Plumbing Facilities 6-7 6-9 Housing Inventory: Windshield Survey (Township) 6-8 6-10 Value of Owner-Occupied Dwellings 6-9 6-11 Contract Rent 6-10 6-12 Median Housing Values and Contract Rents 6-10 6-13 Average Costs of Construction/New Dwelling Units 6-11 8-1 Travel Information 8-2 8-2 State Highway Information 8-3 8-3 Functional Classification Information 8-4 8-4 Street Right-of-way and Cartway Width Requirements 8-5 9-1 Public School Characteristics 9-3 9-2 Hospitals in the West Pennsboro Township Vicinity 9-5 9-3 Nursing Homes Characteristics 9-7 11-1 Municipal Revenues and Expenditures 11-5 13-1 Future Land Use; Land Use Acreage 13-2 15-1 National Standards for Recreation Areas 15-2 I

I CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I In March 1989, West Pennsboro and Dickinson Townships received a Pennsylvania Small Communities Planning Assistance Grant (SCPAP) from the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs (DCA) for I the joint updating of the municipalities' comprehensive plans. The Boards of Supervisors directed their respective Planning Commissions to begin work immediately on the project. The Supervisors retained Tri-County Regional Planning Commission I (TCRPC) to provide professional planning services for the studies. Under the guidance of TCRPC and direction of the DCA, the West Pennsboro Planning Commission prepared the following document. I This study represents eighteen (18) months of extensive research, analysis, and plan preparation. 1 PURPOSE OF THE PLAN This Comprehensive Plan is a policy guide for the orderly development of the Township. The Plan's primary mission is to I promote the health, safety, convenience, and general welfare of its citizens. The scope of the study is "comprehensive", in that, its intent is to organize and coordinate the interrelated elements of I the environment. The relationship and interaction between these elements (i.e. natural resources, -socioeconomic resources, land uses, and community facilities and services) is critical to the I future direction of the Township. The plan effectively provides direction for municipal growth I and natural resource preservation by: - o ' expressing the aims and ambitions of the residents; 0 delineating the municipal form and character it seeks to achieve; I o being responsive to change (dynamic); and o providing a framework for continual review and revision, I as necessary. PLANNING AS A CONCEPT I The planning process is a method for monitoring, analyzing, and reacting to the impact of changes occurring in the Township. Primarily, comprehensive planning is a continuing function of government and local citizenry. This process is formalized through I the Comprehensive Plan. The Plan serves as a blueprint or guide for the establishment of action-oriented programs to preserve areas of unique natural resources and to manage orderly growth and I development of the entire Township. The process allows for modification of the Plan in response to changes in the Township. I ORGANIZATION OF THE PLAN -Preparation of a comprehensive plan involves a three step I process : 1-1 I I

1. Collection of essential community information for the I description of the existing environment, 2. Preparation of plans for the future of the Township, and I 3. Preparation of an implementation schedule and capital improvement program to put the plans into action. I This Plan organizes the process into three major phases. Phase I, Basic Studies, includes a description of West Pennsboro Township’s history, natural and socioeconomic environment, land I use, infrastructure, (i.e. transportation and circulation; community facilities, utilities, and services; and energy), and municipal administration and finances. Phase 11, Plan Development, utilizes community goals and objectives in the preparation of the I future land use plan, transportation plan, community facilities plan, housing plan, and energy plan. Phase 111, Implementation, consists of the capital improvements program. The program I prioritizes necessary public improvements to successfully implement and achieve planning objectives. LEGISLATIVE AND LEGAL BASE FOR THE PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION I In 1968, the Pennsylvania State Legislature passed the State’s first planning enabling legislation, the Pennsylvania Municipal- I ities Planning Code -(MPC), Act 247.- Since its inception the Code has been amended to better serve its original purpose. The Code grants Pennsylvania local governments the authorityto plan for and manage development within their respective corporate limits. This I enabling legislation sets forth procedural requirements that municipalities must adhere to in developing and implementing their comprehensive plans. I The right of a municipality to exercise its authority in legislating regulations governing the use of the land has been I upheld by the State and Federal courts. The courts grant that a municipality has the right to manage its own development and growth activities, within certain legal constraints. The zoning ordinance is one acceptable tool adopted by municipalities to provide this I management function. However, this method of safeguarding the public welfare is not sufficient by itself. I In order to provide a rational basis for the zoning ordinances, the courts acknowledge the need for a municipality to properly evaluate the use of all land within its political I jurisdiction and give consideration to land uses in areas adjacent to its borders. The comprehensive plan provides the necessary studies and evaluations to provide legitimacy to the zoning ordinance. Through adoption of the Pennsylvania Municipalities I Planning Code, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has granted local governments the authority to enact a zoning ordinance to implement the comprehensive plan. I I 1-2 I I

I CHAPTER 2 HISTORY I The origins of West Pennsboro Township date back to the early 1700's. The Township boundaries, as they exist today, were established in the 1780's. Sources, available from the Cumberland I County Historical Society, describe the Township's historical development from pre-revolutionary to modern times.l Recorded history of the area, now occupied by West Pennsboro, I dates back to 1735. At that time the Township was part of Pennsborough, which was one of the two original townships of what was then called the "North Valley". The larger Township underwent I several boundary changes over the next fifty (50) years. By 1785, West Pennsboro had lost land for the formation of Newton, Dickinson, Penn, and Frankford Townships and was reduced to its I current boundaries. Early records indicate the first settlers of the region were of Irish or Scotch-Irish descent. Their movement into the area I occurred between the years 1743 to 1786. German Mennonites began to purchase large tracts of land in the 1790's. The German's added new structures to the landscape, the stone farmhouse and barn. I These structures were the predecessor to the historic stone structures existing .in the Township-today and are evidence of the cultural heritage of the region. I The early pioneers preferred to locate adjacent to water sources, as evidenced by their settlement patterns. Four stream banks were prime locations for this development, including the Big I Spring, Conodoguinet Creek, Mount Rock Spring, and McAllister' s Run. The first settlement of the area was started by the Atcheson family. The settlement dating back to the 1730's became known as 'Old Fort' and was built to be a refuge from the Indians inhabiting I the surrounding areas. Other settlements were established throughout the area, including a settlement started by James Chambers southwest of Newville. This settlement became the most 1 populated area in the region. In 1738, the settlement was large enough to establish the first religious congregation in the area. I 1 The Cumberland County Historical Society located at 21 North Pitt Street in Carlisle, PA has established a library of books, maps, and papers, dating back to the 1800's, for the entire I County and its surroundings. These sources provide additional information regarding the history of West Pennsboro Township. The I primary source for this discussion is: Wings, Rev. Conway P. and others. History of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. James D. Scott Publishing Co. I (439 Chestnut St., Philadelphia). 1879. Historical Survey of West Pennsboro, compiled by Nancy 1 Van Dolson for the Cumberland County Historical Society. 2-1 I I

The Presbyterian congregation was led by Thomas Craighead and contributed to the lifestyle of future generations. I Prominent cultural features built by the early settlers were mills, trading posts, distilleries, and taverns. Mills were I established in the settlement areas adjacent to the Big Spring and the Condoguinet Creek. These first mills dated back to the 1770's. Alter's Mill, located on the Conodoguinet, is believed to be the I oldest mill. The mill sites offered other commercial enterprises in addition to milling activities. For example, in addition to housing a saw mill, clover mill, and flour mill, records reveal the Alter estate also served as a local trading post and distillery. I As many as five distilleries were found in the Township in the late 1700's. These businesses led to the establishment of a number I of local taverns. Referred to as a Ilhouse of - public entertain- ment," the first tavern, the "Irish House," was built on land midway between Carlisle and Newville, known as Mitchellburg. I Taverns were located throughout the Township in village areas (i.e. Plainfield, Mount Rock, and Palmstown) and on stage routes at the relay houses. Many of- these early taverns vanished from the cultural scene with the establishment of the railroad through the I valley. By the early 1800's several village areas existed in the I Township. The settlements of the 1700's provided the foundations for the development of the villages. The villages continued to develop in the 1800's with the introduction of the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Several of these early villages adopted their I names from the surname of the early settlers, including: Mitchellsburg after the Mitchell family, later known II as Kerrsville; Alterton after John and David Alter; Greason after the Greason family; and I Palmstown after Jacob Palm, earlier known as Mount Pleasant. The location of these early villages can be traced through the I deeds of several existing historic structures. Three villages which did not derive their names from property I owners are important places in West Pennsboro's past history and present development. These villages are Springfield, Plainfield, and Mount Rock. The first village, Springfield, located in the vicinity of the Big Spring, was established in the 1790's. The 130 I acre tract rapidly became an important site to the area. Commercial enterprises included a flour mill, taverns, distilleries, retail stores, and mechanic shops. At one time, it I was considered an ideal location for the County Seat, which later was established to the east of the site in Carlisle. After the turnpike (i.e. Route 11) was constructed this area of the Township began to lose its importance as a commercial center. The cultural I heritage of the village is evident today in the historic structures which are abundant in the area. R 2-2 I Plainfield, established in the 1790's, has maintained its identity into the 20th Century. Early records indicate a hotel may have been the first commercial use to occupy this site. In 1812, several artisans (e.g. blacksmith, wagon-maker, cooper), settled in the area. These manufacturing activities and their subsequent impact on the air quality and appearance of the community led to the village's nickname, "Smoketown". In 1845, the original name of the community was restored with the establishment of a village post office. Evidence of Plainfield's role as a commercial center is visible today in the historic hotel located on Route 641, south side of Plainfield, and in other historic structures. In the 1800's, the Village of Mount Rock was perhaps the most important community in the Township. The village area was located adjacent to massive limestone outcropping thus derived the village name, Mount Rock. The commercial center included a store, tavern, butcher, distillery, hotel and several artisans (i.e. wagonmaker, blacksmith, shoemaker, tailor, cooper, and brickmaker) . The village was the center of political activities. Both the Township elections and review of the militia were held in the village center. West Pennsboro has remained a rural community. Many of the structures built in the 1800's are standing today. In the 1980's the Cumberland County Historical Society initiated an historic survey of the County to locate significant cultural resources. West Pennsboro residents responded to this voluntary program by identifying numerable structures which have contributed to the history of the area. Many of these structures may be eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Valuable information about the cultural heritage of West Pennsboro is found in the deeds of these historic properties. In more developed areas of the County and State these remnants of the past have been lost, but for West Pennsboro vestiges of the past still exist as an important reminder of our American heritage.

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I CHAPTER 3 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT I To assist in providing orderly, intelligent, and efficient growth for West Pennsboro Township, it is essential that appropriate features of the natural environment be described, and I that this information be integrated with other applicable planning tools and procedures. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide a practical compilation of available environmental data as an aid to planning for the Township. It is important that government I decision-makers and the public be aware of the constraints that the natural environment may impose upon future development of the I Township. CLIMATE I Cumberland County and West Pennsboro Township are dominated by atmospheric flow patterns common to Humid Continental type climates. The complex weather systems that influence the area oriqinate- in the Central Plains of the United States. As they I travel eastward, they are gradually modified by the character- istics of the underlying topography. Moisture in the form of precipitation is lost due to topographic uplift, as the weather I systems moving eastward are lifted over the Appalachian Mountain Chain. A secondary -flow pattern,-.and primary source of heavy precipitation associated with cyclonic circulation, originates in the Gulf of Mexico and travels northward through the County. The I moist air flow from the Atlantic Ocean is a modifying rather than a controlling climatic factor. Periodically, considerable moisture is picked up by storms developing -and moving up along the I southeastern coastline of the United States. A disturbance of this type usually brings moderate to heavy precipitation to the Lower Susquehanna River Area due to the general upslope motion of moist I air over the area's rugged terrain. In the colder months when temperatures are near or below freezing, these storms often deposit heavy amounts of wet snow throughout the area. I The normal succession of high and low pressure systems moving eastward across the United States produce weather changes in the area every few days in the winter and spring of the year. In the I summer and fall, the weather changes are less frequent due to a slowing down of the general atmospheric circulation during the warmer months. Low pressure cyclonic systems usually dominate the area with southerly winds, rising temperatures, and some form of I precipitation. The high pressure anticyclonic systems normally bring west to northwest winds, lowering temperatures, and clearing 1 skies in the area. Hurricanes or tropical disturbances, as they move northward, follow a northeasternly path in the middle latitudes and produce I heavy rainfalls and strong surface winds in the study area. Frequently affecting water supplies and causing floods, these trop'ical storms are observed during the hurricane season - June I through November. 3-1 I I

Weather elements or activities of the atmosphere, such as I precipitation, temperature, wind direction and speed, relative humidity, and sunshine are measurable quantities which affect the study area. I The study area normally receives about 46 inches of precipitation annually. Normal monthly precipitation totals average from a minimum of 2.6 inches in February to a maximum of I 4.3 inches in August. Snowfall is light to moderate averaging about 30 inches annually, while the mean annual number of days with snow cover of one inch or more is about 50 days. I Air temperatures are important to the management of water resources and water quality. The average annual temperature for the study area is about 50 degrees F. The mean freeze-free period I is about 175 days. Because of the rugged terrain, the freeze-free season is variable; ranging between 170 days in the mountains to 180 days in the lowlands. The summer mean temperature is about 76 I degrees F, and the winter mean about 32 degrees F. Winds are important hydrologic factors because of their evaporative effects and their association with major storm systems. I The prevailing wind directions in the area are from the northwest in winter and from the west in spring. The average wind speed is 10 mph; with an extreme wind speed of 68 mph from the west- I northwest reported in the Lower , Susquehanna area during severe storm activity in March of 1955. Relative humidity also affects evaporation processes. The I mean monthly relative humidities for the months of January, April, July, and October are about 68 percent, .62 percent, 70 percent, and 75 percent, respectively. I Sunshine, which varies with latitude and time of the year, is a factor to be considered in the various aspects of water I resources. The mean annual sunshine in hours per year is about 2,500 hours. The evaporation process is controlled by temperature, wind, I sunshine, and humidity. The rate of evaporation during the warmer months has an important impact on water storage in reservoirs and on irrigation. The mean May to October evaporation accounts for I about 72 percent of the total annual evaporation. The climate should be considered when developing in the. Township. Tree lines and high ground should be on the northwest I side of buildings to take advantage of the microclimates of a tract of land. By breaking the velocity of the northwest winds, energy conservation can be realized by reducing the temperature slightly. I To take advantage of the sun for passive or active solar systems, buildings should have south facing walls. Although the climate will not have a major effect on land uses, it should be considered in the layout of buildings for energy conservation purposes.

3-2 GEOLOGIC RESOURCES The study of the geology of an area provides important information for the intelligent use of hydrologic resources and for planned growth and development. Geologic characteristics affect both hydrologic and engineering properties in the community. It is not the purpose of this plan to do a detailed study of rock types, but to understand these characteristics and their impact on development. This section graphically delineates the rock structure in the Township and describes the geologic setting. The Water Resources Section discusses the effect of Township geology on ground water supply and quality. The Soil Section discusses the relationship between geology and the suitability for on-lot wastewater systems and homesites. West Pennsboro Township is underlain by several different rock types. Limestone is the dominant type and plays a major role in the formation of the Cumberland Valley. Map 3-1 shows the geology of West Pennsboro Township. Table 3-1 provides a general description of these rock formations. I TABLE 3 - 1 GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP * MAP FORMATION GENERALIZED SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION

0lllII-I Martinsburg Formation Brown-weathering, medium grained graywacke; inter- bedded shale and silt- stone Om1 Martinsburg Formation Dark-gray shale; inter- bedded siltstone, meta- bentonite, and graywacke. Ombl Martinsburg Formation Dark-gray, limy shale; thin bedded, platy weathered, dark-gray argillaceous limestone oc Chambersburg Formation Dark-gray, nodular lime- stone, minor units of argillaceous limestone; metabentonite

OSP Saint Paul Group Light-gray, 'I b ir ds eye I micritic limestone and medial zone of medium- gray, granular, black- chert-bearing limestone, I dolomite, and skeletal- detrital limestone I 3-3 I I

TABLE 3 - 1 (continued) I MAP FORMATION GENERALIZED SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION OPS Pinesburg Station Light-to medium gray I Format ion dolomite, with black chert nodules and' white quartz rosettes; inter- I beds of blue-gray limestone I Orr Rockdale Run Formation Very light gray, very fine grained. pure limestone, grades upward into interbedded dolomite I

Osh Stonehenge Formation Gray limestone with some beds, carbonate grains, I and pebbles

Ost Stoufferstown Formation Limestone composed mostly of recemented detrital I limestone csg Shadygrove Formation Light gray to pinkish I ..- gray micritic limestone, with a few beds of sandstone and dolomite I Czl Zullinger Formation Medium gray detrital limestone thick bedded, some beds of dolomite and I calcareous sandstone * Formations are listed as they occur on Map 3-1 from north to I south. SOURCE: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Water Resource I Report 50, "Groundwater and Geology of the Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania (1981). I

The vast majority of the Township is underlain by carbonates (limestone). The northern most portion of the Township is formed I by the Martinsburg Formation. This area is the only area not predominated by limestone. The area is composed of the middle (Omm) and lower (Om1 and Ombl) members of this formation. These I areas lie adjacent to the upland areas located to the north. The presence of limestone appears in the lower (Ombl) member of the Formation in thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone, found northeast I of Newville and south of the Conodoguinet Creek. I 3-4 I LEGEND

C.0 SHAWCROVE FORMATION

Czl ZULUNCER FORMATION

Oc CWBERSBURC FORMATION

Ombl WRnNSBURG FORMATION

Om1 YARnNSBURC FORNATION

Omm WRnNSBURC FORLullON

Opa PINESBURC STATION FORMATION

On ROCKDALE RUN FORNAllON

0.h STONMENCE FORMAllON

0.p WNT PAUL GROUP

Oet STOUFFERSTOWN FORMATION

SOURCE GROUNOWAER AND CEOLOW OF ME CUMBERUND VMLEY, CUMBERLAND COUNM, PA - DEPARTMENT OF ENWRONMENTAL RESOURCES MAP NOT TO SCALE TURNPIKE

641

li

SHIP

MAP NOT TO SCALE v - CARUSLE, NEWVIU, AND PWNFIELO. I

The Chambersburg Formation (Oc) lies to the south of the I Martinsburg Formation. The limestone Chambersburg forms gently- rolling lowlands of slight relief. South of the Chambersburg, in the north central portion of the Township is the Saint Paul Group I (Osp). The village areas of Plainfield and Kerrsville are underlain by this Group. The Group is similar to the Chambersburg Formation in its limestone composition and formation of rolling I lowlands. The Pinesburg Formation (Ops) is a very narrow strip located between the Saint Paul Group to the north and the predominant I Rockdale Run Formation (Orr) to the south. Although the Pinesburg is a small formation, it is important because it signifies changes in the topography of an area such as narrow low hills or valleys or I the flanks of broad ridges. To the north of the Pinesburg lies the largest formation in the Township, the Rockdale Run Formation. The Rockdale underlies the majority of the central and southern portions. The villages of Bears Crossing, Greason, and Elliottson I are situated on this Formation. For the Cumberland Valley as a whole, the Rockdale Run occupies the largest area of any of the carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) and forms rolling I uplands of low to moderate relief. Characteristic of this formation in West Pennsboro Township is the location of numerous faults, including two large fault lines located in the west, the Oakville Fault and the Newville Fault. The location of faults in I the geologic structure may have a significant effect on the quantity and quality of ground water in the impact area. (See I Water Resource - Hydrogeology/Groundwater Quality). The southern area of the Township, south of the Rockdale Run Formation, is underlain by four formations, the Stonehenge (Osh) I Stoufferstown (Ost), Shadygrove (Csg), and Zullinger (Czl). Limestones continue as the prominent feature in these formations. The northern most formation, Stonehenge, forms rolling and rocky lowlands. The Stoufferstown is characterized by a narrow rocky, I broken ridge that discourages development. Stoufferstown is a narrow strip located between the Stonehenge to the north and Shadygrove to the south. The terrain changes from the rocky I lowlands to gently rolling valleys north of the Stonehenge as the Shadygrove underlies the area in the south west. Along with the Shadygrove, the Zullinger forms the southern most portion of West I Pennsboro Township. The Zullinger forms a prominent ridge that is some of the most rugged terrain in the carbonate sequence.* I 2 Albert E. Becher and Samuel I. Root, "Groundwater and Geology of the Cumberland Valley, Cumberland County, I Pennsylvania." Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Office of Resources Management, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey (1981). I NOTE: Nomenclature used is that of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey and may not conform to nomenclature of I the U.S. Geological Survey. 3-5 I II

TOPOGFGG"IC/SLOPE I The type of rock influences the terrain, whether it is flat, rolling, or steep. In planning the development of any area, the slope of the land is a major factor. The Slope Map shows three I categories of slope: those areas of slope between 0 percent and 14.9 percent, 15 percent and 24.9 percent, and areas of slope over 25 percent. The majority of the Township is relatively flat with I zero to seven percent slopes. Areas of moderate slope from eight to twenty-four percent slopes are scattered throughout the Township. Few areas of severe slope exist in the Township. Existing areas of severe slopes are primarily located on the I western and northern boundaries of the Township. Natural gradients of the land are caused by erosional forces I trying to establish a stable condition. Landslides, rock falls, soil creep and excessive erosion have the potential to occur when man alters these slopes and the natural equilibrium. Soil erosion A is a major problem on croplands and pastures over three percent slope. The moderate to severe hazard may cause a loss of surface layer. The effects of the loss has the potential to affect a loss in productivity as the subsoil incorporates into the plow layer. I The erosion also, has the potential to pollute streams and reservoirs through sedimentation. The implementation of erosion control measures would minimize these negative impacts. I .- SOIL RESOURCES The qualities and capabilities of soils within the Township I can have a considerable impact on the determination of types and intensities of uses, as well as, the location of structures on land available for development. The United States Department of I Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources and the PA State University, has printed a detailed soil survey for Cumberland n County.3 Soils information such as seasonal high water table, depth of soil to bedrock, engineering classifica-tions, and many other soil-related parameters are available in this publication. In general, when soil is mentioned in this report it is in I reference to the material found above the top of the weathered bedrock. This includes the humus zone, the leached zone, and the subsoil zone of the typical soil profile. 0 The Township is divided by three soil associations. Soil associations have distinctive patterns of soils, relief, and drainage. The associations typically consists of one or more major I series (soil types) and several minor series. Three of the eight associations found in Cumberland County occur in West Pennsboro Township. n I 3 . U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Cumberland and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania. Issued April 1986. I 3-6 I BERT-WEIKERT-BEDINGTON Association: Shallow to deep, gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from gray and brown shale, siltstone, and sandstone on uplands. Major limitations are shallow and moderate depth to bedrock and very low to moderate water capacity. HAGERSTOWN-DUFFIELD Association: Deep, nearly level to moderately steep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from limestone; on uplands. The major limitations are slope, erosion, rock outcrops, and sinkholes. MONONGAEELA-ATKINS-MIDDLEBUFtY Association: Deep, nearly level and gently sloping, moderately well drained to poorly drained soils that formed in alluvium; on terraces and flood plains. Major limitations include flooding and seasonal high water table.4 Map 3-3 shows the location of these soil associations in the Township. Detailed information for each soil series (i.e. soils with similar color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical composition and arrangement) and soil unit (i.e. soils in the same series differentiated by such features as slope, stoniness, wetness, degree of erosion, etc.) is available in the Cumberland County Soil Survey. The intent of this discussion is to focus on existing features that may influence the future development of the Township. The following paragraphs discuss various Township soil limitations on the suitability for homesites, on-site wastewater systems, and I agriculture. On-Site Wastewater System Suitability Map 3-4 "Soils Limitation Map, On-Site Wastewater Systems" shows the entire Township has moderate to severe limitations for subsurface disposal systems. In accordance with the Cumberland County Soil Survey, the following descriptions define the classifications of the soils as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight - soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily overcome. Moderate - soil properties and site features are not favorable for the use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations. Severe - soil properties and site features are unfavorable and difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and increased maintenance costs may be required.

4 Ibid. pp 7-9.

3-7 I

The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER) is the regulatory agency for approving sewage disposal systems in I the Commonwealth. DER'S Title 25, Rules and Regulations Chapter 73 provides standards for sewage disposal facilities.' These standards include general site location requirements which I demonstrate the impact of soil types and the proper functioning of on-lot systems. Site characteristics which would have an adverse impact on the functioning of the on-lot absorption area include: I 1. the slope of the proposed absorption area is greater than 25%; 2. the area is identified by completed Federal Flood I Insurance mapping as a floodway; 3. completed flood mapping is not available but the soil has been mapped or identified as flood plain soil or a flood prone area; I 4. one or more rock outcrops exist within the absorption area; or 5. in areas underlain by limestone, depressions left by I earlier sinkholes exist either in whole or in part within the proposed absorption area.6 I Proper testing prior to construction of the on-site system would reveal the presence of one or more of these character-istics. Map 3-4 designates those areas where the greatest potential for problems exist. .- I The severe area represents approximately 22 percent of the Township area. These areas are located along steams and creeks and I in areas of steep slopes. The majority of the area contains Duffield-Hagerstown Association soils. These soils are highly permeable and are underlain by limestone. These soils present I problems to subsurface disposal systems due to a high risk of ground water contamination (nitrate contamination). The Township is currently preparing an Act 537 Official Sewage Plan to address existing and future disposal concerns and issues.7 I Prime Agricultural Land Suitability I In rural municipalities, such as West Pennsboro Township, farming is very important to the local economy. Of particular importance to these communities are those areas which have exceptional quality soils to support agricultural activities. The I

5 Title 25, Rules and Regulations, Part I, Department of I Environmental Resources, Subpart C. Protection of Natural Resources, Article I. Land Resources Chapter 73. "Standards for Sewage Disposal Facilities" (January 1983). I 6 Ibid p. 73.5. I -7. For more information see the West Pennsboro Township Official Sewage Plan, adopted 1989. I 3-8 .- I MAP NOT TO SCALE

U.S. Department of Agriculture defines and delineates these soils as prime farmland. Prime farmland is defined as "land that is best suited to produce food, feed, forage, fiber and oilseed crops. It has the soil quality, growing season, and water supply needed to I economically produce a sustained high yield of crops when it is treated and managed using acceptable farming methods. Ira The benefits of these farmlands are high yields with minimal inputs of I energy and economic resources. The Soil Conservation Service estimates 31 percent of Cumberland County or 110,000 acres are listed as prime farmland. I As a -natural resource prime farmland is extremely important for sustaining the food and fiber needs of the Nation; however the supply of these lands are limited. In some parts of Cumberland I County these lands have been lost to industrial and urban uses. It is the responsibility of both the local governments and individuals to preserve these valuable lands. Twenty-seven soil map units meet the requirements for prime farmland in Cumberland County. Of these twenty-seven units, thirteen (13) soil units are found in West Pennsboro Township. Table 3-2 lists and describes these soil units. Map 3-5 provides .-, a generalized location of prime farmlands. More detailed information regarding the location of specific soil is available from the Cumberland County Soil Survey. Factors which impact the soils ability to support agricultur-a1 activities and, in the case of cultivated crops, to produce high yields include, but are not limited to permeability, surface runoff, acidity, erosion, and wetness. The majority of the prime farmland soil map units have moderate to moderately slow permeability, slow to medium surface runoff potential, and strong acidity. -. For those soils listed as capability Class I1 (See Note a on Table 3-21, the primary limiting factors are erosion and wetness. The majority of the prime soils are suitable for cultivated crops and pastures. Several soils are suitable for woodlands and hay production. The application of adequate soil management measures during agriculture activities serves to protect damage to both the prime farmland soils and the crops being produced. Hazards which may affect these activities are erosion, seasonal high water table (i.e. wetness and flooding), and sinkholes. Table 3-2 describes the potential for these occurring in the various soil units. Preventive measures recommended in the soil survey to reduce runoff and control erosion are the utilization of contour strip cropping, terracing, grassed waterways, and minimum tillage. Mea sure s important to the conservation of organic matter in the soil include the use of cover crops, crop rotation, and crop residue. The protection of key plant species on pasture lands is accomplished by rotational grazing.

8 United States Department- of Agriculture, . Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Cumberland and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania (April 1986) p. 83. 3-9 'IKE

P IP

MAP NOT TO SCALE SOURCE: CUMBERIANO COUNl'f/ PERRY COUW SOIL SURvcl - SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 1986 Home Site Suitability The depth to unweathered bedrock, or mantle thickness, and high water table are of particular importance to land use planning. Areas with a depth to bedrock of between 5 and 10 feet are favorable to heavy construction that depends upon solid bedrock for structural foundation support. Areas with a depth to bedrock of over 10 feet are favorable for more lighter residential construction where thick undisturbed solid soil is satisfactory for structural foundation support. If the depth to bedrock is too shallow, 1 1/2 to 3 feet, construction of building with basements would be inhibited. A thin mantle cover might also restrict the location of underground utility lines or highway corridor construction. Soil properties most important for engineering consideration are permeability, shear strength, compaction characteristics, soil drainage, shrink-swell characteristics, grain size and distribution, plasticity, and acidity. The suitability of soil for grading, excavation, fill, vertical alignment of roads, construction of pipelines, etc., is an extremely important consideration in engineering design and construction activities. .~ Map 3-6 Homesite Suitability, shows those areas with severe, moderate, and slight limitations for the construction activities. The definition for these three classifications are the same as described for the classification of on-lot wastewater system suitability. The map data was compiled from the Cumberland County Soil Survey, Table 10 : Building Site Development. The analysis incorporated restrictions for shallow excavations, dwellings with and without basements, and small commercial buildings. Based on these four site development types a worst-case scenario was utilized to classify all soil types. Restrictions on homesite suitability would apply to shallow excavations, dwellings with and without basements, and small commercial structures. The Soil Survey defines these con-struction activities: Shallow excavations - trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, utility lines, open ditches and other purposes. I Dwellings and small commercial buildings - structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed soil.’ Ratings by the soil survey are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Properties which may affect the ease of digging, filling, and compacting are the depth to bedrock, stone content, soil texture, and slope. The depth to water table and texture of the soil may impact the timing of construction and resistance of the excavation wall to cave ins. A high water table, flooding, shrink-.,..?11 potential, and organic I layers can cause the movement of footirigs and ease of excavation

9 Cumber1 and County Soil Survey p. 92. 3-10 I

TABLE 3 - 2 I PRIM AGRICULTURAL Wm CHARACTERISTICS WEST PENNSBORO TWNSHIP SOIL MP UNIT CAPABILITY cuss-1 PEREeABILITY SURFACE RUNOFF ACIDITY SUITABILITY WUARDS SOIL KWGEKEEKI MEASURES-2 I AqA-Allegheny sllt I moderate slow strong to cultivated crops/ erosion-slight cover crops; crop residue loam, 0 to 3 percent extreme haylpasture ut ilizatlon; rotat lonal slope grazing I AqB-Alleheny sllt IIe moderate medium strong to cultivated crops1 erosion-moderate contour stripcropping; loam, 3 to 8 percent tedium haylpasture cropland terraces; crop slope rotation; cover crops; crop residue utilization; rotational grazing I

BdB-Bedington shaly silt Ife moderate medium very strong cult ivated cropsl erosion-moderate contour str Ipcropp Ing: loam, 3 to B percent to neutral haylpasturel terraces, grassed waterways slopes roodland crop rotation, cover crops, rotational grazing

DuA-Duffleld silt I moderate Slow strong to cultivated erosion-sl ight crop rotation; cover loam, 0 to 3 percent neutral cropslpasture sinkholes crops; crop residue slope ut 1 lization; rotational I graz 1ng

DuB-Duff ield sllt loam, IIe moderate medium strong to cultivated erosion-moderate stripcropping; grassed 3 to 8 percent slopes neutral cropslpasture sinkholes waterways; terraced; I minimum tillage; cover crops; crop residue uti 1 ization; rotational graz ing I EdB-Eb Silty Clay IIe moderately medium strongly cultivated erosion-moderate contour stripcropping; lwm, 3 to 8 percent slow acid - cropslhayl sinkholes terraces; grassed slope to moderate to mildly pasture waterways; minisum a lka 11ne tillage: cover crops; I crop residue utilization: rotational grazing

HaA-Hagerstown silt loam. I moderate slow strong to cultivated crops1 erosion-moderate cover crops; crop 0 to 3 percent slope neutral hayjpasture s 1nkho les residue uti1 izat ion; I rotational grazing

HOB-Hagerstown silt loam, IIe moderate medium strong to cultivated crops/ erosion-moderate terraces: grassed 3 to 8 percent slope neutral haylpasture s 1nkho les waterways; I contour stripcropping; mi nimum t t 1lage; cover crops; crop residue utilization: rotational grazing I HeB-Hazleton Channery sandy IIe moderately medium extreme to cultivated cropsl erosion-moderate Contour stripcropping, loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes rapid to strong haylpasturel terraces, grassed watenays rapid woodland cover crops, crop residue; I rotational grazing

HuA-Huntington silt I iwderate medium medium acid cultivated crops/ erosion-slight crop rotation;cover loam, 0 to 5 percent slope to mildly haylpasture flooding crops; minimum alkaline sinkholes tlltage; crop residue I utilization: rotational grazing. Hf-Middlebury soils I Iw moderate slow strong to cultivated cropsl erosion-slight crop residue 1 slight pasturelwoodland seasonal high ut 11 izat ion; water table rotational grazing frequent flooding fhB-Murrill channery loam, IIe moderate to medium medium to cultivated eros Ion-moderate contour strlpcripping; 3 to 8 percent slope moderately very strong crops/hayl minimum tillage; terraces; slow pasture grassed waterways; crop rotation; rotational grazing I

I LE-Neshamlng gravelly silt IIe moderately medium very strong cultivated erosion-moderate contour stripcropping; loam, 3 to 8 percent slope Slow to medium crops/hayl minimum tillage; pasture terraces: crop rotation; cover crops; crop residue I ut Ilizat ion; rotat lonal graz 1 ng .

SOLIRCE: So11 Survey of Cumberland and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania U.S. Department of I Agriculture, So11 conservation Servlce, April 1986. 1. Capability classification, generally, Indicates the suitability for most kinds of crops, where class llmitatlons are defined as follows: Class I-few llmltatlons I Class 11-wderate lieitations (rqulre moderate conservation practices) Class 111-Severe limitations (require special conservatlon practices)

mere are eight classes listed in the Soil Survey, only three are provided for the Table. Wre I detailed information Is found on page 87 of the So11 Survey. Each classification may have a subclass indicating the primary limitation. These llmitatlons Include: e - erosion s - shallow, draughty: stony I w - water; wetness c - climate 2. These measures represent possible options for soil conservation as listed In the Soil Survey. They should not be Interpreted as a complete listing or necessarily the best options for a particular ares. Additional Information Is available from the Cumberland County Conservation District, I Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Extension Service, and other agricultural servlces/professionals.

I .- I I I I I I II ,I II HOMESlTE SU ITABILlTY WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP CUMBERLAND COUNlY, PENNSlZVANlA 1989 0 SLIGHT DRAFT MODERATE SEVERE

SOURCE CUMBERLAND COUNTY/ PERRY COUNTY SOIL SUM- SOIL CONSERVAIION SERVICE 1988 MAP NOT TO SCALE I

and construction.'' Detailed information on engineering properties I by soil type are presented in the soil survey. Map 3-6 shows the majority of the area has moderate soil I limitations for these construction activities. These limitations mean the soil properties and site features at these locations are not favorable for the construction activities and special planning, I design or maintenance is needed to overcome these limitations. Severe limitations exist in floodplain areas along the Township's creeks and streams. Future intensity and density of development in I the Township may be deterred by these construction limitations. Along with the soil properties of an area, the geology of an area will impact construction activities. The geology of the I Township previously has been described. Table 3-3 lists the geologic formations found in the Township and the formations engineering properties. Because the majority of the Township is I underlain with limestone bedrock, excavation is difficult in eight of the eleven rock formations located in the Township, including the Martinsburg (Ombl), St. Paul Group (Osp), Pineburg (Ops), Rockdale Run (Orr), Stonehenge (Osh), Stoufferstown (Ost),

I Shadygrove (Csg), and Zullinger (Czl). These formations may ~ require blasting, disposal of large blocks, use of heavy power machinery, and sinkhole cavern investigations, which will add to I the cost of construction. The majority of these formations have bearing capabilities-tosupport heavy structures. Formations which typically will not support heavy structures (i.e. large industrial and commercial structures) are Martinsburg (Ombl), Chambersburg I (Oc), St. Paul Group (Osp), and Stoufferstown (Ost). I WATER RESOURCES Management of the quality and quantity of a community's water resources is a difficult and complicated task. It involves an understanding of the hydrologic cycle (i.e. the continuous I circulation of water between surface water, atmosphere, and land) and the interrelationship between the various types of water I resources. I I I I

I lo. Ibid p. 92. 3-13 I TABLE 3 - 3 GEOLOGY - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES WEST PENNSBCRO TOWNSHIP

kp Forration Foundation Symbol Hme Suitability Excauatlon Cut/Slope Stablllty Hart lnsburg heavy structures shale-easy, graywacke-dill Icult; shale-fair moderate to gentle cuts I blasting and heavy machinery graywacke-good, maintains falrly steep slopes

brtinsburg heavy structures easy fair, moderate to gentle cuts I

Hart insburg light to medium structures, shale-easy, limestone-moderately fair. moderate to gentle cuts sinkhole Investigation difficult, may require blasting I

Chambersburg light to medium structures, moderately easy with heavy falr, maintains falrly steep slopes sinkhole Investigation . equipment, blasting I Plnesburg Statlon heavy structures dllflcult, blasting, dlsposal of good, malntains vertical cuts large blocks, chert slow rotary drilling rates I .I - St. Paul Group light to medium structures, dlfflcult, blasting, heavy good, maintains vertical cuts sinkhole Investlpatlon, mer machinery - I

Rockdale Run heavy structures, difficult blasting, heavy good, maintains steep to near cavern Investlgation, machinery. chert moderate verticle cuts rotary drilling rates I

Stonehenge heavy structures, difficult, blasting Dedium power good, maintains vertical cuts cavern Investigation, Paachlnery I

Ost Stoufferstown medium structures difficult, blasting, large blocks moderate, some slide problems I Csg Shadygrove heavy structures, difficult, blasting will slow good, maintains near vertical cuts cavern invest Igation, rotary drilling rates I Crl Zulllnger heavy structures, difficult, blasting, heavy power good, maintains near vertical cuts cavern Investigation, machinery I

SOURCE: Nater Resources Report 50 and ‘Engineering Characteristics of the Rocks of Pennsylvania”, Alen R. Geyer and J. Peter Wilshusen, Bureau of Topographlcs and I Geologic Survey, 1982 I I I I HYDROLOGIC CYCLE . ..

I . ._ .... EVAP 0 RATION .... I # I CREEK OR RIVER GROUND WATER I

I The four types of water resources are surface water, ground water, floodplains, and wetlands. I Surface Water Resources - stream, creeks, and urban runoff. Ground Water Resources - water resources lying beneath the , surface in aquifers of the underlying geologic formations. Floodplains - lowland areas located adjacent to creeks and I streams and in areas of poor drainage that are susceptible to frequent flooding. Wetlands - areas frequently found in or adjacent to streams I and floodplains which provide unique ecological value. The remainder of this section focuses on these resources in I West Pennsboro Township. Basin Hydrology I West Pennsboro Township is located in the Lower Susquehanna River Subbasin (i.e. Subbasin 7). This Subbasin includes all of Cumberland, Lancaster and York Counties, and portions of Lebanon, Adams, Dauphin, Perry, Berks, Chester, Franklin, and Schuylkill I Counties. The Subbasin is further divided into water shed areas. A watershed is the area of contribution or drainage area to a surface water body. The contribution is either through surface I water or ground water. These watershed areas have been classified in the Pennsylvania State Water Plan for each of the twenty subbasins located throughout the State. West Pennsboro Township is located in one subbasin watershed, Watershed B.ll Surface water I and ground water in the watershed drains into the Conodoguinet Creek, which has a total drainage area of 524 square miles and is I the second largest drainage area in Subbasin 7.

I 11 "State Water Plan: Subbasin 7 - Lower Susquehanna River" (SWP-8), Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Office of Resources Management, Bureau of I Resources Programming, February 1980. 3-15 I I

Water collected in the watershed come from two primary I sources, surface water and ground water. Surface water, originating from precipitation, comes in contact with the earth’s surface. Gravitational pull causes the water to flow along the surface. Examples of surface water include runoff, streams, lakes, I and some types of wetlands. In contrast to surface water, ground water is that water which moves through the surface of the land and infiltrates the soil to a level below the existing water table. I Both surface water (stream flow) and groundwater (base flow) have an effect on the quantity and quality of water in the Township. I Surface Water Hydrology Watershed B includes the urbanized areas of Shippensburg, Carlisle, Mechanicsburg, and Harrisburg‘s West Shore, with the I exception of these urbanized areas the water shed is predominantly agricultural area with intermittent forested ridges. The stream which collects the surface water from small streams and waterways I is the Conodoguinet Creek. Map 3-7 shows the watershed B area as it is drained by small tributaries into the Conodoguinet. The Conodoguinet Watershed is divided into five sub-watersheds by Big I Spring Creek, Mount Rock Spring Creek, Alexanders Spring Creek, and , two areas of the Conodoguinet. Map 3-5 shows the location of these streams and creeks and their drainage areas. These sub-watersheds have been identified in the Tri-County Stormwater Management Plan I prepared for the Tri-County Regional-Planning Commission by Gannett Fleming Cordry and Carpenter Engineers in the late 1970’s and by review of topographic features depicted in the United States I Geologic Survey (U.S.G.S.). The Mount Rock Spring Creek, located in the southcentral portion of the Township, is the largest sub- watershed, draining approximately 16 square miles. The second largest sub-watershed is the Alexanders Spring Creek, approximately I 5.2 square miles, located in the southeast corner of the Township. The Big Spring Creek watershed drains an estimated 4.7 square miles. The Creek is located east of Newville in the western edge I of the Township. Big Springs Creek is important to the area, not only as a natural drainage basin, it is also an important freshwater fishery. The State Fish Commission owns and operates the Big Spring Fish Hatchery on the Creek, which is an important I Brook Trout Management Area. Water quality will have an impact on the welfare of this breeding area. Two sub-watersheds drain directly into the Conodoguinet Creek. These areas are located in I the southern third of the Township and are separated by the Mount Rock watershed. The two areas accept water from a combined drainage area of approximately 4.7 square miles. I According to the State Water Plan, the Conodoguinet Creek suffers from nutrient (nitrates and phosphates) enrichment. One suspected cause of these excess nutrients is agricultural runoff. I Croplands are the major contributors to sedimentation of the Creek. Sedimentation has the potential to negatively impact the aquatic life, decrease the capacity of reservoirs, and clog filters. I Croplands in the Lower Susquehanna Subbasin have an average soil loss rate of approximately 7.3 tons per acre. The Subbasin has the highest loss of eroded soil per year for the entire State. I 3-16 I MAP NOT TO SCALE According to the Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan (COWAMP), agriculture activities are expected to continue to impact the water quality of the Conodoguinet.'* Measures to prevent this soil loss include minimum tillage, stripcropping, contour farming, crop rotation, installation of sod waterways and diversion terracing. These preventive measures would benefit individual farmers investment in crops, fertilizers and soil, plus benefit the natural environment by improving the water quality of streams. I In 1972, the Pennsylvania Scenic Rivers System was established to protect and enhance river segments in the state for I environmental protection, recreation, and education purposes. In July, 1975 a "Pennsylvania Scenic Rivers Inventory" was compiled which listed candidate streams recommended for future eligibility studies. The Conodoguinet Creek appeared on this listing. I The Conodoguinet was rated as first priority, but not of immediate concern. The Creek was classified as a scenic river, I that is, a river that is free of improvements, with shorelines or watersheds still largely primitive and undeveloped but accessible in places by roads.13 Since the 1975 listing no action has been I taken on the Conodoguinet, however its nomination is treated as an . environmental constraint to any structures identified with the Creek, which includes environmental assessment of potential impacts. I .- Groundwater Hydrology I The quantity and quality of water in streams and creeks is in a large part dependent on an areas' groundwater resources. In Pennsylvania, 90 percent of the State's- fresh water comes from the ground via groundwater aquifers or as base flow entering stream~.'~ I According to a report prepared by DER'S Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey published in 1981, stream flow analysis for the period 1968 to 1974 revealed that the groundwater discharge to the I Conodoguinet was an average of 66 percent total stream flow.'' The bedrock geology of an area has the ultimate control on the I storage, transmission, and utilization of groundwater. These features may include rock type, intergranular spacing, rock strata inclination, faults, joints, folds, bedding planes, and solution channels. The Geology Section ofthis Plan graphically locates and I

12 "Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan: Lower I Susquehanna River Basin Study Area 3," Department of Environmental Resources.

13. State Water Plan, p 233. I

14 "Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan. I

- 15 . "Groundwater and Geology of the Cumberland Valley," pp 11-12.

3-17

.- describes the geology underlying the Township. Table 3-4 provides information on the water-bearing properties of the geologic features. These yields are generalized characteristics based on well information collected for the Water Resource Reports. In general, rock units with well yields greater than 100 gallons per minute are suitable for development of industrial or municipal supplies. Suitable groundwater supplies may be found in the Martinsburg (Omm and Oml) and Rockdale Run (Orr), formations.. Prior to developing these uses detailed studies should be conducted to determine characteristics at specific sites. Rock units with yields between 3 to 100 gallons per minute should provide adequate water for domestic uses. All geologic units in the Township should have the capacity to supply water for domestic uses. The depth of the yielding zones of these rock units will have an impact on the cost of well construction (i.e. the deeper the zone the greater the cost). The determination of depth of yielding zones in the area would require further investigation. West Pennsboro Township geology has characteristics with unique hydrologic implications. The majority of the Township's physiography is situated in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Great Valley Section. The Great Valley Section is a broad lowland area with overall relief of approximately 400 feet. The unique characteristic of this area of Pennsylvania, Cumberland County, and West Pennsboro Township is the predominance of underlying carbonate bedrock. The effect of this carbonate (karst) geology (i.e. limestone and dolomites) on groundwater quantity and quality is an important consideration for those municipalities who are dependent I on groundwater aquifers and surface water resources.

3-18 I depressions, and disappearing springs. Large aquifers are formed I in the limestone bedrock as water infiltrates and dissolves the edges of these joints and fractures, thus enlarging the area of intake and also forming underground channels which may connect to other water areas. These channels are called solution channels and I play an important role in the water quality of an area. Typically, the soil acts as a groundwater filter as water in I the form of precipitation and other surface water slowly permeates the soil layer to the bedrock and groundwater aquifer. In areas where large cavities in limestone bedrock have formed this natural filtering process may not occur. The natural filtering process I partially protects the groundwater from contamination. In the presence of large cavities virtually no filtering takes place and the groundwater may be easily contaminated. This contamination may I quickly spread through solution channels to contaminate other aquifers in the area. I Sinkholes are another prominent feature of the karst geology. The presence of numerous sinkholes and/or depression areas not only has serious implications.for excavation/ construction activities in the area, it can also be another source of water contamination and I pollution. Sinkholes in rural areas may be collectors for unwanted wastes and dumping areas. This type of activity has serious implications on water quality. Sinkholes often connect with I solution channels which carry any.associated pollutant through the underground system. I A third feature of the hydrology which encourages the mixture of surface and groundwater are springs and disappearing streams. Karst aquifers often discharge into .springs in the area thus allowing surface pollutants to become groundwater contaminants. I Disappearing streams occur when streams flow into openings in the stream bed and enter the ground water systems. Because the solution channels or flow patterns are extremely difficult to I trace, it is virtually impossible to mitigate and/or remove the pollution problem once pollutants enter the groundwater system. Often extensive hydrogeologic studies are required to form an estimate of where the pollutants may have travelled. I Sources of groundwater pollution in West Pennsboro Township identified by DER in the COWAMP report are agriculture runoff and I malfunctioning on-lot septic drainfields. The most common pollutants are nitrates and phosphates. Nitrate contamination from agricultural fertilization have been reduced in some areas by I applying different agricultural practices. The major causes of on-lot disposal system malfunctions are improper siting, improper installation, hydraulic overloading and I inadequate maintenance. The Township has updated its Official Plan, Act 537 Wastewater Management Plan. The purpose of this Plan is to identify problem areas and prepare a plan of action to I eliminate or mitigate these problems and guide/manage future wastewater activities. A well-testing data base was prepared as a part of the study. Results of the study include: I 3-20 The COWAMP report initially identified two designated growth and planning areas in the Township: 1. the area immediately east of Newville. I 2. the Plainfield area on State Route 641 between Mount Rock Spring Creek and Alexanders Spring Creek. I The report recommended the extension of the Newville Service Area into adjacent developing areas. For the Plainfield Area recommendations included a new public treatment system and I management of on-lot systems in more rural areas. For those areas not designated for growth DER'S policy is clear regarding future degradation of groundwater quality. The I policy states: "TO minimize the possibility of future problems, the use of non-municipally-ownedpackaged type sewage treatment facilities in areas outside of designated growth areas should be I discouraged. Whenever technically feasible, residential development in these areas should utilize conventional and alternative on-lot disposal facilities. To the maximum extent feasible, large scale commercial or industrial development, which I would require conventional sewage disposal facilities should be discouraged from locating in these areas" .I6 This policy would proclude large scale industrial and commercial development from I occurring in the Township unless adequate public sewers were available. .. - II In conclusion, the groundwater water quality in the Township is dependent on preserving the surface quality. Maintenance of a high level of water quality will be impacted by agricultural activities, wastewater management, and increased runoff from urban I activities. Dealing with the unique features of the Township's hydrogeology are one of the many planning challenges the Township I must deal with now and in the future. Floodplain West Pennsboro Township's principal flood problems occur along I the Conodoguinet Creek. Structures along the Creek become inundated during major floods. The largest flood of record occurred on June 23, 1972 (Tropical Storm Agnes). A flood of the ~I magnitude of Agnes has a recurrence interval of approximately 400 years.17 I Map 3-8, Floodplains and Wetlands, delineates the Regulatory Floodplain (i.e. 100-year Floodplain and Floodway) for the Conodoguinet Creek and tributaries (i.e. Mt. Rock Spring Creek and Alexander Spring Creek). The Federal Emergency Management Agency

16. COWAMP, Chapter XIII. p. 30.

17. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Study Township of Dickinson, Pennsylvania (Cumberland County) , March 4, 1988. 3-21 FLOOD PLAIN MAP WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP CUMBERLAND COUNV, PENNSYLVANIA 1989 FLOOD PLAIN DRAFT WETLANDS

MAP NOT TO SCALE ~~~~~~~~~ UR~LO~-NAT~W~MEAPS~U.S.~DWE- - - = = - I (FEMA) has adopted the one percent annual chance (100-year) flood as the base flood for flood plain management purposes and to provide a national standard without regional discrimina-tion. This I 100-year floodplain consists of the floodway (i.e. stream channel plus adjacent flood plain) and the flood fringe (i.e. area between I the floodway and the 100-year floodplain boundaries.) Adequate floodplain management is crucial to municipalities that have extensive floodplain areas, such as those found in West Pennsboro Township at the Conodoguinet Creek. The unplanned I encroachment of structures and fill in these areas would have the potential to reduce the floodplains existing flood carrying capacity, thus increasing flood heights, velocities, and flood I hazards in areas beyond the encroachment. Floodplain management applies federal standards to keep the floodway and adjacent floodplain areas free from encroachment, while applying less stringent standards to allow development to occur on the flood I fringe . The Township has adopted appropriate floodplain management I regulations relative to land development and subdivision. Identification of the Regulatory Base Flood Area has been provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the form of a Flood I Insurance study and development of Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) in a report effective April 20, 1979. The report is on file at the , Township office. The National Flood Insurance Program enables residents living in the floodplain to purchase Federally-subsidized I flood insurance. Land Use in the floodplain areas primarily consists of residential (R-1.) and Agricultural (A) land uses. These uses are typical of agriculturally rural areas. The flood I plain management regulations help kekp land development under control by maintaining its existing rural nature. I Wet lands In' addition to surface streams and creeks, groundwater resources, and floodplains, another prominent water resource in I West Pennsboro Township is wetlands. Wetlands in the Township are typically concentrated around Big Spring Creek, Conodoguinet Creek, Mount Rock Spring, and Alexander Spring Creek. The U. S. Department I of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, has developed the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) which includes a wetland mapping overlay ofthe United States Geologic Survey (U.S.G.S.) for various areas in the United States. These maps were developed for West I Pennsboro Township in 1988. Map 3-8 identifies those wetland areas appearing on NWI maps. The NWI series identified numerous wetlands I throughout the area, however this study should not be considered a I I definitive statement. Wetlands are likely to exist in other areas or in different dimensions than indicated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Future development of the Township will require additional investigation of these wetlands and previously I unidentified wetland resources. Over the past decade the nation and Pennsylvania have I recognized wetlands as a valuable natural resource to be protected and - regulated. This national recognition has led to the development of a growing body of literature, documenting the I importance and use of these resources, plus increasing public and I 3-22 I private participation in wetland programs (See Table below) thus I moving wetland concerns to the forefront of environmental issues. I TABLE 3 - 5 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE WETLAND INVOLVEMENT I ORGANIZATION WETLAND PROGRAMS Local Level Zoning - Wetland Protection Districts. Conservation Protection Districts, I Floodplain/Wetland Districts Floodplain Regulations Subdivision Regulations I Building Codes Public Acquisition - Fee simple, fee with retention of life estate, easement. I State Level Creation of DER'S Division of Rivers and Wetlands Conservation. Initiation of a Wetlands Protection Action Plan - Chapter I 105 Dam Safety and Waterway Management Rules and Regulations. I Federal Level National Wetlands Inventory Protection of *. Wetlands - further the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Executive Order 11990 (May 24, 1977) U.S. I Army Corps of Engineers 404 Permit. Private Sector Private/Quasi-Private Acquisition - e.g. I The Nature Conservancy, Conservation Law Foundation, Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Ducks Unlimited, Trust for Public Land, National Audubon Society, and Trust I Exchange. Public Education Programs - e.g. Universities/Colleges, Chesapeake 1 Wildlife Heritage, Sierre Club, Audubon Society, Environmental Law Institute's National Wetlands Newsletter, Penn- sylvania Association of Environmental I Professionals, and National Wildlife Federation I SOURCE: David G. Burke, Erik J. Meyers, Ralph W. Tiner, Jr., Hazel Groman, Protectinq Nontidal Wetlands, American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service Report I Number 412/413 (Chicago, Ill.) December 1988. I Understanding the importance of wetlands to the environment begins with an understanding of the definition and function of wetlands. The most widely accepted definition takes a multi- I 3-23 I

I disciplinary approach and is currently used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the development of the NWI. This definition, paraphrased, defines wetlands as transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at I or near land surface or the land is covered by shallow water. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife, the Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in January 1989, adopted .a I wetland delineation and identification approach using three parameters: the presence of wetland vegetation, hydrology, and I hydric soil. The Pennsylvania DER also used this approach. Wetlands are classified as one of two types: tidal (coastal) and nontidal (inland/palustrine). The wetlands of West Pennsboro Township are all nontidal or palustrine wetlands. These wetlands I may include freshwater marshes and ponds, shrub swamps, and wooded swamps. The three common types of wetlands are emergent, scrub- shrub, and forested. Emergent wetlands are characterized by non I woody vegetation, such as, grasses, cattails and rushes. Scrub- shrub wetlands include woody vegetation of less than twenty feet tall. Forested wetlands are those dominated by trees (20 feet plus). These classification areas are identified on the NWI I mapping. For the purposes of this report this detailed coding has not be included, however interested individuals may request a 1 review of the NWI mapping for the Township at the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission,.- located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The different types of wetlands have similar socio-economical, I environmental, and fish and wildlife values. Table 3-6 lists the major wetland values by category. I TABLE 3-6 I WETLAND VALUES Socioeconomic Value - Flood Control Erosion Control Groundwater recharge I Recreation Aesthetics I Education/research Environmental Quality Values - Pollution filter Sediment removal I Oxygen production Nutrient recycling Chemical and nutrient absorption I Aquatic productivity Fish and Wildlife Values - Habit at s for fish, I waterfowl and birds, furbearer and other I wildlife. I 3-2 4 I

Wetlands in the State are important for a number of reasons. I They provide habitats for most threatened and endangered species. Wetlands provide food for game fish and other animals and a nesting area for many species of birds. They function to absorb flood waters of rivers and creeks throughout the Commonwealth. For I communities such as West Pennsboro Township, wetlands perform a valuable function to buffer the creeks and streams from erosion and sedimentation. The function of slowing down of the surface Map 3-8 I waters’/flood waters‘ path to the area creeks allows the wetland to absorb these additional waters and rebuild groundwater supplies. \ I For these reasons the Township needs to protect its wetland areas from degradation and loss. The major negative impacts the Township may experience over the next several decades include: I 1. Drainage for agriculture. 2. Filling for housing and other construction activities. 3. Discharge of materials, such as, pesticides and nutrient I loading from domestic sewage and agricultural runoff. 4. Groundwater extraction. I The Joint Permitting process (Army Corps 404 Permit/DER Act ,. 105 Permit) will protect some of the activity from occurring, however across the state, annual wetland loss continues to be a persistent problem in spite of these rules and regulations. Local I initiatives and recognition of wetlands‘s importance is necessary to optimize the continuation of high quality wetland area surrounding West Pennsboro’s waterways: I WOODLANDS Woodlands in the Township provide a positive benefit to the I natural’and socioeconomic environment. The woodlands function to: 1. Protect the land from flood and erosion, I 2. Protect the water quality of streams, 3. Provide habitat for wildlife species, and 4. Provide natural recreation areas. I Forest soils are covered with litter (leaves and twigs) which act as a protective layer to the soil and reduces the sheet erosion which occurs during storm events. In addition, litter decays and I becomes humus, which helps to form a highly permeable layer of soil. This soil layer serves to retard run-off from heavy rainfall, thus reducing downstream flood peaks. Map 3-9 shows the significant woodland stands as identified throughout the Township. I The woodlands provide a variety of habitats for wildlife species. These habitats are being lost to urbanization causing I wildlife to seek other locations and disappear from the existing environment. Small species, (e.g. squirrels, rabbits, birds) may exist in urbanized settings, however the larger game species (e.g. I deer, fox, ringed-neck pheasants) will not find suitable habitat. I 3-25 I I

In addition to positive benefits to the natural environment, I improper management of woodland resources has the potential to negatively impact the environment. Forests may contribute to the depletion of groundwater resources during the growing season as the I water intake by these trees and shrubs increases. Careful management of the woodland inventory may control the woodland's water usage. A second negative impact may occur when the forest I floor becomes disturbed, particularly during construction activities. This disturbance increases the potential for increased erosion and soil loss. Only through proper site planning (e.g. consideration of length and steepness of slope) can these negative I impacts be identified, minimized, and mitigated. Woodlands in West Pennsboro Township are a valuable resource I to the Township. They contribute tothe Township's rural identity. Measures to protect these. resources will be included in the Planning Phase of this Comprehensive Plan. I SUMMARY The previous discussion of the natural environment reveals the I importance of these features to West Pennsboro's future planning activities. The intermix of these natural resources with development will continue to be the primary challenge of the I Township. The following listing summarizes these environmental features. .-

I Natural Feature Characteristics Geology Predominantly. limestone, with the I exception of the northern shale area. Engineering Most areas will support heavy I Properties structures, but will require sinkhole and cavern investigation and blasting. Well Yields All areas will support residential I development, three formations would support commercial/industrial development (Martinsburg, Omm and Oml, and Rockdale I Run, Orr). Topography Relatively flat I Soils On-Lot Sewage Predominantly moderate, with the I Systems exception of creek and stream beds. Prime Farmland Fifty-six percent of the Township land is I located on prime farmland.

3-2 6 I

Homesite Majority of the Township is moderately I Suitabi 1it y suited for homesites. Few sites exist with slight limitations. Severe limitations are located adjacent to stream and creek beds. I Drainage Basins Big Spring Run, Mount Rock Run, Conodoguinet Creek, and Alexander Spring I Run. Floodplains/Wetlands Conodoguinet Creek, Mount Rock Run, and Alexander Spring Run. I Woodlands Minimal, scattered throughout the Township. I Natural features are fairly evenly distributed throughout the Township. Sensitive features include floodplains and wetlands, prime farmlands, and areas of limestone geology. Special planning I may be required to protect these features and/or prevent degradation of associated natural features. I I .- .- I I I I I I I I I 3-27 I WOODLANDS MAP WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP CUMBER IAND C 0U NlY, PENNSYLVANIA _. 1989

(-

\- WOODLANDS

SOURCE: USQUAD WETS - Wslr, NEWUE, AND PUlNFIM MAP NOT TO SCALE I

I CHAPTER 4 POPULATION/SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE I In order to establish guidelines for planning decisions involving the physical, economic, and social development of the Township, it is important to study the population. This section I describes the composition of the population (i.e. distributions of males to females, race, educational levels, and income) and the amount of people (i .e. existing population, historic patterns of growth, and estimated future population), and compares these I characteristics and trends to the surrounding area, the County, the Region, and the State. This information, when combined with the information provided in the other basic studies, provides the I foundation for future needs assessment and plan development found in Phase I1 of this Comprehensive Plan. I Analyses and projections such as these are a basic requirement for the development of a sound Comprehensive Plan. For example, the characteristics and future amount of the West Pennsboro Township population will relate directly to the needs and I requirements for future 'land uses (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial) and for the preservation of natural and cultural resources. Future population demands also will determine the I amount and scope of future school, park, playground, and other public facility needs. All of these elements are important to creating the most suitable environment for future residents of the I Township. NATIONAL TRENDS - I Over the last fifty years, two events have impacted our national population trends and have had a significant impact on planning activities. These events are the baby boom of the 1940's I and 1950's and the changes occurring to the traditional family in the 1980's. The impact of these events has led in part to a number of national planning assumptions about the Nation's population: I 1. Slowdown in growth of United States population, 2. Growth of smaller and rural communities, 3. Continued aging of United States population, I 4. Emergence of baby llboomletllin the 199O's, 5. Greater proportional growth of minorities, 6. Greater proportions of minorities unemployed and living below poverty level, I 7. Increase in number of United States households but decline in size of those households, 8. Growth of nonfamily households, I 9. Stabilization of divorce rate at high level, but fewer divorces involving children, 10. Decline in number of children in United States families, I and I I 4-1 I

11. Increase in number of single-parent families.'' I Population Change The Census of Population and Housing (U.S. Census Bureau) is I a useful secondary source of population data. These data provide valuable information about the development of the Nation and its geographic areas. Although the Census tracks the population from I the 1790'~~the period from the 1940's to the present is the relevant era to this discussion. Following World War 11, the Nation's birth rate (births per thousand) increased dramatically. This increase, the so-called "baby boom", contributed to a national I increase of population in the 1940's over the previous decade (14.4 percent increase). The increase continued into the fifties, with a 19.0 percent increase in the period from 1950 to 1960. In the 1 1960's to the present, the growth in population has returned to the overall, long-term decline that began before 1900. I In her article, "Social Aspects of Physical Planning, Elizabeth Howe discusses the impact of the "Baby Boom Generation" on planning for the needs of the physical, social, and economic environment.lg As the baby boomers age, communities have had to I respond to the growing need for additional community facilities, housing, goods and services, and employment opportunities. For the Nation as a whole, it has become difficult to manage the needs of I this generation, when-the reality is the "Boom Generations" needs may become the next generations -surplus. The potential for unwanted surpluses to occur in various sectors of the socio- economic environment is evident in what has occurred over the past I decade to the nation's educational system. From the 1950's through its peak in 1970, the elementary and secondary school enrollment grew substantially, requiring the building of new facilities. In R the 1980's, declining enrollments have required many communities to deal with the difficult decision of closing currently, underutilized facilities or retaining the facilities, at a I financial loss, in anticipation of the needs of the next generation. The assessment of needs and the determination of the best method to meet these needs will be the planning challenge for the next decade. I Traditional Family Change I The second event, changes to the traditional family, is a new phenomena which is beginning to impact needs assessment and planning. This change is visible in statistical data (i.e. age, marital status, employment) . The traditional family composition is I

18 What Lies Ahead - A Mid Decade View: 1985. United Way I of America

19 The Practice of Local Government Planninq, ed. by Frank I S. So. Second Edition. "Social Aspects of Physical Planning," Elizabeth Howe. International City Management Association (Washington, D.C.) 1988. pp.330 - 362. I 4-2 I a working husband, housewife, and several children. The non- ~I traditional counterpart has taken several forms; double-income families, single-parent families, unmarried couples, and single individuals living alone. The change occurring to family structure I is evident in the change in percentage of traditional to non- traditional families in 1960 (74 percent) as compared to the percentage for 1986 (57 percent).20 The changing family structure may impact the need for day care and other community facilities, I wider variety of housing options, increased mass transportation, more employment opportunities, and other socio-economic factors.

I Each community must assess it own population's growth and characteristics to determine the impact of the "baby-boom" phenomena and the change in family structure on the community. In I addition to studying the population within its own boundaries, the community should identify growth and characteristics of the population at the State, Regional, and County levels and its I neighboring communities. STATE, REGIONAL, AND COUNTY TRENDS

I Population trends within the State and Tri-County Region have , been affected in various manners by these national trends. Figure 4-1 presents the population trends for the State, the Region, and I the County. The State trend over the period is similar to the national trend. The -State experienced a decline in growth rate from 1920 to 1940. From 1940 to 1960 ( the "baby boom era") the population growth rate trend moved upward and peaked in the 1950 to I 1960 decade. The declining trend reappeared from 1960 to 1980. The obvious upward curve during the "baby boom" correlates with the national trend over the period.

The change in growth of the Tri-County Region follows the same path as the Nation and the State, however, the upward trend began ten years later. Growth peaked in the Region in the decade of the 1960's. This growth trend began in the 1950's, a decade later than the Nation and the State. After 1970, the growth trend began to decline. Unlike the State and the Nation, the "baby boom" may not be a justifiable reason for increases in the Regional population. The predominant reason for this Regional growth has been an expanding, diversified economy. Due to the difference in the occurrence of population increases, planning lessons learned today by the Nation and State may be valuable examples for future planning activities in the Region.

"Ibid. p. 333. 4-3 FIGURE 4-1 POPULATION TREND 1920 TO 1980 STATE - REGION - COUNTY - MUNICIPALITY

......

P e r C e n t C h a n Q e

7A 2.8 8 7.8 42 0.8 ad 7.9 8.7 17.2 I 13.3 18.6 9.8 28.3 32 1 l.7 20.1 10.7 17.8 20.0 121 26.7

Source: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1920 to 1980. I

I A recent report compiled by Tri-County United Way summarizes the characteristics of the Regional population, including: 1. Population growth, but at a slower rate than the past I decade, 2. Outward migration from urban areas, 3. Growth of the elderly population as a political and I market force, 4. Growth of female population faster than male population, 5. Shifts in age group populations, I 6. Growth of the minority population in a predominantly white community, 7. Increase in number of families, decrease in size, 8. Greater proportion of women in the work force, I 9. Percentage of high school graduates higher than the national percentage, 10. Poverty below state and national levels, and I 11. Decline in unemployment .” These characteristics impact planning activities at the local I level ( i.e. Cumberland County and West Pennsboro Township). An examination of Cumberland County census data shows the County‘s impact on regional trends (See Figure 4-1). For the I entire period from 1920 to 1980 the rate of growth in the County has been higher than.edther the State or the Region. The trend has corresponded to growth in the State,’ but does not correspond to the I Region’s growth. It may be concluded that while the County contributed substantially to Regional growth, the Regional growth did not keep pace with County growth. Growth has continued at a I higher rate than the Region throughout.the 1920 to 1980 period. Cumberland County recently adopted a countywide Comp-rehensive Plan.22 This Plan contains basic information about the County I population. In order to further understand the population trends shown on Figure 4-1 and explained in the previous paragraph, it is important to identify the location of the population throughout the County. The Cumberland County Plan divides the County into three I geographic areas as shown on Map 4-1. Table 4-1 lists the population, area in square miles, and density (persons per square mile) of each area. Figure 4-2 graphically depicts the percent-age I distribution of population and land area by geographic area. I

I Tri-County United Way, The Second Centurv - Tri-countv United Way: An environmental Scan. (Harrisburg, PA). I 1988. p.12. ’’ Cumberland County Planning Commission and Board of Commissioners, Cumberland County Comprehensive Plan. I (Carlisle, PA.) 1989. I 4-5 MAP 4-1 CUMBERLAND COUNTY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

0

NOT TO SCALE Source: Tri-County Reg onal Planning Commission, 1989 FIGURE 4-2 POPULATION DENSITY AND AREA -1 980 CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Cumberland West Cumberland East 9,305 &--

Cumberland Central Cumberland west 77,968 68.6

I CUI

Cumberland Central 220.8 Distribution of Population Distribution of Area (in persons) (in square miles)

Source: Tri-County Regional Planning Commission and the Cumberland County Comprehensive Plan, 1989. I

TABLE 4-1 1980 POPULATION, AREA AND DENSITY CUMBERLAND COUNTY Population -Area Density (Number (persons County Area of persons) (square mile) per square mile) Cumberland East 92 ,352 61.0 1022.2 Cumberland Central 77,968 353.1 220.8 Cumberland West 9,305 135.7 68.6 Cumberland County 179,623 549.8 326.7 SOURCE: Cumberland County Comprehensive Plan, 1989.

These figures and table show the density of population in the area decreases from the east to the west as the land uses change from urban to rural uses. It is not surprising that Cumberland East is the area of greatest population and density. Its proximity to the Pennsylvania State Capital, Harrisburg, has influenced significantly the growth and development of this part of the County. The mid-section of the

County (Cumberland I Central .is . the largest area, comprising approximately sixty-four (64%) percent of the total County area. Influenced by the growth of the County Seat in Carlisle, the density of population is second to Cumberland East with 220.8 persons/square mile and 1022.2 persons/square mile, respectively. Cumberland West (West Pennsboro is part.of this area) is the second largest area, but the least densely populated area (68.6 persons/square mile) in the County. High population density patterns also have developed along the major transportation corridors connecting Carlisle with the Harrisburg Urbanized Area.

The Cumberland Plan describes the age distribution, male - female composition, racial ethnic characteristics, and educational characteristics for the year, 1980. Factors influencing future populations are summarized on Table 4-2. The impact of these and other factors when compared with the local municipality provide information necessary to determine the future needs of the municipal entity.

4-7 I

I TABLE 4-2 1980 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS CUMBERLAND COUNTY SUMMARY I CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION TREND Age Distribution I Strong similarity to national and statewide characteristics Couples choosing to start II families later and to have fewer children Pre-School Age (0-4 years) Expected to decline after I the year 1985 School Age (5-17 years) Expected to slowly increase to the year 1995 I Work Force Age (18-64 years) Expected to grow by 5 to 6 percent every five years until 1995 I Elderly Age (65 years and over)- Expected to grow rapidly to the end of the century , Male-Female Composition - 1980 sex ratio (number of I males per 100 females) of 94.3 Female population growing I at a faster rate than male population - Smallest sex ratio in elderly age group I Racial-Ethnic Characteristics - 2.5 percent of population were non-whites I - Minority population increasing due to higher birth rates and in- migration I Anglo-Saxon ancestry Educational Characteristics Increase in number of I persons attending nursery school Increase in high school I graduation rate (72.9 percent in 1980) Increase in rate of persons attending college (64.6 percent of high school graduates.) Source: Cumberland County Comprehensive Plan, "Population/ Socioeconomic Profile," 1989.

I 4-8 I

POPULATION GROWTH TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP TRENDS The last comprehensive analysis of the Township was completed in 1969 with the assistance of Buchart-Horn, Consulting Engineers I and Planners.23 The Report contains valuable information regarding past growth trends, population patterns, population projections, and income characteristic. It is the intent of this section to I build upon this data by describing what has happened to the population since the 1960's; if population growth has occurred as expected and what realistic population projections and expectations can be made for the next twenty (20) years. This data is expanded I to include other factors, such as population by educational attainment and households/marital status. In order to provide a clear picture of the Township's relation to the region, this data I is compared to similar data for neighboring municipalities, the County, the Region, and the State. West Pennsboro Township's population has increased steadily I over the period from 1930 to 1980 (See Figure 4-1). The only drop in this growth period, although not dramatic, occurred from 1960 to 1970. This drop may be due, in part, to the end of the baby boom I and also to outmigration from the area in response to the downward swing of the economy. I Table 4-3 compares the population trends for the State, the Region, the County, the ' Township and its surrounding municipalities. Over the last thirty years, 1950 to 1980, all of the geographic entities have experienced positive growth, although I at various rates. In the decade of the 1950's, West Pennsboro's population grew by 20.9 percent c0mpare.d to the County's growth of 32.1 percent. Among the nine neighboring Township's analyzed, it I ranked third in the amount of population change for the period. In the next decade, 1960 to 1970, growth slowed down in the Township (12.4 percent). It continued to fall well below the growth change I for the County (26.7 percent) and ranked fifth among the neighboring Township's. A reversal of what may have been the beginnings of downward trend for the previous decade occurred in the Township in the 70's, with a 47.4 percent growth change for the I decade. In the 1970's the County pace had slowed along with the growth of the Region and the Commonwealth (13.6 percent, 8.8 percent, and .6 percent, respectively). The Township and its I surrounding municipalities experienced unprecedented growth with five of the municipalities having grown over 25 percent from the previous decade. West Pennsboro had the fourth highest growth change of these townships. While these statistics are useful in I assessing historic growth, it is necessary to make projections to assess the impact of future growth on the municipality. I

23 "West Pennsboro Township - Comprehensive Plan Report. I' West Pennsboro Township Supervisors and West Pennsboro Planning Commission. Planning consultant, Buchart-Horn, I Inc. (West Pennsboro Township). 1969. ,I 4-9 I I

I TABLE 4-3 POPULATION TRENDS AND CHANGE 1950 - 1980 SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES % Change %Change % Change I 1950 1960 1950-1 960 1970 1960-1970 1980 1970-1980 Pennsylvania 10,498,012 11,319,366 7.8 11,793,909 4.2 11,863,895 0.6 Tri-County Region 317,023 371,653 17.2 410,505 10.5 447,660 8.8 Cumberland County 94,457 124,816 32.1 158,177 26.7 179,625 13.6 I WST PENNSBORO 'PWP 2,161 2,612 20.9 2,937 12.4 4,329 47.4 Carl i sle 16,812 16,623 -1.1 18,079 8.8 18,314 1.3 Dickinson Township 1,936 2,025 4.5 2,416 19.3 3,037 25.7 Lower Frankford Tup. 485 620 27.8 813 31.1 1,261 55.1 Newille 1,788 1,656 -7.4 1,631 -1.5 1,370 -16.0 I North Middleton Tup. 3,208 5,079 58.3 6,572 29.3 9,785 48.9 North Newton Tounship 930 1,088 17.0 1,365 25.5 1,697 24.3 Penn Township 1,183 1,374 16.1 1,441 5.0 1,944 34.9 South Middleton Tup. 4,204 5,424 29.0 7,521 38.5 8,941 18.9 South Newton Township 715 847 18.5 874 3.2 972 11.2 I Upper Frankford Tup. 770 8 93 16.0 991 11.0 1,552 56.6 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Characteristics of Population and Housing, 1950 - 1980. NOTE: Information for the Tri-County Region (Dauphin, Perry and Cumberland Counties) is listed under the I Harrisburg MSA in the Census Data.

Population projections are necessary to anticipate and better I plan for future land use needs, size and characteristics of future markets, utilities, schools, parks, streets, and other services and facilities. Public officials need such information in determining I taxing policies, zoning, and other public matters. Determinations in this respect should be based on a population projection that is theoretical in nature but tempered-by judgments sensitive to the I area's future development potential. - It should also be realized that population increase does not necessarily mean economic growth. The relationship between the I economic health of a community and population is much more complex. In some cases, a decline in population might be a healthy development in order to raise the per capita income levels and I bring the labor force in line with employment opportunities. In most cases, however, population growth brings increased prosperity and development opportunities. I One of the problems with projecting populations for small municipalities, such as West Pennsboro, is they are more subject to error than projections for larger more highly developed areas. A I slight error in the estimate of a trend movement in the case of a large city might have little effect on the final results. In the case of small area analysis, the error might have serious impact on' I the validity of the results. The length of the forecast period will also have an influence on the validity of the projection. Obviously, the conditions that are likely to prevail within the next ten years can be estimated with greater assurance than those I that span a longer period of time. A variety of agencies have prepared population projections for I the Township. Table 4-4 and Figure 4-3 provides the projection data and graphically shows both the historic growth trend and projected growth to the year 2000 and 2010. The five data sources I are the West Pennsboro Township 1969 Comprehensive Plan, the 1982 I 4-10 Tri-County Regional Planning Commission (TCRPC) projections, the I 1987 Big Spring School District (BSSD) projections, and the 1989 Act 537 Official Plan. I The projections for the year 1990 range from a low of 4,952 persons (TCRPC) to a high of 5,605 persons (Act 537 Official Plan). Based on recent trends in housing (see Chapter 6-Housing) and the I average number of residents per household, the Act 537 projections appear to be a reasonable estimate of future growth. By the year 2000, the 1969 Plan shows the Township realizing unprecedented growth, over 2500 persons in the ten year period from the year 1990 I to 2000. The 537 Official Plan anticipates the Township realizing similar growth but predicts the development to occur at a much slower rate over a twenty year period from the year 1990 to 2010. I The 1982 TCRPC, 1987 DER, and 1987 BSSD projections predict a relatively slow rate of growth in comparison to the other two projections. Based on current trends, development in the housing market, and the growth of the Carlisle Area these-threeprojections I appear to have population gr-owth lagging behind reasonable expectations. I In summary, the Act 537 Plan projections appear to be a reasonable prediction of future growth of the Township. The predicted growth may both be realized if adequate infrastructure is I not in place or within easy access to support new development . activities (i.e. adequate roadways, sanitary facilities, and water) thus slowing development. I

TABLE 4-4 1 POPULATION COMPARISON WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP (in Persons). 1

’ 1969 1982 1987 1987 1989 YEAR PLAN TCRPC DER BSSD 537 PLAN I 1930 1658 1658 1658 1658 1658 1940 1837 1837 1837 1837 1837 1950 2161 2161 2161 2161 2161 1960 2612 2612 2612 2612 2612 1970 2937 2937 2937 2937 2937 1980 3683 4329 4329 4329 4329 1990 5492 4952 5067 5086 5605 2000 8019 5575 5597 6785 2010 5902 8278 SOURCE : West Pennsboro Township 1969 Comprehensive Plan - 1969 Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Projections - 1982 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Projections - 1987 I Big Spring School District Projections - 1987 West Pennsboro Township Act 537 Sewage Facilities Plan - 1989 I

4-11 FIGURE 4-3 POPULATION COMPARISON WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

- 1969 Plan -I-- 1982TCRPC -+-- 1987DER

-a- 1987BSSD -A- 1989 537 PLAN

Thousands 10

8 ......

6 ......

4 ......

...... 2, .

0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 201 0 I

Age - Sex Composition Characteristics I The distribution of the total population according to the age of residents is a key factor which can affect population growth. I In general, a balance among certain age groups must be sustained, if population growth is to take place. The age group from 15 to 34 years, for example, is the range of persons most frequently engaged in new household formations. This is also the prime childbearing I age group, and any substantial decline in their number will affect the birth rate. The age group from 20 to 64 is the segment of the population that comprises the local labor force and the group most I frequently engaged in home buying or building. Trends in the upper age groups from 65 and over should be examined closely, for they may reveal a need for housing and community facilities that are specifically suited to the needs of the elderly. I Figure 4-4 shows the age distribution for males and female for 1980. The age cohorts 6 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and 15 to 19 I years contain the school age population. According to the data, this age group comprised approximately 21 percent of the 1980 population. The distribution of the productive population (i.e. population comprising the majority of the work force) is indicated I by persons from 20 years to 64 years in age. Fifty-seven (57%) percent of the West Pennsboro population were in this age group in 1980. Elderly or retired population (i.e. 65 years and older) I represented nine (9%.).percent .of all persons. Both the preschool/school age and elderly/retirement age I population are of particular importance to a municipality because of their potential impact on community facilities/services (i.e. educational, retirement and nursing care). In 1980, four (4%) percent of the total population of the Township were between the I ages of 15 and 19 years, inclusive. This age group represented those residents who over the next five years would leave the available secondary education systems and either join the work I force or go on for higher education. It is assumed this group would be replaced by the students who in 1980 were 10 to 14 years old or eight (8%) percent of the total population, a four (4%) percent increase in the number of secondary education students in I the next five years. In 1980, seven (7%) percent of the population was comprised of children from 0-4 years. The seven percent represents an increase of new students over the five year period I following 1980. The increasing numbers in school age children will have an impact on the adequacy of current educational facilities. Discussion of this impact and future needs is found in Chapter 9 I Community Facilities and Services. In 1980, the elderly/retirement age group comprised nine (9%) percent of the population. Assuming the existing population of I individuals aged 60 to 64 years were to stay the same over the next five years, four (4%) percent of the population would enter the elderly/ retirement age group. Census data on the mortality rate I by municipality is unavailable. Without the data it is difficult I 4-13 n FIGURE 4-4 POPULATION BY AGE BY SEX WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

300 300

P E R 200 200 S 0 N 100 100 S

0 T 7 0 20-25 30-34 60-64 65-74 75-84 85+ FEMALE 179 171 90 1 MALE 184 202 190 163 178 95 T-kk AGE

FEMALE MALE

Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1980. Note: Ages 65 to 85+ are presented in 10 year increments. I to formulate an assumption regarding the impact this group will I have on the elderly/retirement population. For Cumberland County, population estimates by age cohorts were prepared for 1985.24 Based on these estimates, the elderly population in the County I increased by seventeen (17%) percent in the five year period. This increase will have a significant impact on retirement and other senior citizen facilities in the County. This impact may be realized throughout the County over the next decade, including West I Pennsboro Township. Male-female distribution directly affects future family I formation and subsequent birth rates. Traditionally, if the age groups 15 to 44 years old maintain a balance, one can anticipate the formation of new households at a rate necessary to assure population growth. In most cases, a higher proportion of females I to males is considered to be more favorable for a stable population. In 1980, females outnumbered males in all but one age cohort from the ages 15 to 44 years. Males exceeded females by I seven persons in the 30 to 34 age group. This information indicates the sex distribution of the population will have limited impact on population groyth. I Racial Composition Characteristics Table 4-5 indicates the racial composition of West Pennsboro I Township. The majorit-y of the.Township in 1980 was of white race, 99.6 percent. The Township had few Blacks, American Indians, Asians and Spanish origin residents. - I

TABLE 4-5 I PERSONS BY RACE AND SPANISH ORIGIN 1980 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP, CUMBERLAND COUNTY I (in percents) RACE I Persons American of Spanish Municipality White Black Indian Asian Other Origin I West Pennsboro 99.6 .1 .1 .2 .1 .3 Cumberland County 97.5 1.4 .1 .7 .2 .5 I SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1980. All figures have been rounded off to the nearest tenth percent. II I

24. Pennsylvania Population Estimates, July 1, 1985 and 1986. Pennsylvania State Data Center. p. 41. II 4-15 I I

I Educational Level Characteristics Table 4-6 shows the educational distribution for West Pennsboro Township for elementary, high school, and college I attainment. The Table compares the distribution for West Pennsboro with contiguous municipalities and the County. While West Pennsboro Township has a relatively high percentage of residents 25 I years and older, who completed four years of high school, 39.7 percent of the residents attained less than a complete high school education. Of the nine neighboring municipalities only three (i.e. I Carlisle, Dickinson, North Middleton) municipalities had a lower percentage than West Pennsboro for residents with less than a high I school education.

TABLE 4-6 YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED: I PERCENTAGE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OLDER SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES 1980 ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE MUNICIPALITY 0-8 YEARS 1-3 YEARS 4 YEARS 1-3 YEARS 4 + YEARS I Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Cumberland County 14,774 13.8 14,275 13.3 43,782 40.9 13,864 13.0 20,339 19.0 WEST PENNSBORO 'pwp. 543 21.5 460 18.2 1,083 42.9 157 6.2 279 11.1 Carlisle 1,657 15.5 1,587 14.0 3,680 34.4 1,177 11.0 2,581 24.2 I Dickinson Township 428 24.0 258 14.5 704 39.4 177 10.0 218 12.2 Lower Frankford Twp. 195 27-7 166 23.6 287 40.8 34 4.8 21 3.0 Newville 260 31.6 163. 19.8 287 34.8 44 5.3 70 8.5 North Middleton Twp. 1,119 18.8 761 12.8 2,076 34.8 705 11.8 1,298 21.8 North Newton Township 284 30.0 156 16.4 346 36.5 64 6.7 99 10.4 I Penn Township 256 23.3 208 18.9 474 43.2 69 6.3 91 8.3 South Middleton Twp. 1,042 19.2 776 14.3 2,382 43.8 605 11.1 631 11.6 South Newton Township 183 32.9 68 12.2 238 42.7 40 7.2 28 5.0 Upper Frankford Twp. 231 30.5 138 17.8 320 41.2 47 6.1 40 5.2 I Total Municipalities 6,198 19.8 4,741 15.2 11,877 38.0 3,119 10.0 5,356 17.1 I SOURCE: U. S. Bureau of Census, 1980. Approximately six percent and eleven percent of the Town-ship residents 25 years and older have attained one to three years of I college and four or more years of college, respectively. Carlisle, North Middleton, and Dickinson's Townships have a greater percentage of their target populations reaching college level I attainment than West Pennsboro. The other five municipalities have a lower percentage than West Pennsboro. When comparing the Townships to the County, the County has a higher level of I educational attainment than West Pennsboro. In general, in 1980, the majority of West Pennsboro residents 25 years and older attained a high school education or better; I however a significant number of residents attained less than a complete high school education. I Household and Marital Status Characteristics Table 4-7 summarizes and compares household characteristics I for the years 1970 and 1980. The data indicates the number of I 4-16 I households has increased significantly over the past ten years by I 66 percent. More single men and women are living on their own in 1980. This fact may be an indication of an increase in younger people leaving home before marrying and more elderly living alone. I The number of women living alone doubled in 1980, while men living alone tripled. Two or more person households headed by males only and females only represented 1.9 percent and 4.7 percent of the total household, respectively. I I TABLE 4-7 POPULATION BY HOUSEHOLDS/MARITAL STATUS 1970-1980 I

1970 - 1970 1980 1980 Number of Percent Number of Percent Households of Total Households of Total I One Person Households Male Only 17 2.0 67 4.8 Female Only 42 5.0 93 6.7 I Two or More Person Households Married Couple Family 728 86.5 1112 79.5 Male (No Wife) 10 1.2 27 1.9 I Female (No Husband) 45. . - 5.3 66 4.7 Non-Family Households I Male Householder N/A N/A 23 1.6 Female Householder N/A N/A 10 .7 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 842 1398 I SOURCE: U. S. Census - 1970-1980 I

Even though it appears that the percentage of two or more I person households with either male (no wife) and female (no husband) to total households is similar for males and decreased for females over the ten year period, the actual number of households have actually increased. The number of two or more person I households with males (no wife) have more than doubled (170 percent) and the number of female (no husband) have increased by 47 percent. I These increases in number of households and composition of households may have an impact on housing in the future. Increases in the number of households will increase the need for more housing I units. The increases in single person households and households with nontraditional families may increase the need for a variety of housing options (i.e. affordable single and multi-family units). I Chapter 7, Housing, further explains the housing stock for the Township, including the increase in the number and type of units, cost of housing, and the condition of housing. Chapter 16, Housing I 4-17 I Plan, examines the data presented in this Chapter and Chapter 7 to develop a plan to meet Township housing needs. POPULATION SUMMARY West Pennsboro Township has experienced several population and socioeconomic changes in the decade of the seventies (70,s). Observations of the Township by local official and staff indicate these changes are continuing in the 1980,s and 1990,s. Pop-ulation characteristics as evidenced from the 1980 Census and staff/field observations include:

1. An upward population growth trend in the Township and County; 2. Significant growth in population expected over the next two decades. 3. A continuing high percentage of productive age, and increasing numbers of school age children, and senior citizens; 4. A relatively even sex distribution; 5. A majority of-residents with high school education or better; a 6. A reduction in the number of families below the poverty line; 7. A majority of the families living on low to moderate income; and- 8. increase in the iuI;lber of two or more person -households headed by males only and females only. The data provides valuable information regarding the existing socioeconomic environment of West Pennsboro Township. These assumptions provide important input for the planning of the Township‘s future.

4-18 CHAPTER 5

ECONOMIC BASE

I A study of the economic resources and activities of an area is an essential part of the comprehensive planning process. The growth of an area depends to a great extent on existing economic conditions within the community and the surrounding area. In areas where economic conditions are sound, the potential for continued growth is enhanced. When adequate employment opportunities are available, a community normally experiences population growth and economic stability. Changes in the number of job opportunities produce changes in the resident population. As employment opportunities increase, the population and general development activity within the area also increase. As the employed work force of an area increases, the total wages and salaries paid within the area also increases. The resulting increase in disposable income places an increased demand on the provision of goods and services produced and sold within the area, thus making it more prosperous.

REGIONAL INFLUENCES West Pennsboro's economy has benefitted from its location in the Tri-County Region. The Region is one of the fifteen major labor market areas for the state. Factors which have influenced the early growth anddevelopment as- a major center are: 1. The strategic crossroads location, at a point where the Susquehanna River emerges from restricting mountain ridges into the junction of five valleys, making the Harrisburg Metropolitan Area the hub of Central Pennsylvania's colonial trade activity. 2. The rapid development as a transportation center. 3. The natural resources of the region. 4. The selection of Harrisburg as the State Capital in 1812 and the more recent government military establishments. 5. The increase in trade and industrial development, which followed the growth of the City as the Capital and as a transportation center.

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT

The early settlers to the area of West Pennsboro thrived on a local self-sustaining economy. As mentioned previously in Chapter 2, History, these settlers were dependent on the abundance of water resources in the area. Settlements surrounding the Big Spring, Conodoguinet Creek, Mount Rock Spring, and McAllisters Run became the economic activity centers for the area. Mills, taverns, distilleries, artisan shops, and retail stores provided economic support for the agricultural activities which were abundant in the area.

The mass production techniques and widespread use of steam and electrical energy, characterizing the industrial revolution, brought an end to the era of these small self-sustaining com- 5-1 I munities. Industries began to thrive in areas of concentrated I population. In Cumberland County these industrial centers developed around Carlisle, Shippensburg, and the communities located in the eastern portion of the County near the State Capital at Harrisburg. After WWII, agricultural acreage was reduced to I accommodate new housing, and the County economy shifted from mostly rural agricultural to urban/suburban commerce, industry, and services. For the small rural communities, such as West Pennsboro, I agriculture continued to play a primary role in the local economy. EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS I Over the last Century the small economically independent communities have become increasingly dependent on the economies of the surrounding communities and Region. The mobility of the 20th I Century has led to the separation and segregation of homeplace and workplace activities. Dollars earned in one community are not necessarily spent in the same community. Journey to work and I employment data provide valuable information about the interrelationships between the economic communities, shifts in employment patterns, and the composition of the local workforce. I Employment vs Unemployment Table 5-1 shows the increase in the number of workers 16 years I and over from 1970. to 1980.. Six of the ten municipalities, including West Pennsboro, increased in the number of total workers by over 40 percent in the ten year period. This increase I represents 3,884 new workers. Carlisle work force increased by only nine percent for the period, however in real numbers this represented 700 new workers by 1980. . The dramatic increase in number of workers represents an increase in population and I employed persons in the decade of the 1970's. It is expected these numbers will continue to grow through the next decade and into the 1990's. It can be concluded that the Tri-County Region, Cumberland I County, and the Cumberland County municipalities located adjacent to West Pennsboro Township have a growing employment base. I I I I I I 5-2 I I TABLE 5-1 TOTAL WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER REGION-COUNTY-SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY I 1970 AND 1980 PERCENT INCREASE I 1970 1980 FROM 1970 TO 1980 Tri-County Region 171,364 203,887 19 Cumberland County 60,715 84 ,042 38 WEST PENNSBORO TWP. 1,269 1,865 47 I Carlisle Borough 7,703 8,403 9 Dickinson Township 979 1,410 44 Lower Frankford Twp. 338 568 68 I Newville Borough 676 597 -12 North Middleton Twp. 2,474 4,589 85 North Newton Township 526 748 42 Penn Township 614 793 29 South Newton Township 414 424 2 Upper Frankford Twp. 350 628 79 I SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980.

I TABLE 5-2 PERCENT UNEMPLOYED WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER STATE-REGION-COUNTY-SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY I 1970 AND 1980

1- - PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT UNEMPLOYMENT- I UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT 2nd QUARTER 1970 1980 1989 a

State 7.4 5.1 I Tri-County Region 2.6 4.6 3.4 Cumberland County 2.0 3.7 2.6 WEST PENNSBORO TWP. 1.5 3.6 I Carlisle Borough 3.2 4.5 Dickinson Township 3.6 3.3 Lower Frankford Twp. 10.3 5.2 I Newville Borough 0 4.8 North Middleton Twp. 1.7 3.5 North Newton Township 1.7 4.5 Penn Township 4.1 3.1 I South Newton Township 3.6 5.1 Upper Frankford Twp. 3.1 3.7 I SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980. The percent of unemployment was calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons 16 years and over by the total number of workers in the I labor force.

a SOURCE: Community Labor Market Information: Harrisburg - Lebanon I - Carlisle Labor Market Area, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, 2nd Quarter 1989. The second quarter is April, May, and June. I Includes Lebanon County. I 5-3 The discussion on employment is offset by the description of I trends in unemployment. A problem that almost every community faces and must solve to remain economically healthy is unemployment. Table 5-2 provides historic unemployment data for I the State, Tri-County Region, Cumberland County, West Pennsboro Township and surrounding municipalities. For the State, Region, and County unemployment increased during the decade of the 1970's, however this trend reversed itself in the 1980's. The unemployment I rate increased in the period of the 1970's for the Township and seven of its neighboring municipalities. The economic recession of the seventies is evidenced in these statistics. It may be I expected, the 1990 Census will reveal the Township will have decreased unemployment as the Nation and Region recovered from the economic decline of the 1970's. I Journey to Work Characteristics Statistical data has been collected for work and travel to I work characteristics in the 1970 and 1980 Census of Population and Housing (U.S. Bureau of the Census). These data provide the Journey to Work information. It is important to note, these data I should be updated by addendum to this plan when the 1990 Census statistics are available. Work place information for the County and Township is . I summarized on Table 5-3, Workers 16 Years and Over by Place of Work. The vast majority (92%) of workers in Cumberland County worked within the Tri-County Region (i.e. Cumberland, Dauphin, and I Perry Counties) in 198.0. Of these.workers, 76 percent were working in Cumberland County. For West Pennsboro Township, 97 percent of the workers were working in the Tri-County Region. Ninety-six I percent of these individuals worked in Cumberland County. The statistics revealed, in 1980, that only eight percent of all workers in the Township worked within the confines of the Township; thus residents of West Pennsboro Township are dependent on I employment opportunities outside the Township. The historic trend in employment patterns (place of work) did not change significantly from 1970 to 1980. I

TABLE 5-3 I WORKERS 16 YEARS AND OVER BY PLACE OF WORK A CUMBERLAND COUNTY - WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

CUMBERLAND COUNTY WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of I CHARACTERISTICS 1970 1970 1980 1980 1970 1970 1980 1980~~ TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Total Workers 60, 115 N/A 18,273 N /A 1,209 N/A 1,732 N/A Tri- County Region 55,550 91% 72,330 92% 1,188 98% 1,677 91% I Same County 39,269 65% 55,285 71% 1,124 93% 1,614 93% Same Township N/A N/A N/A N/A * * 143 8% SOURCE : U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980. . Figures do not include workers that were not reported. Table 5-1 includes all workers. 1 * Information was not collected in the 1970 Census. I 1 5-4 I I Types of Employment State and County The Pennsylvania Abstract: A Statistical Fact Book has I documented information on employment by occupation in private industry .25 The Abstract divides occupations into white collar (salaried or professional occupations not requiring manual labor), and blue collar, (manual labor occupations). Table 5-4 shows this I information for the State and the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA including the Tri-County Region plus Lebanon County). State information was available for 1975, 1984, and 1985. Because the I MSA delineation was not instituted until after 1980, the information provided on Table 5-4 is only for the years 1984 and 1985. These state statistics show the shift from blue collar, labor intensive markets, to the white collar service and I professional markets. In 1975, 47 percent of all workers, or less than half of total workers were working in white collar jobs. By 1984, these workers represented more than half of the total I workers, or 52 percent. In one year from 1984 to 1985, the percentage of workers increased two more percentage points to 54 percent. The regional statistics reveal the trend towards white collar occupations, with 57 percent of the total workers working in white collar occupations in 1984; increasing one percentage point in 1985 to 58 percent. These changes reflect the change in market structure away from the traditional labor intensive industries of the past to the service-oriented industries of the present and ., future. The extent to which an area is able to provide employment opportunities for the changing market will have a direct impact on I the areas economic base.- and vitality. Market changes have had a dramatic impact on employment in Cumberland County, as evidenced by the information found on Table 5-5, a comparison of 1976 and 1986 employment in industries located in the County. As would be expected, all industries experienced growth in employment, however, the percent change in growth varied considerably when comparing different industries. The lowest changes were experienced in the blue collar industry (i.e. construction and manufacturing). All other industries increased their employment by approximately 50 percent or more. The greatest increases were in the finance, insurance, and real estate (76%); services (80%); and government (315%) industries. These increases illustrate the County's strength in attracting new markets to the area.

25. Pennsylvania Abstract: A Statistical Fact Book, 1987. Office of Economic Policy, Planning and Research. "Employment Covered by the Unemployment Compensation Law, by Major Industry Division in Pennsylvania, by County: First Quarter. 5-5 I I

TABLE 5-4 EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY I STATE AND MSA GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 1975 1984 1985 I STATE Total Employees 2,004,840 1,756,350 1,731,490 White Collar Occupations I Office/Mana ers 206,989 199,655 202,588 Profess+ona9 s 161,204 202,449 205,666 Technicians 100,706 108,953 106,640 Sales Workers 153,752 139,294 147,028 I Office & Clerical Workers 313,481 266,576 ,270,890 Total White Collar Employees 936,132 916,927 932,812 I Percent of Total Employees 47% 52% 54% I Blue Collar Occupations Craft Workers 300,343 208,278 203,270 Operations 461,172 328,633 308,507 Laborers 165,522 131,320 125,712 I Service Workers 141,671 171,192 161,189 ! Total Blue Collar Employees 1,068,708 839,423 798,678 Percent of Total I Employees 53% 47% 46% MSA Total Employees 95,728 109,857 White-collar Occupations I

Office/Mana ers N/A 14,227 Profess4ona9 s N/A 9,131 10,276 I Technicians N/A 6,036 7,174 Sales Workers N/A 13,558 17,138 Office & Clerical Workers N/A 13,521 14,736 I Total White Collar Employee N/A 54,476 63,551 Percent of Total I Employees N/A 57% 58% Blue Collar Occupations Craft Workers N/A 8,608 10,000 I Operations N/A 15,909 17,954 Laborers 9,212 9,919 Service Workers "E 7,523 8,433 Total Blue Collar I Employees N/A 41,252 46,306 Percent of Total Employees N/A 43% 42% I SOURCE: Pennsylvania,Abstract: A Statistical Fact Book, Office of Economic Policy, Plannin and Research,1977 . 1986, 1987. The Pennsylvania State jata Center was affiliated with the publicatlon of the 1986 and 1987 reports. I I 5-6 I I

TABLE 5-5 I EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRY IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY 1976 AND 1986 I (Employees) PERCENT INDUSTRY 1976 1986 CHANGE I Total Employment 53,880 83,845 56% Agriculture,forestry, and fishing 70 N/A N/A Mining 34 N/A N/A I Construction 2,594 3,273 26% Manufacturing 14,817 15,716 6% Transportation and I public utilities 4,521 6,725 49% Wholesale trade and retail trade 16,849 26,107 55% I Finance insurance and real estate 3,734 6,556 76% Services 9,198 16,568 80% Government state . I and local 2,063 8,562 315% SOURCE: Pennsylvania Abstract: A Statistical Fact Book, 1977 and I 1987. Office of Economic Policy, Planning and Research. "EmploymentCovered by the-Unemployment Compensation Law, by Major Industry Division in Pennsylvania, by County: I First Quarter.

I Table 5-6 and 5-7 shows West Pennsboro Township's contribution to the employment base by industry and occupation, respectively. The most recent data available is for 1980. I Table 5-6 compares the employed persons by industry for the years 1970 and 1980. In 1970, five industries each employed ten percent or more of the total employed persons in West Pennsboro I Township. These industries, employing a total of 797 workers, were construction (lo%), nondurable goods manufacturing (13%), durable goods manufacturing (22%), wholesale trade (11%), and I retail trade (11%). Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining industries (8%) and education services (6%) employed a combined total of 160 workers. The economic base became more evenly distributed among the different industries by 1980. The industries I which continued to employ over ten percent of the population included manufacturing of nondurable goods (17%), manufacturing of durable goods (13%), and retail trade (14%). These percentages I represent an increase in real numbers of nondurable manufactured goods by 184 employees, durable manufacturing goods by one employee, and retail trade by 158 employees. Several industries I had substantial increases over forty new employees: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining (45 new employees), communications and other public utilities (70 new employees), finance, insurance, I and real estate (53 new employees), health services (61 new 5-7 I I employees), educational services (97 new employees), other I professional and related services (46 new employees), and public administration (116 new employees). These statistics reveal the greatest gains of employed persons occurred in the nondurable manufactured goods industry, retail trade, educational services, I and public administration industries. The only industry which actually employed less in 1980 than 1970 was the construction industry (-20 workers). I Table 5-7 reveals the type of occupations these persons held within the industries for 1980. The highest percentage of total employedpersons 16 years and over by occupation was administrative I support including clerical services (17%). Combined with other white collar professions such as, the managerial and professional specialties (16%), technicians and related support (2%), sales I (7%), private household (3%), other service (8%), the total percentage of white collar workers was 49 percent. Blue collar workers were represented by the following occupations: farming, I forestry, and fishing (7%), precision production, craft and repair (12%), and operators, fabricators, and laborers (31%). Fifty-one percent of the total workers were blue-collar workers. Based on the 1986 data presented for the County (Table 5-5) and the trend I from white collar to blue collar occupations, it may be surmised that during the decade of the 1980's West Pennsboro Township will see a shift from blue collar to white collar workers. Generally, I the potential earning-power of whit-e collar employees will exceed the potential earning power of blue collar workers. As personal income increases, the Township may receive secondary economic I benefits from increases in spending power and growing tax revenues (see administration and financing). MARKET CENTERS I By using retail trade as an indicator, it is possible to geographically locate three market centers in the County. In 1986, I retail trade was ranked the highest employment industry in the County with 18,491 employees.26 The 1987 Census of Retail Trade enumerates retail employers by County municipalities (See Table 5- 8). Identified market centers are Carlisle Borough, Shippensburg I Borough and the communities of the West Shore. The closest and most influential market center to West I Pennsboro Township is the Borough of Carlisle. Twenty-five percent of all the Counties retail establishments were located in the Borough in 1986. These establishments contributed approximately $333,003,000 in sales and $34,397,000 in payroll to the local I economy and its environs. A secondary market center where residents may go to buy necessary goods and services is the Borough of Newville. The range of goods and services is relatively limited I to the variety offered in the Carlisle Area. I 26 . SOURCE: 1987 Census of Retail Trade, U.S. Census Bureau. I 5-8 I I

I TABLE 5-6 EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 AND OVER BY INDUSTRY WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 1970 - 1980 I 1970 1980 EMPLOYED PERCENT EMPLOYED PERCENT ------occtrpAT ION __ - __ TERSONS-- TF-TOTAT---PERSONS----OF TOTAL -- - - I Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Mining 91 8% 136 7% Construction 118 10% 98 5% Manufacturing Nondurable Goods 160 13% 344 17% I Durable Goods 2 62 22% 2 63 13% Transportation 64 5% 92 5% Communication, Other Public Utilities 9 .7% 79 4% I Wholesale Trade 130 11% 65 3% Retail Trade 127 11% 285 14% Finance, Insurance, t Real Estate 45 4% 98 5% I Business and Repair Services 25 2% 85 4% Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services 18 1% 27 1% Professional and Related Services I Health Services 15 1% 76 4% Educational Services 69 6% 166 8% Other Professional ti Related Svc. 17 1% 63 3% Public Administration 53 4% 116 6% I .- SOURCE : U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing 1970 and I 1980.

TABLE 5-7 .- I EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 AND OVER BY OCCUPATION WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 1980 I NUMBER OF PERCENT EMPLOYED OF OCCUPATION PERSONS TOTAL Managerial and Professional Specialty I Executive, Administrative, Managerial 135 7% Professional Specialty 175 9% Technical, Sales, Administrative Support I Technicians and Related Support 42 2% Sales 136 7% Administrative Support Including Clerical Service 342 17% Private Household 5 .3% I Protective Service Service Except Protective and Household 151 8% Farming, Forestry, and Fishing 148 7% I Precision Production, Craft and Repair 248 12% Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers: Machine Operators Assemblers Inspectors 289 15% I Transportation and Material Moving 128 6% Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, Laborers 194 10% I SOURCE : U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing, 1980. 5-9 I I

TABLE 5-8 I RETAIL ESTABLISHMENTS IN , CUMBERLAND COUNTY BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA, 1986 I

NUMBER OF PERCENT SALES ANNUAL ------.- -. - .- - .-. - .. . . - - - .. . . - . .- -ESTABLISH; ---OF-COUNTY-. -.I$l;DOD)...... pA~o.L-L MENTS TOTAL ($1,000) I County 1,231 1,662,288 173,353 Carlis le 310 25% 333,003 34,397 Shippensburg 70 6% N/A N/A I West Shore' 748 61% 1,149,454 118,656 Balance of County 103 8% 99,805 11,027

SOURCE : 1987 Census of Retail, U.S. Census Bureau. I A West Shore Communities include Camp Hill Borough, East Pennsboro Township, Hampden Township, Lemoyne borough, Lower Allen Township, Mechanicsburg Borough, New Cumberland borough, Upper Allen township, I and Wormleysburg Borough. I Carlisle Market Area The Carlisle market area has economically benefitted from its I centralized location in the midst of a regional intra-and inter- state transportation network. The economic advantages of locating within convenient access of the PA Turnpike (Interstate 76), I Interstate 81, U.S. Route 11, and State Route 34 has been an incentive for many large corporation's to locate in the Carlisle Area. Table 5-9 lists the major employers in the Carlisle Area, type of facility, and estimated number of employees. I I TABLE 5-9 CARLISLE AREA LARGEST EMPLOYERS NUMBER OF PRODUCT/TYPE OF I NAME EMPLOYEES FACI L ITY Carlisle Barracks 1,400 Military Installation Masland Industries 1,400 Automobile Carpeting, I Rugs , Textiles Roadway Trucking 1,100 Motor Freight Cumberland County 925 County Seat I Carlisle Hospital 850 Health Care Facility United Telephone Co. 761 Telephone Service & Sales PPG Industries, Inc. 750 Float Glass Carlisle Syntec Systems 650 Rubber Roofing I Kinney Shoe Corp. 664 Shoe Manufacturer Carlisle School District 600 Public Education K-12 Dickinson College 506 Private Liberal Arts I College ABF Freight Systems 500 Motor Freight I 5-10 I TABLE 5-9 (Continued) I CARLISLE AREA LARGEST EMPLOYERS NUMBER OF PRODUCT/TYPE OF I NAME EMPLOYEES FACI L ITY

I Carlisle Tire and Rubber Co. 400 Bicycle Tires and Rubber P roduc t s Frog, Switch and Mfg. Co. 400 Manganese Steel I McCoy Electronics 400 Electronic Components AMP, Inc. 385 Electronic Terminals Reeves-Hoffman 363 Quartz Crystals I G.S. Electric 260 Electric Motors Piezo Crystal Co. 181 Quartz Crystals Newville Shoe, Inc. 175 Children's Shoes S .L. Abrasives 160 Grinding Wheels I P.R. Hoffman 151 Quartz Crystals Valk Manufacturing 135 Machinery Borough of Carlisle 130 Municipal Government I Cumberland Publishers 125 Daily Newspaper Farmers Trust Co. 105 Full-Service Bank Eaton Dikeman Paper Co. 98 Fi1 t er Paper Carlisle Container Co. 90 Corregated Containers I .- SOURCE: Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for Carlisle Chamber of Commerce by Mosher-Adams, Inc., 1989.. "Carlisle Area Largest I Employers," p.21. I The Borough of Carlisle recently adopted a new Comprehensive Plan in June, 1988. The Plan proposes a number of economic development initiatives which when implemented will positively I impact the economic development of the area. One initiative will have secondary impact on West Pennsboro Township. This initiative I is: "Develop a Light-Industrial/Office Campus in the Western Part of Carlisle. This should be coordinated with business development in South Middleton and possibly Dickinson I Townships. The area is close to the I-81/Allen Road interchange. Open space, landscaping and screening of storage areas should be required. New residential development should I not be emphasized in these areas because they are remote from Carlisle's schools, parks and shopping areas and the area is I most suited to quality development for employment purposes.27rl

27 "The Carlisle Plan", prepared by Carlisle Planning and Zoning Commission, Project Consultant Urban Research and I Development Corporation, adopted by Borough Council, June, 1988. p.4. I 5-11 I I

The Carlisle Plan further describes measures needed to I accomplish this development including: 1. Treat the Ritner Highway Corridor as the critical area of new well-planned development. I 2. Acknowledge very limited highway access to the lands of ...... South Middleton. Carlisle must cooperate with South Middleton to provide suitable access. I 3. Avoid conflicts between heavy industrial and residential uses. 4. Realize the potential for cooperation between Carlisle and South Middleton. I 5. Develop the bulk of the land as a light industrial/office park. 6. Use well-designed development to attract more quality I development. 7. Provide for a smooth transition between industrial and residential uses. I 8. Provide a coordinated road network. 9. Achieve the development principles illustrated on the development concept map. 10. Consider a joint recreation system. I 11. Consider the improvement of the existing access road along 1-81 .'* I The Ritner Highway, Rt. 11/1-81 Corridor strategy impacts the Township along Ritner Highway. Development activity has occurred between Interstate 81, U.S. Route 11, U;S. Route 465 and U.S. Route 34. Major employers include G.S. Electric, Carlisle Syn Tec I Systems, Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company, and Kinney Shoe Company. As the Ritner Highway/I-81 Corridor develops westward, I necessary infrastructure to support the development (i.e. adequate roadways, public water, and public sewers) will be within reach of West Pennsboro Township. The expense of upgrading roadways to I support increased development and the provision of public water and waste water systems are often beyond the financial means of rural residential communities such as West Pennsboro Township. The acquisition of these infrastructure improvements may become a I reality when the economic base of the community is increased by commercial and industrial development. West Pennsboro's location adjacent to the Ritner Highway/I-81 Corridor would provide the I Township the opportunity to coordinate commercial-industrial development efforts with its eastern neighbors, thus increasing the economic opportunities and options for the Township as a whole. I INCOME LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS Family income is one of the most important indicators of a I municipality's economic well-being. Table 5-10 compares the distribution of family income in West Pennsboro Township to that of I Cumberland County. The Township had a higher percentage of I '*. Ibid. p10. I 5-12 _- I I

I families within each low to middle income cohort (i.e. under $2,500 to $22,499) than the County, with exception of the $12,500 to $14,999 cohort. These families accounted for 62 percent of all I Township families. I TABLE 5-10 DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME I 1979 West Pennsboro Township Cumberland County I No. Families % Families No. Families%Families Under $2,500 23 1.9 588 1.2 I $2,500-$4,999 19 1.6 821 1.7 $5,000-$7,499 42 3.5 1,571 3.3 $7,500-$9,999 71 5.9 2,376 5.0 I $10,000-$12,499 91 7.6 3,161 6.6 $12,500-$14,999 51 4.3 3,203 6.7 : $15,OOO-$17,499 111 9.3 4,143 8.7 $17,500-$19,999 170 14.2 4,280 9.0 I $20,000-$22,499 163 13.6 4,352 9.2 $22,500-$24,999 - 84 7 .p 3,740 8.0 $25,000-$27.499 78 6.5 3,556 7.5 I $27,500-$29,999 65 5.4 3,106 6.5 $30,000-$34,499 115 9.6 4,419 9.3 $35,OOO-$39,999 24 2.0 2,990 6.3 $40,000-$49,999 56 4.7 - 2,809 6.0 I $50,000-$74,999 34 2.8 1,760 3.7 $75,000-or More 0 .o 638 1.3 I TOTAL 1197 99.9 44,513 100.0 I SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Census - 1980. I Table 5-11 provides the percentage of families below the poverty line for 1970 and 1980 and compares these percentages for Pennsylvania, the Tri-County Region, Cumberland County, and West ~I Pennsboro Township and its neighboring municipalities. As would be expected from the previous discussion of income distribution, the Township has a slightly greater percentage of its population below the poverty line (3.6) than the County (3.5) in 1980.

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TABLE 5-11 PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES BELOW I POVERTY LEVEL SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES -1970 1980 I Pennsylvania 7.9 7.8 Tri-County -Region ------6 ;6 6.1 Cumberland County 4.3 3.5 I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 0.4 3.6 Dickinson Township 6.3 4.9 Lower Frankford Township 11.8 10.7 I North Middleton Township 4.0 3.6 North Newton Township 8.0 3 :9 Penn Township 3.4 8.7 South Middleton Township N/A 4.5 I South Newton Township 5.7 7.2 Upper Frankford Township 11.8 6.8 I SOURCE: U. S. Bureau of Census - 1970, 1980. NOTE : The percentage of families below poverty were not readily available at the municipal level. These I estimates were calculated from round 4 population counts from the 1970 Census. The calculations included the addition of all families below 1.00 ratio for family income to poverty. This sum was I divided by total .families to find the percentage of families below poverty level. I However, the percentage of families in the Township have decreased since the 1970 level of 8.4 percent. In comparing the Region and the State to the Township, the percentage of families below the poverty line in the Township was 2.5 and 4.2 percent less I than the Region and State in 1980. Of the eight adjacent municipalities only North Middleton Township had the same percentage of families below the poverty line (3.6%) as West I Pennsboro; the other municipalities had a higher percentage of total families. In general, the data indicates this region of the County has improved its economic status in the decade of the seventies, demonstrated by the overall decrease in percent of I families below the poverty line. Median family income is provided and compared at the State, I Region, County and municipal level on Table 5-12. West Pennsboro’s median family income is similar to the State median, $20,314 and $19,995, respectively. The Regional median income is approximately I $2,400 lower than the Township median. Cumberland County has the highest median income listed on Table 5-12, $22,076. West Pennsboro Township and the surrounding municipalities median income is below the County average. In 1980, West Pennsboro had the I second highest median income, of the municipalities within its immediate area. The Townships median was approximately $1,500 higher than the average for these selected municipalities. This I data indicates the Township‘s median family income is comparatively higher than the Region’s and many of its neighbors’ but is somewhat lower than the County. I 5-14 I TABLE 5-12 MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME STATE - REGION - COUNTY - MUNICIPAL 1980 1980 Pennsylvania $19,995 Region $17,891 Cumberland County $22,076 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP $20,314 Carlisle $19,594 Dickinson Township $19,600 Lower Frankford Township $16,944 Newille $16,673 North Middleton Township $22,047 North Newton Township $18,365 Penn Township $17,873 South Middleton Township $19,525 South Newton Township $18,068 Upper Frankford Township $16,386 SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, 1980.

ECONOMIC BASE SUMMARY- I Outstanding economic features of the Township include: 1. Location within the thriving Tri-County Region. 2. A diversified historic economy changed to an economy of interdependence on the Region, County, and surrounding municipalities. 3. Healthy rate of employment. 4. An increased Township unemployment in the 1970‘s and reduced unemployment for the Region and County in the 1980,s. 5. Location within a County experiencing a change in market structure from blue collar occupation dominance to white collar dominance and the consequent impact on the employment patterns of Township workers. 6. Beneficial location within the Carlisle Market Area, particularly adjacent to the Ritner Highway/I-81 Corridor. 7. A majority of the families living on low to middle I income. 8. A reduction in the number of families below the poverty I line. The economic base of the Township may have the ability to grow significantly over the next decade. The growth of the economy to I a large extent will be dependent on the Township’s willingness and ability to embrace the economic advantages and opportunities available to it by the Township’s unique location adjacent to the Carlisle market area. 5-15 I

I CKAPTER 6 I HOUSING Attractive houses and well-maintained resiuntial I neighborhoods are one of the most important assets of any community. Good housing not only assures a sound residential tax base that will continue to appreciate in value, but also assures that residents are living in an environment that is conducive to I healthful and satisfactory day-to-day life. The quality and condition of housing is extremely important to I the growth and prosperity of the Township. Where substandard or deteriorated conditions exist, positive public and private action is required to prevent the spread of these conditions and to restore these areas to sound condition. By analyzing existing I housing characteristics and evaluating housing conditions, those I areas of the Township which require such attention can be identified and recommendations for appropriate actions can be made. I The variety of housing types available and the cost of housing are , factors to be considered when evaluating the existing and future housing stock. It is the intent of this Chapter to examine these factors in the context of future planning initiatives. I .- The inventory of housing includes the discussion of the change in number of year-round dwelling units from 1970 to 1980; the I change in number of owner-occupied, renter-occupied, and vacant units; and the comparison of these Township statistics to the Region, County, and surrounding municipalities. Table 6-1 shows I the increase in year-round dwelling units for the period of the Seventies. The Regional (26.4%) and County (31.6%) percent increase in units was lower than most of the selected I municipalities. West Pennsboro Township (63.9%) ranked fourth highest in the percentage increase in housing units of the ten municipalities in its environs. In terms of actual numerical change West Pennsboro added 555 dwelling units to its inventory in I the 1970fs, only behind North Middleton (1313 units) and Carlisle (1268 units). The impact of the baby boomers growing into adulthood and forming new households produced the anomaly of I increases in housing during the economic recession of the Seventies. I I 'I I 6-1 I TABLE 6-1 YEAR-ROUND DWELLING UNITS 1970 - 1980 Percent Municipalitv 1970 1980 Chanqe Tri-County Region 137,940 174,319 26.4 Cumberland County 49,537 65,186 31.6 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 869 1,424 63.9 Carlisle Borough 6,014 7,282 21.1 Dickinson Township 741 1,048 41.4 Lower Frankford Township 237 407 71.7 Newville Borough 609 593 -2.6 North Middleton Township 1,882 3,195 69.8 North Newton Township 385 545 41.6 Penn Township 430 656 52.6 South Newton Township 291 334 14.8 Upper Frankford Township 266 448 68.4 SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980. I The housing stock of an area can be examined using many different parameters. One very useful way of determining the condition of housing is to examine th'e number of owner-occupied I units compared to renter-occupied units and vacant units. Table 6- 2 reveals in 1970, West Pennsboro Township had 842 owner-occupied units. By 1980, the number of units increased by 73 percent. By 1980, the number of renter-occupied units increased from 152 units I to 204 units or 34.2 percent. The number of vacant units decreased by one unit in the period, which decreased the gross vacancy rate in 1970 (3.1%) by 1.3 percent in 1980 (1.8%). Table 6-3 further I expands these data by enabling the comparison of the Township to the Region, County, and its surrounding municipalities. The Table shows a very high percentage of occupied housing. The only municipality falling below the ninety percentile range is Newville I Borough. West Pennsboro's vacancy rate is the second lowest of the selected municipalities. In addition, the Township has the third highest percentage of owner-occupied units (85.41, behind North I Newton and Dickinson townships. Consequently, West Pennsboro has a low percentage of renter-occupied units (14.6%) when compared with the Region, County, and other municipalities. I I I I 6-2 I I I TABLE 6-2 HOUSING INVENTORY: 1970-1980 I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Numerical Percent Characteristics 1970 1980 Chanse Chanqe I All Housing Units 869 1,424 555 63.9 Occupied Housing Units 842 1,398 556 66.0 Owner Occupied 690 1,194 504 73.0 Renter Occupied 152 204 52 34.2 I Vacant 27 26 -1 -3.7 Gross Vacancy Ratio 3.1% 1.8% I SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980. I TABLE 6-3 YEAR ROUND DWELLING UNITS BY OCCUPANCY STATUS AND TENURE: 1980 (percentage) I Owner Renter Municipalitv Occupied Vacant Occupied Occupied Tri-County Region 93.8 6.2 68.0 32.0 I Cumberland County 96.3 3.7 72.4 27.6 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSgIIP 98..1 - - 1.8 85.4 14.6 Carlisle Borough 94.5 5.5 48.9 51.1 I Dickinson Township 96.9 3.1 87.7 12.3 Lower Frankford Township 98.5 1.5 83.8 16.2 Newville Borough 87.2 12.8 61.7 38.3 I North Middleton Township 96.8 3.2 74.0 26.0 North Newton Township 97.1 2.9 86.0 14.0 Penn Township 95.0 5.0 82.7 17.3 I South Newton Township 96.1 3.9 85.0 15.0 Upper Frankford Township 95.7 4.3 82.3 18.0 I SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1970 and 1980. I I RESIDENTIAL UNIT DESIGN One important characteristic often ignored in the analysis of a community's housing conditions is the type of residential units. The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code as amendedby Act 170 I of 1988, places new emphasis on the need to encourage the consideration of a variety of housing needs for the community and it residents, including types and costs of housing. Table 6-4 I provides data about the residential mix in 1980. The vast majority of all housing was single-family detached dwelling units (78.4%). Thirty single-family attached units (2.1%) and 59 two unit I structures (4.1%) existed in the Township. Structures with 3 or I 6-3 more units represented 2.4 percent of all units in the Township. The second most prevalent type of housing unit was mobile homes with 12.9 percent of all housing units. Mobile homes or manu- factured homes play a very important role in communities with few housing options, such as West Pennsboro. The manufactured home is considered a single-family detached dwelling unit, as such, it offers a low to moderate income housing alternative to individuals who otherwise would be limited to rental units or smaller attached unit housing. TABLE 6-4 HOUSING INVENTORY: RESIDENTIAL DESIGN 1980 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Tvpe of Dwellinq Number Percent Single Family Detached Dwellings 1,117 78.4 Single Family Attached Dwellings 30 2.1 Structures with 2 units 59 4.1 Structure with 3 and 4 units 28 2.0 Structures with 5 or more units 6 .4 Mobile Homes or Trailers 184 12.9 SOURCES: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1980

POPULATION DISTRIBUT*IONBY HOUSEHOLD The distribution of persons among all occupied housing units is an important index of general household sizes and the types of housing that might be needed in the Township. Table 6-5 describes the average household size for the Region, the County, and selected municipalities. With an average household size of 3.05 persons per household, West Pennsboro Township has a higher average than the Region (2.72 persons), the County (2.71) and six of the nine surrounding municipalities. TABLE 6-5 HOUSEHOLD SIZE 1980 (Persons per Household) WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Persons/Household Tri-County Region 2.72 Cumberland County 2.71 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 3.05 Carlisle Borough 2.37 Dickinson Township 2.99 Lower Frankford Township 3.14 Newville Borough 2.65 North Middleton Township 2.98 North Newton Township . 2.98 Penn Township 3.12 South Newton Township 3.01 Upper Frankford Township 3.30 SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1980. 6-4 I

I SIZE OF DWELLING UNITS .It would be anticipated, the number of persons per households would have a direct correlation to the size of individual housing I units. The previous discussion indicated West Pennsboro had a relatively higher population distribution by household than the surrounding areas, in 1980. Table 6-6 reveals that the majority of 11 structures housing these households were of six or more rooms (57.4 %) . The median number of rooms per housing unit was 5.6 rooms. Structures with five or less rooms represented 42.5 percent of all I housing units. Structures with five or less rooms represent small housing units.

TABLE 6-6 ROOMS PER HOUSING UNIT: 1980 I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Number of Number of Rooms Dwellins Units Percent I 1 2 .1 2 10 .7 3 32 2.2 I 4 182 12.8 5 .- ,380. - 26.7 I 6 or More 818 57.4 TOTAL 1,424 99.9 I Median Number of Rooms Per Dwelling Unit: 5.6 SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing - Characteristics I of Housing Units, 1980.

I AGE OF DWELLING STRUCTURES The age of a structure can be useful in the evaluation of structural conditions. Although the age of a structure does not I necessarily imply its condition, it does point to areas where repairs, heating costs, and inadequate plumbing and electrical systems could be a problem. The age of dwelling units in West I Pennsboro Township is shown on Table 6-7. Examination of the Table reveals that approximately one-fourth of the housing units were built prior to 1940 or 23.5 percent of all units. Several of these structures represent historic properties which may be eligible for inclusion on the National Registry of Historic Places through the Pennsylvania State Historic and Museum Commission. The majority of the housing units in the Township were built since 1960. These 1077 dwellings represent 62.7 percent of all units. It appears that the decade of the 1980's will have greatest housing impact in the Township's history. 6-5 I

According to building permit records, since 1979, approximately I 370 units or 21 percent of all Township units have been built in the Township. The expansion of the Carlisle area, the increased accessibility, the attractiveness of country-living, and favorable economic conditions have been factors which have contributed to I the increase in residential building activity in the Township. It is expected this activity will continue into the 1990's. I

TABLE 6-7 I AGE OF DWELLING UNITS: 1980 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP I Year Structure Built Number Percent 1979 to 1988a 373 21.7 1975 to 1978 247 14.4 1970 to 1974 205 11.9 I 1960 to 1969 252 14.7 1950 to 1959 152 8.9 1940 to 1949 83 4.8 1939 to Earlier 404 23.5 I TOTAL 1716 99.9 I SOURCE: U.S. Census. of Population and Housing, 1980. a These data were approximated -'from Township Building Permit Data. I

HOUSING CONDITIONS I A reliable indicator of substandard housing trends are statistics reflecting units that lack complete plumbing facilities. I Table 6-8 describes the owner-occupied and renter-occupied units by completeness of plumbing facilities. The Census defines plumbing facilities as: I The category "complete plumbing for exclusive use" consists of units which have hot and cold piped water, a flush toilet, and a bathtub or shower inside the housing I unit for the exclusive use of the occupants of the unit. "Lacking complete plumbing for exclusive use" includes those conditions when (1) all three specified plumbing I facilities are present inside the unit, but are also used by another household; (2) some but not all the facilities are present; or (3) none of the three specified plumbing facilities is present. I In 1970, West Pennsboro Township had 9.6 percent of all housing units lacking complete plumbing; by 1980, this percent was I reduced to 2.6 percent. These statistics reveal the quality of the housing stock had improved in the period of the Seventies. I 6-6 I I

TABLE 6-8 I OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS BY PLUMBING FACILITIES OWNER/RENTER I 1970 - 1980 Characteristic 1970 Percent 1980 Percent Total Occupied Units 842 100.0 1,398 100.0 I With Complete Plumbing Facilities 761 90.4 1,362 97.4 Owner Occupied 637 N/A 1,170 N/A Renter Occupied 124 N/A 192 N/A II Without Complete Plumbing Facilities 81 9.6 36 2.6 Owner Occupied 53 N/A 24 N/A Renter Occupied 28 N/A 12 N/A SOURCES: U.S. Census of Population and Housing - Characteristics of Housing Units, 1980.

In order to more closely evaluate the Township's housing conditions, several areas of the Township were identified as having older residential structures. A windshield survey was conducted for these areas to determine the number of dwelling units which appeared to be sound, deteriorated, or dilapidated. Federally established criteria were used to ciassify structures by category. The following list describes the criteria used in the study. SOUND - Those structures having no serious defects, or only slight defects which normally are- corrected through regular maintenance such as lack of paint, slight damage to porch or steps, cracked windows, slight wearing or mortar between masonry units, and loose gutters or downspouts.

DETERIORATING - Those structures having one or more defects of an intermediate nature needing more repair than would be provided in the course of regular maintenance. Examples are open cracks, rotted, loose or missing materials over a small area of foundation walls, roof and floors; shaky or unsafe porch steps, roof, or railing; rotted window frames; missing bricks or cracks in the chimney, or makeshift chimneys, which are not serious enough to cause a fire hazard. Such defects are signs of neglect which lead to serious deterioration if not corrected. DILAPIDATED - Structures having one or more serious deficiencies which are so widespread and critical that the structure does not provide safe and adequate shelter, thus endangering the health and safety of the occupants. The windshield survey covered an area encompassing 226 dwelling units. Of these units, 181 were classified as sound or 80.l'percent. Of the remaining units, 44 units were classified as deteriorating or 19.5 percent and only one unit was classified as 6-7 dilapidated. Table 6-9 shows the breakdown by areas as shown on Map 6-1.

TABLE 6-9 HOUSING INVENTORY: WINDSHIELD SURVEY WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP AREA LOCATION SOUND DETERIORATED DIUIDATED Elliottson 6 3 (State Rt. 641) Plainfield 61 23 West Hill 50 2 (Rt. 641) T344 13 5 Greason 25 6 1 McAllister' s 14 3 Corner (US Route 11)

Adjacent .- 12. . - 2 Alexander Spring (US Route 11)

TOTAL ALL AREAS 181 44 1 SOURCE: Field Survey conducted by Tri-County Regional Planning ' Commission, October 1989.

VALUE OF HOUSING The value and cost of housing in the Township is another factor of major importance in the evaluation of the housing stock. The rapid rate of escalating housing costs, constant shifts in supply and demand, and the innate difficulties of estimating the actual "worth" of a dwelling unit make the establishment of a true current value figure for housing a very difficult task. The best available information for this data is the 1980 Census. This information should be updated when the 1990 Census data becomes available. Tables 6-10 and 6-11 provides information for the value of housing by owner-occupied and renter-occupied units, respectively. In 1980, the median cost of owner-occupied dwelling units was $46,000. Approximately, 37 percent of all homes were valued below $40,000. .The remaining 63 percent were priced from $40,000 or more. When compared to the Region, the County, and selected municipalities (see Table 6-12), the Township's median owner-

6-8

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occupied housing value was higher than the value for the Region ($41,8301, but lower than the value for the County ($48,200). Of I its neighboring municipalities, West Penn was second to North Middleton Township ($47,500). I Table 6-11 reveals that the median contract rent for the Township was $157, in 1980. Fifty-four percent of contract rents paid in the year were below $160. The remaining 46% were $160 or I more. Compared to the Region and the County (see Table 6-12), the Township's contract rent falls below these averages, $182 and $208, respectively. Five of the nine surrounding municipalities had either the same average contract rent or greater. I I

TABLE 6-10 I VALUE OF OWNER-OCCUPIED DWELLINGS: 1980 (1) WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Dwelling Units I Value Ranse Number Percent Less than $10,000 11 1.4 I 10,000 to 14,999 .- 21 2.6 15,000 to 19,999 22 2.7 20,000 to 24,999 - 32 4.0 I 25,000 to 29,999 57 7.1 30,000 to 34,999 73 9.1 35,000 to 39,999 * 82 10.2 40,000 to 49,999 175 21.7 I 50,000 to 79,999 281 34.9 80,000 to 99,999 31 3.9 100,000 to 149,999 18 2.2 I 150,000 to 199,999 1 .1 200,000 to More 1 .1 I TOTAL 805 100.0 Median Value: $46,000 I SOURCE: U.S. Census of Housing and Population 1980. (1) Non Condominium Units I I I I 6-9 .- I I I TABLE 6-11 CONTRACT RENT: 1980 I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Dwelling Units I Rent Number Percent Less than $50 4 2.9 50 to 99 18 13.0 100 to 119 14 10.1 I 120 to 139 13 9.4 140 to 149 8 5.8 150 to 159 18 13.0 I 160 to 169 7 5.1 170 to 199 25 18.1 200 to 249 20 14.5 I 250 to 299 5 3.6 300 to 399 4 2.9 400 to 499 2 1.4 I 500 or More TOTAL 138 99.8 I Median Contract Rent: $157 No Cash Rent: .. 24 I SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1980. I TABLE 6-12 I MEDIAN HOUSING VALUES AND CONTRACT RENTS 1980 Owner-Occupied Renter-Occupied I Municipality Housinq Values Contract Rent (Month) Tri-County Region 41,830 182 Cumberland County 48,200 208 ~I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP 46,000 157 Carlisle Borough 43,300 190 Dickinson Township 43,100 157 Lower Frankford Township 43,400 179 I Newville Borough 29,200 152 North Middleton Township 47,500 243 North Newton Township 42,800 162 I Penn Township 38,200 134 South Newton Township 38,800 135 Upper Frankford Township 41,300 132 II SOURCE: U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1980. I 6-10 I I

The increase in the cost of housing since 1980 is provided on I Table 6-13, average cost of construction for new dwelling units. The Table covers the period from 1984 to 1988. Since 1984 the average costs for the County have increased by 39.2 percent. The average cost in the Township has increased by 68 percent. In 1984, I the average cost was approximately $35,000, increasing to $59,000 by 1988. Dramatic increases occurred in several of West Pennsboro’s neighboring communities: Dickinson Township, Lower I Frankford Township, and Penn Township. I TABLE 6-13 AVERAGE COSTS OF CONSTRUCTION/NEW DWELLING UNITS 1984 - 1988 I WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

Municipalitv 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 I Cumberland County 45,636 51,801 54,166 59,430 63,529 WEST PENNSBORO TWP. 35,057 57,702 54,742 50,512 59,040 Carlisle Borough 50,427 50,428 60,435 63,268 69,085 I Dickinson Township 35,737 55,415 62,826 53,833 62,991 Lower Frankford Twp. 27,923 54,289 49,477 54,785 43,087 Newville Borough 33,510 31,638 37,488 38,719 35,258 I North Middleton Twp: 50,431 - 57,-090 60,313 60,978 65,236 North Newton Twp. 37,857 45,320 34,392 50,929 46,333 Penn Township 28,656 37,787 35,585 38,016 54,100 I South Newton Twp. 40,836 37,249 30,448 64,879 50,017 Upper Frankford Twp. 39,581 33,356 44,429 45,524 53,792 SOURCE: Cumberland County Planning Commission, based on I information provided by the Cumberland County Tax Assessment Office. I

SUMMARY I The following conclusions can be made regarding the status of West Pennsboro‘s housing conditions: I 1. In spite of the economic recession of the 1970‘~~the number of Township housing units increased in the decade. Information on the age of dwellings indicate the Township I is experiencing unprecedented growth in the 1980,s. 2. The majority of the dwelling units in the Township were owner-occupied, single-family residential units. I 3. The Township has a population distribution by household higher than the Region, the County and majority of I surrounding municipalities with 3.05 persons. per household. I 6-11 I I

4. The majority of housing structures were built since 1960, I however approximately one-fourth of all units were built prior to 1940. Numerous historic properties are located within the Township, which may warrant further research I for cultural preservation. 5. The condition of housing in the Township is relatively sound. The number of housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities had decreased from 1970 to 1980. A windshield survey revealed few deteriorating structures in the area and only one dilapidated structure. 6. The value of housing was higher than most of the surrounding municipalities. The value of new housing continues to increase dramatically in the 1980's. 7. Contract rents appear to be relatively moderate when compared to the Region, County, and surrounding I townships. I I I I

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6-12 I

I CHAPTER 7 LAND USE I The discussion of existing conditions of the Township would be incomplete without the discussion of the current use of the land. The distribution of various uses throughout the Township has .a I direct impact on the physical and socioeconomic environment, as well as an influential effect on future land use patterns. Information gathered through the existing land use inventory serves as part of the Township's multi-faceted inventory of resources and, I together with other factors, provides the basis for recommendations regarding future land use. I The existing land use inventory includes the Existing Land Use Map, Map 7-1 and a written description of each use in the Township. The completion of this task required a variety of information sources : windshield inspections, Township property map, I development records, tax assessment files, and personal interviews. Table 7-1 shows the statistical results of the inventory by land use classifications, total land parcels in each use, and the I percentage of each use to total land area in the Township. I *- TABLE.7~1 1989 EXISTING LAND USE ESTIMATE

I Percent of Number of Total Land Estimated Percent Land Use Land Parcels . Parcels Of Land Area I Residential 1425 70.9% 11.5% Single-Family 1115 Mult i-Family 8 Mobile Homes 76 I Mobile Home in Parks 202 Miscellaneous 24 Comerc ia 1 38 1.9% 1.8% I Agriculture 22 6 11.2% 81.8% Public/Semi-Public 30 1.5% 1.7% I Vacant Land -2 92 14.5% 2.6% TOTAL AVAILABLE LAND PARCELS 2011 I TOTAL TOWNSHIP AREA: Approximately 30.4 square miles. I SOURCE: Cumberland County Tax list, 1988. Six categories of land uses exist in the Township. These uses I are residential, commercial, industrial, agriculture, public/semi- public and vacant. Table 7-1 does not include calculations for industrial land uses. Map 7-1 distinguishes transportation and I light manufacturing activities as industrial uses. This 7-1 I I distinction was not made on the tax assessment records, therefore I these activities appear in other land use categories. Based on the mapping .1 percent of the land use is industrial. The Existing Land Use Map reveals the prominence of agriculture in the Township. Other land use features in the area reveal pockets of residential I development and few areas of commercial, industrial, and public/semi-public activities. Vacant lands are scattered throughout the Township. I RESIDENTIAL LAND USE I Residential land uses rank second (11.5%) in the estimated percent of land area, however, these uses rank first (70.9%) in total number of land parcels. Residential uses are concentrated around historic villages and in new subdivisions. The historic I villages include Elliottson, Plainfield, Greason, West Hill, Mount Rock, Bears Crossroads, and Big Spring. Four large subdivisions are at different stages of development, Heights, Cross Road School I Road Estates, Pennsborough Farms, and Cedar Court. The majority of the residential units in these areas are single family units. Table 7-1 shows the distribution of residential parcel types. Approximately 78 percent of all parcels are single-family I residential. Without extensive public utilities (i.e. water and sewer), it is not feasible to develop an abundance of multi-family dwelling units as demonstrated by the number of multi-family I parcels, 8 parcels -or .6 percent- of all residential parcels. Mobile homes, either located on separate parcels or in mobile home parks, represents 19.5 percent of the residential parcels. I Miscellaneous units may include seasonal cottages and represent 1.7 percent of all residential parcels. COMMERCIAL LAND USE I The Cumberland County Tax Assessment Records listed 38 commercial parcels in 1988. These uses include office, retail, I general commercial, and warehousing. The proportion of the Township devoted to these activities is minimal compared to the total land parcels (1.9%) and total land area (1.8%) . The majority of these activities are located along Route 641, the Carlisle- I Newville Road and U.S. Route 11, the Ritner Highway. No extensive concentration of commercial activities exist in the Township. The commercial activities serve the needs of the community, but are not I of the type or magnitude to have regional service areas. The limited range of commercial activities offered locally requires the community to purchase a substantial portion of their goods and services in other municipalities. Chapter 5, Economic Base, I describedthe residents reliance on the Newville and Carlisle areas for commodities and services. I INDUSTRIAL LAND USE I Only nine industrial land uses appear on the Existing Land Use Map. These uses include transportation businesses, a rendering operation, several light industrial/manufacturing activities, and I 7-2 I an abandoned mineral recovery area. The limited number of industrial uses do not contribute significantly to the Township tax base. The lack of adequate infrastructure (i.e. roadways, public water and public sewer) has been an impediment to industrial growth. AGRICULTURAL LAND USE The previous discussion of prime farmland describes the location of extensive areas of this agriculturally-significant land. These lands were shown on Map 3-5 of this Report. The Existing Land Use Map locates existing farmed areas of the Township. A comparison of these two maps reveal that existing agricultural activities are taking advantage of the prime farmland soils. The 226 parcels represent only 11.2 percent of total land parcels in contrast to 81.8 percent of the total land area. This information reveals that farm parcels are large parcels with extensive acreage. One challenge the Township will need to address are methods of preserving this valuable resource. PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC LAND -USE These land parcels include cemeteries, recreation areas, municipal facilities, schools, churches, and church affiliated lots. The assessment records have listed thirty parcels in this category. These thirty parcels represent 1.7 percent of the total land area. VACANT LAND USE The 292 vacant land parcels are located throughout the Township. Concentration of vacant parcels are noticeable in areas of new 'subdivisions with ongoing development activities (i.e. Pennsborough Farms, Cross Road School Road Estates, and Cedar Court). These vacant lands are slated for residential development. In 1988, vacant land comprised 2.6 percent of the total land area of West Pennsboro Township. SUMMARY The previous discussion describes the development in the Township. Maintaining a rural, agricultural setting the areas are typified by pockets of residential development and sparse commercial and public/semi-public uses. It is anticipated the potential for development and growth will be tempered by the desire to preserve prime farmland resources.

7-3 JN C:K I

COMMERCIAL

CONSERVATION CHAPTER 8 TRANSPORTATION I OVERVIEW/REGIONAL CONTEXT

TheHarrisb_uraAreaTrVartAtinn&([HATI w- '4naL Classification/Federal-aid System Maps indicate that West Pennsboro Township is a rural township that lies just west of the Carlisle Urban Area. As a rural township, it contains one arterial roadway, the Turnpike, and two minor arterials, PA 233 and 641. U.S. 11, a I major collector, forms the southeastern boundary of the Township. Agriculture, vacant and scattered residential land uses are predominant. The major travel demands are work trips to areas I outside of the Township (Shippensburg, Carlisle, and the West Shore Area) in the morning and return trips in the afternoon-evening. Interstate 81, which lies just to the southeast of the Township has interchanges in neighboring townships and serves inter-and intra- I regional travel. The Harrisburg and .Carlisle Areas are well served by a good I Interstate and limited-access highway system, as well as by bus, rail, and air transportation. Capitol Area Transit (CAT) serves Carlisle, with its fixed-route bus system. A Greyhound bus terminal also exists in Carlisle. Major regional bus, rail and air I terminals are available in or near Harrisburg, some 20 to 25 miles to the east. I Table 8-1 provides travel information from the 1980 Census. The place of work information indicates that West Pennsboro Township is a "bedroom community" in that only eight percent of its I workers in 1980 worked within the Township. Eighty-eight percent of 'the Township's workers use a car, truck, or van for commuting which is understandable given the rural nature of the Township and I the lack of public transit service in it.

8-1 TABLE 8-1 TRAVEL INFORMATION Workers 16 Years and Over West Pennsboro Cumberland County Place of Work:

Within MCD of Residence 143 (08%) 16,759 (20%) Outside of MCD of Residence Harrisburg City 41 (02%) 12,185 (14%) Remainder 1,548 (83%) 49,329 (59%) I Not Reported 133 (07%) 5,769 (07%) Means of Transp. for Work : I Car, Truck or Van Drive Alone 1,220 (62%) 55,400 (66%) Carpool 522 (26%) 18,137 (22%) I Public Transportation 35 (02%) 1,543 (02%) Walked Only 76 (04%) 5,771 (07%) Other Means 7 (00%) 1,039 (01%) I Worked at Home 110 (06%) 1,890 (02%) Mean Travel Time (min.).. 21.4 I Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1980 I TRANSPORTATION INVENTORY I According to 1986 PennDOT records, there were 27 miles of state highways and 47 miles of local roadways in the Township. Because of PennDOT's llturnbackl'program and because of the construction of new local roads within subdivision, the mileage of I local roadways will continue to increase. The estimated Annual Average Daily'Traffic Volumes (AADT) for 1989 are low on most of the state highways in the Township except for the following I moderate and high volume roadways: -Turnpike (15,200 vehicles per day) I -PA 641 (4,360 - 6,120 vehicles per day) -PA 233 (3,940 vehicles per day) -U.S. 11 (2,120 - 7,940 vehicles per day) I Table 8-2 lists the state highways in the Township and contains cartway width information. Pavement widths of less than 20 feet can probably be considered substandard, hence, four of the I state highways contain substandard cartway widths. The network designations of the state highways are also shown in Table 8-2. The networks include the Priority Commercial Network (PCN), the Agri-Access Network (AAN) and the Industrial-Commercia1 Network (I- I CAN)-. The PCN, AAN and I-CAN Networks are all priority networks in PennDOT's and HATS' transportation planning program. I 8-2 I TABLE 8-2

STATE HIGHWAY INFORMATION I Tra fic Route SR Total Defi- Est. Network Num./Rd. Name Number Cartway cient AADT Width Width -1989 0011 2 4-2 6--. No 2120-7940 PCN PA 233 0233 18-24 Yes 3940 PCN I PA 641 0641 20 No 4360-6120. PCN I Spring Road 3007 14 Yes 575 Kerrsville Road 3015 14-18 Yes 720 I Blosserville Rd. 4021 20 No 1580 I Old Mill Road 4025 16-18 Yes 150 Source: PennDOT Roadway Management System; HATS Network Map

~~ I .. Map 8-1 shows the HATS functional classification scheme for roads in the Township. Table 8-3 provides generic information I regarding the functional classification of roads. In the Plan Section of the Comprehensive Plan, an attempt will be made to develop a classification system that will be consistent with HATS' classifications and with local planning needs. In addition to I those roadways classified as collector or higher by HATS, other local and perhaps state roadways may warrant a collector classification. This could involve establishing a hierarchy of I collector roadways that would possibly include: major, minor and local collectors. I There are currently no signalized intersections in the Township, although a flashing signal has recently been installed at the intersection of PA 233 and U.S. 11. There are no posted bridges in the Township that would be eligible (20 feet or greater I span) for federal improvement funding. In 1989 the Township is receiving about $85,000 of liquid fuel I tax money and $27,000 of "turnback" money from the state for roadway improvements. Additionally, the Township budgeted approximately $170,000 from its general fund in 1989 for roadway work. The Township currently has a four man highway crew and I various equipment. I I 8-3 I FUNCTIONAL CLBSSIFICATION INFORMATION

ARTERIAL COLLECTOR LOCAL

sub- I -Limited Access/Interstate -Major Classifi- I -Other Princ. Arterials -Minor cations I -Minor Arterials I I Mobility vsl Mobility of utmost importance Mobility and land access of Land access of utmost Access I equal importance importance I Trip I Typically used for longer trips Short to medium distance Typically used for short trips Distance I (inter and intra-state, inter- intra-regional trips 6 for and for accessing higher order I region h longer intra-region 6 accessing arterial and local systems I . I intra-County trips) systems I Traffic I Highest volume roadways; Moderate volumes in general Low volume roadways Volumes I moderate to high volumes on I most arterials I Design I Limited, partial and unlimited No access controls; moderate No access controls; Minimum Features I access controls; widest 'ROW'S, to minimum ROW, cartway and ROW, cartway and shoulder I cartways and shoulders; often shoulder widths; often 2 widths; often 2 lane I 3 or 4 lane facilities lane facilities facilities I

~~ Speeds I Typically 35-55 mph Typically 35-45 mph Typically 25 mph 1 Through/ I Minimal interference to thru Balanced through and local Through travel discouraged; Local I travel; local travel discouraged travel local travel encouraged Travel I esp. on limited access roads I Relation I Most important connections with Connects with Arterials and Primarily connects with other to Other 1 other arterials and collectors Locals: locals and collectors Systems I usually via grade separated -Coll./Art. intersections -Most intersections of locals I interchanges or signalized often signalized with other roadways are stop I I intersections -Coll./Local intersections controlled I often stop controlled I

Source: TCRPC

Current right-of-way and cartway design standards found in the Township's Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance areI illustrated In Table 8-4.

8-4 I TABLE 8-4 STREET RIGHT-OF-WAY W-Y4ZBT44QWXaNTS WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

Class of Street Right-of-way Minimum Pavement Width Width

Minor 50 feet 36 feet I Marginal Access 40 feet 26 feet Cul-de-sac 50 feet 36 feet Collector 60 or 80 feet as required Arterial or Limited as req. /PennDOT as req./PennDOT I Access

I Source: West Pennsboro Township - Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance - 1975 I I I I I I I I I I 8-5 I

I CHAPTER 9 COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES I Local municipalities are compelled to provide various public and semi-public facilities and services to accommodate the

re si den t s needs for he a 1t h , sa f e t yJ-~ _educati-onan_d_cu l.tur.e,- Affecting the demand for these items are the amount of physical I- development within the municipality, the population characteristics, and the municipality's fiscal resources to I accommodate these needs. Focusing on community facilities and services, this Chapter of the Comprehensive Plan extracts each relevant facility and service and scrutinizes their existing physical characteristics and I functional adequacy. The adequacy and availability of the various community facilities are extremely important to the Township residents since they reflect the quality, convenience, and general I character of West Pennsboro Township as a place to live. -. I SCHOOLS The quality of life within a community is important to all its members. Collectively, the educational institutions, the family unit, the churches, the community businesses and the local I government assist students in preparing for the future and in discerning their role in the commun-ity. I The public school system in West Pennsboro Township is governed by the Big Spring School District. This school district is comprised of six public elementary schools, one middle school, I and one high school. Public Schools I The six public elementary schools in the Big Spring School District include Centerville Elementary, Frankford Elementary, Jacksonville Elementary, Mifflin Elementary, Plainfield Elementary I and the Newville Elementary. From this list, only the Plainfield Elementary is located in West Pennsboro Township. The Oakville Elementary School used to be part of the Big Spring School District, but this seven acre complex was recently sold. The Big I Spring Middle School and the Big Spring High School are both located in an adjacent complex in West Pennsboro Township. I The Big Spring School District is currently in-theprocess of implementing its "Long Range Plan For School Improvement, which it initiated in September, 1987." The purpose of the five-year I development plan is to upgrade educational goals and objectives and suggest measures to implement these goals in the classrooms. I 29 Big Spring School District, Long Range Plan For Schopl I Improvement, September 1987. 9-1 I I

Specifically, the School Board delineated district management goals which aim at improving negotiations with teachers; developing I an equitable administrative evaluation policy; revise district policies on health, student activities, and curriculum; study class size and attendance patterns; expand communication between the I school board and the administration; and improve vocational - - - guidance for students. In addition, the--pl,an-c-o-ntains---a-!!Needs _--. ___ Assessment'' section that analyzes the local demographics, future population projections, facility capacity, employment trends, I financial statistics, and vocational-technical education. As indicated in the Educational Facilities Questionnaire I conducted by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, enrollments in the Big Spring School District have decreased by approximately 4.5% from 1977 to 1987. Projections indicate this I enrollment trend is expected to reverse itself by 1992 with a projected 3.2% increase from 1987 to 1992. Plainfield Elementary School, located at 7 Springview Road in I Plainfield, currently extends its educational services to 317 students in kindergarten through fifth grades. With the exception of students from the surrounding area within walking distance to I school, all students are bused to these facilities, which encompass ten acres and were originally built in 1954. Included in the building are 14 classrooms, offices, a faculty room, and one all I purpose room with ki.tchen facilities and a small stage area. The outside recreational facilities consist of two basketball courts, two softball fields, and a playground area containing swings, slides and a merry-go-round. I An addition to the original edifice of Plainfield Elementary School was completed in 1967, thus increasing the student capacity I to 390. To accommodate special classes, construction has begun on two mobile classrooms. Located next to the school, these rooms will be occupied by the fifth graders. In 1978 renovations were performed to the one story building to modernize classrooms and I equipment. As a result of these alterations, the condition of the Plainfield Elementary School is considered "very good" by the Big Spring School District. I The Big Spring Middle School and High School are physically contiguous, but operated separately administratively. The Middle I School occupies an area of twenty acres. The one story building contains forty classrooms, offices, a faculty room, a library, a cafeteria with a satellite kitchen (food is not prepared at this location) and a seating capacity of 280, a gymnasium with an indoor I pool, a stage area next to the gym, shower facilities, and music and art areas. Students from the sixth to eighth grades attend this school. The building was completed in 1968 and is considered I to be in good condition. At present, 720 students are registered in this 900 student capacity facility. The students at the Middle School utilize the baseball field I that is located just outside the building. In addition, they share the football field, practice football field, and soccer/field I 9-2 I I

I hockey field that are located behind the Middle School. These facilities are utilized by the school's athletic teams and local civic organizations such as the Scouting programs, little league organizations, the Parents Teachers Organization, womens' clubs, I the YMCA and YWCA, and the Lions Club. During the summer, the school offers an aquatics program to the public which offers life saving -programs-and -a -f reekopen swim -pr.ogram..----The-large -indoor - I swimming pool attracts many to these classes year round. In addition, the school allows private organizations or individuals to rent rooms for events through a contractual agreement. I The Big Spring High School covers a forty acre tract of land. The facilities were constructed in 1955 and were renovated in 1980. The student capacity remains at 1,507; currently 977 students are I enrolled at the senior high school, which includes students in the ninth through twelfth grades. All of these students are currently bussed to school each day. Indoor facilities include forty classrooms, a gymnasium, a cafeteria with a preparation kitchen, a I library, music and art facilities, faculty rooms, administrative offices, and an auditorium with a 1300 seating capacity. The school district offices are located in a wing of the high school I building. Seven offices and a board room comprise the district facilities. I The Senior High School maintains the same policy as the Middle School, of allowing non-profit.organizations to freely utilize the facilities and charging private organizations and individuals a fee I for the privileges. Table 9-1 reveals several characteristics regarding these three schools located within West Pennsboro, as well as the other I elementary schools within the Big Spring School District. All of the elementary schools appear to occupy similar amounts of land, and the conditions of the buildings seem to be relative to the year I in which the edifice was constructed.

I TABLE 9-1 PUBLIC SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS 1989 I Year Enroll- Capa- Name Built Acres Condition ment citv Centerville Elementary 1925 10 Fair 185 270 Frankford Elementary 1954 10 Very Good 144 210 I Jacksonville Elementary 1932 10 Fair 148 210 Mifflin Elementary 1954 10 Good 167 201 Newville Elementary , 1963 10 Very Good 525 540 I Plainfield Elementary 1954 10 Very Good 317 390 Big Spring Middle School 1968 20 Good 720 900 I Big Spring High School 1955 40 Good 977 1,507 SOURCE: Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, "Educational 1 Facilities Questionnaire, 1988. 9-3 I I

Vocational Technical Schools I Each year 800-900 students enroll at the Cumberland Perry Vocational Technical School on Willow Mill Road in Silver Spring Township approximately one mile north of U.S. 11. Students from I West Pennsboro Township take advantage of the 53 acre public --facili&ies -which- -extend -a - diverse curriculum --focusing-'on trades/industrial, health, home economics and technical coursework. I Currently, there are no plans for future enlargement of this facility. I Non-Public Schools For a listing of non-public school facilities located in or near West Pennsboro, please refer to the Pennsylvania Department of I Education Directory of Licensed Private Academic Schools, 1988. HIGHER EDUCATION I While there are no higher educational facilities in West Pennsboro Township, a broad selection of higher education institutions service Cumberland and Dauphin County residents. They I provide an ample array of classes for students of all ages. The inventory of higher educational institutions located close to West Pennsboro Township is.. cited below. I Central Penn Business School Dickinson College I Dickinson School of Law Elizabethtown College Harrisburg Area Community College Messiah College I Millersville University Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg Pennsylvania State University-Hershey Medical Center I Shippensburg University University Center at Harrisburg LIBRARIES I Libraries have accepted the challenge to preserve information from the past that is contained in books, newspapers, journals, and I other publications. These works are important to society's present and future. Thus it is vital for a community to preserve and support its library system. The Cumberland County Library System, established in 1966, provides books to more than 56,000 registered I residents of the County. This public, non-profit system maintains nine branches within the County. The Plainfield Mini-Library lies within the West Pennsboro border. The libraries are as follows: I Amelia S. Givin Free Library Mechanicsburg Area Public Library I 114 N. Baltimore Avenue 51 West Simpson Mt. Holly Springs Mechanicsburg I 9-4 I Bosler Free Library New Cumberland Public Library 158 West High Street 1 Benjamin Plaza Carlisle New Cumberland East Pennsboro Library Shippensburg Public Library 98 South Enola Drive 23 West King Street Enola Shippensburg John Graham Library West Shore Public Library 9 Parsonage Street 30 North 31st Street Newille Camp Hill

In addition, the Pennsylvania State Library located in the Forum Building in Harrisburg offers a different level of service than the County library system. The State Library offers an extensive collection of materials covering many topics. HEALTH FACILITIES Most residents of a Township must seek medical attention at some point in their lives, therefore it is essential that hospital care is available to all the residents. Since the elderly population is increasing, it is also important for a community to possess licensed nursing care facilities €or the elderly. *. Hospitals I Several hospitals dispense medical assistance to citizens in the local region. None of these hospitals are located within West Pennsboro, but they are within travelling distance of West Pennsboro Township. Table 9-2 cites four local hospitals, the type of servi’ces they provide, and the number of available hospital beds they maintain.

TABLE 9-2 HOSPITALS IN THE WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP VICINITY 1988 -Name Type of Services -Beds I Carlisle Hospital General surgery obstetrics, 231 246 Parker Street pediatrics, gynecology, Car lisle neurophysiology, psychiatric hospice, and special care.

Holy Spirit Hospital General surgery, neonatal, 345 North 21st Street obstetrics, pediatrics, Camp Hill gynecology, psychiatry, orthopedics, opthomology, special care, and advanced life support.

9-5 I I

-Name Tvpe of Services -Beds I The Pennsylvania State General surgery, family and 331 University Milton S. community medicine, cardiology, Hershey Medical Center obstetrics, pediatrics, 500 University Drive gynecology, psychiatry and I Hershey psychiatric research, trauma center, aeromedical emergency services, PA. State's College of I medicine and University Hospital, Capital Area Poison Control Center, Elizabethville Hospital I and Rehabilitation Center, South-

Central Lithotripter Alliance. '

Seidle Memorial Hospital Outpatient care, physical therapy, 56 I 120 S. Filbert St. emergency services, radiology, Mechanicsburg laboratory facilities, skilled nursing care, and geriatrics. I SOURCE: Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, Telephone Survey, August 1988. I Licensed Nursing Homes The elderly population of this country is increasing as living I conditions and medical knowledge -improve. As they age, some elderly citizens require daily assistance and medical care. Nursing homes provide care through skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities. I The Pennsylvania Department of Health defines skilled nursing care facilities as "high intensity, comprehensive planned nursing I care provided with maximum efficiency by a registered professional nurse in instances where her/his judgement is required, or by a licensed practical nurse under professional nurse supervision." I Intermediate care is defined as Ita unit which provides for food, shelter, personal care, protection, social services, activities, health services, and supervision for a period exceeding 24 hours, for more than two adults who are not relatives of the operator and I who require assistance or supervision in such matters as dressing, bathing, diet, medication prescribed for self-administration, and management of personal affairs." I Eight licensed nursing homes are currently operating in the Nest Pennsboro vicinity, but only one, the Green Ridge Valley Nursing Home operates within the Township line. This expanding I complex currently maintains a 136 acre tract which includes eighty- three bedroom apartments and cottages, a personal care home, and a skilled care facility. The one and two bedroom apartments and I cottages are rented by elderly citizens that are considered independent and require minimal medical care. The fourteen beds at the personal care home are occupied by individuals that need some I assistance but are somewhat independent. Those occupying the sixty beds at the skilled care facility require constant supervision and attention. Approximately half of the entire population at the I 9-6 I Green Ridge Village moved to the area from other states. The remaining half are from the southcentral Pennsylvania locale. This facility, which is part of the Presbyterian Home organization, plans to expand its facilities during the next twenty years. The nursing homes located close to West Pennsboro Township are described below in Table 9-3. Most of them are non-profit organizations that accept Medicaid and Medicare patients.

TABLE 9-3 NURSING HOMES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 1988 Beds Type of Skilled Intermed Medicaid Medicare Name Ownership Nursinq Care Care Care Alliance Home of Non-Prof it 59 0 Yes No Carlisle 770 S. Hanover St. Carlisle

Church of God Non-Prof it 109 0 Yes No Home, Inc. 801 N. Hanover St. Carlisle

Cumberland County County 49 338 Yes Yes Nursing Home v. 375 Claremont Drive Carlisle

Forest Park Health Non-Profit 34 66 Yes Yes Center 700 Walnut Bottom Rd. Carlisle '

Green Ridge Village Non-Profit 60 0 Yes Yes Big Spring Road Newville

Leader Nursing and Non-Profit 60 60 Yes Yes Rehabilitation Center-Carlisle I 940 Walnut Bottom Rd Carlisle

Sarah A. Todd Non-Prof it 43 36 Yes Yes Memorial Home 1000 W. South Street I Carlisle Thornwald Home Non-Prof it 79 0 Yes No 442 Walnut Bottom Rd Carlisle

SOURCE : Pennsylvania Department of Health, State Health Data Center, Nursing Home Directory, 1988. 9-7 I

EMERGENCY SERVICES I Adequate emergency services are crucial to each community. Fire protection, police protection, and ambulance service should be made available to each person. West Pennsboro has made provisions I to provide all three of these critical services to its residents. Fire Departments I One volunteer fire company is located within West Pennsboro Township, the West Pennsboro Fire Company in Plainfield. Located in Plainfield, the West Pennsboro Fire Company is currently staffed I by approximately fifteen active volunteers. The independent fire company has signed a mutual aid contract with West Pennsboro Township agreeing to provide coverage for all of West Pennsboro. I In addition, the Friendship Hose Company Number 1 in Newville is also called in for assistance on alarms occurring in the southern portion of West Pennsboro Township. If the alarm occurs in the I northern portion of the Township, the Union Fire Company Number 1 in Carlisle is called in for assistance.

The one story building occupied by the West Pennsboro Fire I Company formerly housed the Plainfield Community Center. The building originally contained a dance hall, a kitchen, and a two bay garage. When the West Pennsboro Fire Company moved in, they I enlarged the dance hal-l/ banquet r.oom, added a bunk room, a lounge, and a kitchenette. They closed the two garage bays and added three new apparatus bays. Inside these bays they store a four wheel drive brush truck, a 1000 gallon per minute pumper, a 1250 gallon I tanker/pumper, a 2500 gallon tanker/pumper, and 12 SCBA’s (self- contained breathing apparatus). I Currently, this Fire Company is in the process of raising funds to modernize some oftheir outdated equipment. The estimated cost of replacing this apparatus is $40,000. Next year the Fire I Company intends to begin a fund drive to raise $200,000 for a new engine. Fire officials believe this new engine and the other equipment is necessary to provide adequate fire coverage to the residents of West Pennsboro. I

The Union Fire Company Number 1 is located at 35 West Louther Street in Carlisle. Currently 25-30 volunteer members are active I in the company. One paid driver is on duty twenty four hours a day. According to their agreement, this fire company will respond to any first alarm blaze in Plainfield and a few miles to the west of Plainfield along PA 641. The Friendship Hose Company Number 1 I is located at 15 East Big Spring Avenue in Newville. Forty volunteers remain active at this fire company. Five to six employees are on duty twenty four hours a day and can operate both I the fire engines and ambulances. The cooperative agreement the Friendship Hose Company Number 1 signed with West Pennsboro provides that they will respond to a first or second alarm within I approximately two minutes in the western half of the Township. If there is a third alarm in the eastern half of the Township, they may respond. I 9-8 I Police Departments The Pennsylvania State Police are mandated by a policy statement in Pennsylvania State Police Field Requlations Manual to provide full police protection to Pennsylvania townships that do not sustain their own police departments. The Pennsylvania State Police barracks located at 1501 Commerce Avenue in Carlisle provides this police protection to West Pennsboro Township as a result of this cooperative agreement. Ambulance Services West Pennsboro Township furnishes ambulance service by contracting out to the Fire Company 47 in Newville and Fire Company 40 in Carlisle. Both of these public units respond to calls for an ambulance from West Pennsboro Township residents. The Carlisle Advanced Life Support unit from the Carlisle Hospital will also respond to emergencies within the Township. MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS The West Pennsboro Township municipal building and garage are located at 2150 Newville Road. Four full time road crew members, two full time office personnel, and a part time zoning officer are employed at this location, which includes two offices and the maintenance garage.. -The garage .stores four township trucks, a high-lift and one grader. During the evenings, the Township Supervisors and the West Pennsboro Planning Commission may hold their meetings in this location. The Township government and management activities are centralized in this locale. They provide essential local governmental services-to the approximately 4300 residents of West Pennsboro Township. PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES West Pennsboro owns and operates the sixteen acre West Pennsboro Township Park on Park Road. This park contains two pavilions, a softball field, basketball court, tennis court, volleyball court, and restrooms. The facilities are offered free to the Township residents. Private clubs or individuals that wish to utilize the facilities may rent the pavilion from the Township. Clubs such as Scouting programs, the Lions Club, and various wornens' organizations enjoy these facilities and use them for their meeting areas. Future plans forthis park include the installation I of a biker-hiker trail. PUBLIC SEWER I Public sewer systems are in operation in two areas of the Township - the Green Ridge Village area, and the Big Spring Terrace Mobile Home Park. Future plans include connecting residential units and the Big Spring Middle School and Senior High School within the next two to three years. The treatment facility is located at 99 Cove Valley in Newville.

9-9 I I Due to the rural character of the Township and the low densities of development in general throughout the rest of the Township, no treatment plants systems are in operation. Sewer lines are located in nearby Carlisle, but they do not cross into I the Township. A new "Act 537 Official Sewage Plan3011was recently completed I and presented to the Township. The wastewater disposal systems were the focal point in this Plan, which replaced the outdated existing Act 537 Plan. Nitrates and/or coliforms were discovered in a majority of the private wells sampled in this study and I recommendations were offered to resolve this existing problem. Since the cost of a Township-wide collection and treatment system is too expensive for the Township, recommendations were made to I alter the size of the zoning lot guidelines, educate the public on proper maintenance of septic tanks, utilize treatment facilities in Newville for those living in the Big Spring Heights district, I inspect septic tanks every other year, and to allow for some facility to service the area that encompasses Plainfield, Elliotstown, West Hill, .and Greason. This long range wastewater plan is costly, but proper collection and disposal is essential in I maintaining clean water for the Township. PUBLIC WATER 1 *I West Pennsboro Township has very restricted public water facilities. Currently, the Big Spring Heights area is the only location in West Pennsboro Township that is.serviced by a public I water system. This system, which is owned by the Newville Borough Municipal Water Authority, is connected to several homes in the region, as well as the Big Spring Middle School and Senior High I School.' The remainder of the Township is provided water from on- lot wells. Currently the Township does not have plans to install any public water systems, but may consider the feasibility of I expanding neighboring water lines along the section of Route 641 that extends into the Township. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT I Many municipalities, such as West Pennsboro, must rely on private haulers to remove residential, commercial, and I institutional waste and sewerage residues from their communities. The County responded by establishing the Cumberland County Solid Waste Authority, which in turn is working on the Cumberland County Solid Waste Management Plan. Working with the Pennsylvania I Department of Environmental Resources, they are developing a plan to unify waste management throughout the County. Once adopted, the Cumberland County Solid Waste Authority will monitor municipal I activities in this area and insure that waste materials are collected, processed, and disposed of properly. West Pennsboro I

- 30 West Pennsboro Township, Act 537 Official Sewage Plan, June 1989 prepared by Buchart Horn, Inc. I 9-10 I Township, one of the communities affected by this plan, will benefit from the information contained in this report. UTILITIES Utilities such as electricity, natural gas, and telephone service have become essential components to every community. Many of our daily activities require these important services. The entire expanse of West Pennsboro Township currently receives its electrical service from Pennsylvania Power and Light (P .P.CL) and Adams Electric. Currently, no gas companies furnish natural gas service to any areas of West Pennsboro Township. As a result, those that require natural gas must purchase it in bottled gas form. United Telephone Company of Pennsylvania is the sole provider of telephone systems in West Pennsboro Township at this time. SUMMARY In conclusion, West Pennsboro Township provides numerous community facilities and services for its residents. If a particular facility is not located within the Township, there usually is a suitable 'facility-in .a-nearbytownship. Listed below is a brief synopsis of the available community facilities within West Pennsboro Township. 1. The Plainfield Elementary School, one of six public elementary schools within the.Big Spring School District, is located in Plainfield. In addition, the Big Spring . Middle and High School Complex is located at the western portion of the Township, which is convenient for most West Pennsboro Township residents. 2. Health facilities are available in the local area. Four hospitals offering an assortment of services are located in Hershey, Carlisle, Mechanicsburg, and Camp Hill. Eight licensed nursing homes provide skilled nursing services to the elderly population of West Pennsboro Township. 3. Emergency services provided by the Township include fire protection from three fire companies, police protection from the Pennsylvania State Police located at the Carlisle barracks, and ambulance service from two public fire companies, as well as private service form the Carlisle Hospital. 4. The West Pennsboro Township building at 2150 Newville Road offers assistance to the residents in many areas of local government and provides a meeting place for various municipal boards.

9-11 I

5. Recreational facilities are located at the Big Spring Middle and High School complex, as well as at the West I Pennsboro Township Park.

6. Public sewer and water systems are offered in a few areas I at present. The "Act 537 Official Sewerage Plan" suggests some expansion may be necessary of the public sewer system. I 7. Electricity is provided by Adams Electric Company and Pennsylvania Power and Light, telephone service is provided by United Telephone Company, and natural gas is I not currently furnished in the Township. I I I I I I I I I I I I I 9-12 I CHAPTER 10

In the 1970’s, oil embargoes, gasoline shortages, and escalating energy costs, brought energy conservation to the foreground of political and economic issues. In 1982, an energy I conservation plan element was added to the Municipalities Planning Code. This element added the option for communities to promote energy conservation and the effective utilization of renewable energy sources. Almost every aspect of community development has I an effect on energy use, from minute engineering details to broad considerations of land development density and design. The Energy Plan developed in Phase I1 of this Comprehensive Plan details specific measures contained in other plan elements which reduce energy consumption and promote the effective use of renewable energy sources. This Chapter will outline energy conservation measures currently utilized in West Pennsboro Township and will review energy efficient site and community design options. These options I are based on recent experiences of other local governments that have adopted new development regulations or amended existing ones to promote energy conservation. Although much has been written in I recent years about saving energy through local government policies and community design,- actual .exper-ience in their application is limited. To date, only a limited number of communities have adopted land management and construction design standards for the I express purpose of saving energy. Energy conservation options normally address the following I major areas of energy use: 1. Reducing Heating and Cooling Needs; I 2. Reducing Dependence on Motor Vehicle Transportation; 3. Reducing the Consumption of Energy in Construction Material and Process; and 4. Promoting the Use of Alternative Energy Sources. ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP Energy conservation implementation strategies may be applied to buildings, municipal services, transportation, land use, alternative energy sources and citizen participation. West Pennsboro Township has implemented several strategies through its subdivision land development ordinance, zoning ordinance, and operation and maintenance program. In 1980, the state legislature adopted Act 222 which setforth minimum energy conservation standards for new buildings. In compliance with this Act, all new buildings are inspected by the utility company prior to connecting electrical services. Most 10-1 I municipalities notify the developer ofthis requirement at the time I the building permit is issued. This notification has not been the practice in the Township. The implementation of further measures in the Township will be difficult until the Township adopts a building code and establishes an enforcement officer staff I position. The Township has initiated several energy conservation I measures on Township property. These measures include: 1. Budgeted for FY 1990, a new municipal office building which will incorporate energy-efficient technology. I 2. A regular maintenance program on Township vehicles. I 3. A regular inspection program on local highways. 4. A proposed biker/hiker trail at the Township Park. I Several energy conservation initiatives exist in the current Subdivision Land Development (SLD) Ordinance and Zoning Ordinance. These regulations in the SLD Ordinance are: I 1. Requirements for shade tree plantings. I 2. Requirements for cul-de-s-acs. 3. Requirements for sidewalks and location of sidewalks on land development plans. I Regulations in the Zoning Ordinance are: I 1. Home occupations as a permitted use. 2. Conversion apartments allowable in residential districts. I 3. Planned residential development (PRD) providing for the mixture of residential uses. I These requirements provide for direct energy savings either through energy-efficient design features (i.e. shade trees, cul-de- sacs, sidewalks, PRD) or reduction in energy consumption patterns I (i.e. home occupations, conversion apartments) . ENERGY CONSERVATION OPTIONS I Although West Pennsboro Township has not introduced a wide variety of energy savings measures, its unique location and abundance of natural resources makes it possible to incorporate I numerous energy saving techniques in future planning. These unique features are: I 1. An abundance of undeveloped land and open areas. 2. Numerous agricultural activities. I 10-2 I Energy-efficient development techniques are wide-ranging in scope, cost, and effectiveness.31 Some options are small and easy to use, requiring only minor changes in current development practices. Passive solar orientation is a relatively simple low- cost method to reduce the heating and cooling needs of a new building or addition. Other options are more complex to design and implement, such as planning for mixed-use development to reduce the number and length of motor vehicle trips. Where major changes in development patterns are involved, public receptivity and political reaction can vary. Comparatively, so can development costs and related energy savings. Some options yield energy saving results I that can be predicted or measured relatively accurately; for others, informed judgement tells us that they save energy, but the actual amounts depend on consumer behavior. As an overview of community development techniques for conserving energy, the following briefly describe the range of options that fall into the four major areas of energy use under I discussion. These options may not be appropriate for every community. I Reducing Heating and Cooling Needs The energy that is required to heat and cool buildings is determined in part by how buildings and their sites are designed with respect to climate. Sun,- cold winds, warm breezes, landscaping, and topography affect a building's heating and cooling needs and must be utilized to reduce them. The orientation and arrangement of buildings with respect to the sun and wind and the use of landscaping are examples of actions that can be taken to moderate climate extremes, make a . living environment more comfortable through natural means, and thereby save energy. In areas such as West Pennsboro Township, land development designs are easier to develop, than in urban areas where the lack of open areas and existing development may hinder achieving the proper orientation and site design. Structures, in particular housing types, also affect the energy needed to heat and cool buildings. Buildings with commonwalls - i.e., commercial, townhouses, apartments, and semi- detached dwellings sharing a common party wall(s) - usually of higher density, typically use less energy for heating and air conditioning than completely detached structures. Normally , housing of these types have smaller units, which further reduces energy requirements. Some of the options for reducing heating and cooling needs and the means of implementing them are as follows:

31. Energy-Conserving Development Regulations: Current Practice August 1980. 58pp., Planning Advisory Service, Report Number 352, American Planning Association. 10-3 I

1. Natural Solar Heating I - Design developments so that buildings are oriented to the south. This means designing streets to run from east to west; lots to run from north to south; I and the long axes of buildings to run from east to west with maximum glazing on the southern exposure and minimal glazing on the northern exposure. I - Develop south facing slopes first; they are warmer in winter than slopes facing other directions. I

2. Natural Cooling ' - Use landscaping to shade buildings, parking lots, I streets, and other paved areas. This prevents over-heating of buildings in summer and lowers summer air temperature near the pavement. I - Design developments to take advantage of cooling breezes. The placement of vegetation and the arrangement of buildings can be used to channel I breezes through buildings. 3. Wind Protection I v. - Use windbreaks (trees, hedges, fences, earthwork) to protect buildings from winter winds. Wind- breaks reduce the infiltration of cold air into I buildings. These wind-breaks would be particularly effective in developing areas of the Township adjacent to open-flat or low land areas. I - Arrange buildings so they protect each other from the wind. Often, such an arrangement is compatible with taking advantage of summer breezes when winter I and summer wind direction are different. 4. Housing Types I - Build housing with a lower proportion of outside surface to interior space (e.g. more common walls, I multi-family housing, more compact building forms) . - Reduce the Size of dwelling units. I - Encourage housing design innovations that save energy (e.g. earth sheltered housing). I These options, while generally holding for all areas, need to be specified and applied according to the locational and development characteristics of the Township. There are other aspects of building design - windows, overhangs, roof design, and I construction materials - that are also appropriate for consideration. I 10-4 I I

I Reducing Transportation Needs The energy used to move people and goods in a community is determined in part by patterns of development. The 'spatial I relationships of individual buildings and entire neighborhoods - their density and the degree to which different kinds of uses are integrated - determine in part how far and by what means people I travel. For rural areas such as West Pennsboro Township, these options are : I 1. Use clustering, even at medium net densities. 2. Combine different kinds of land uses within development I projects and neighborhoods. 3. Allow use of home occupations. 4. Permit limited convenience shopping and service I facilities in otherwise residential neighborhoods. Convenience stores in residential areas provide an I alternative to driving for minor purchases. 5. Provide facilities to encourage bicycling and walking. Pathways, parking facilities, landscaping, and other I amenities in larger land development projects can encourage .biking and walking. I 6. Design street systems to reduce overall lengths. 7. Design or redesign street systems to facilitate efficient and safe traffic flow. -. Reduce the number of I intersections and unnecessary traffic controls; make efficient connections with existing street systems. I Reducing Embodied Energy Needs Compact, higher-density development has less energy tied up in streets, utilities, and other infra-structures than low-density, I detached development. Some things can simply be built smaller. In addition, I excessive design standards waste embodied energy. For example, requirements for parking spaces that are based on older, larger automobile sizes waste asphalt and energy for construction, as well as money. Some principles for reducing embodied energy needs are I as follows: I 1. Develop at higher densities where appropriate. 2. Use narrower cartways where practical. I 3. Use fewer and smaller parking spaces and lots where I possible. I 10-5 I I

4. Cluster buildings together to reduce the length of streets and utilities. I 5. Adaptive reuse of existing buildings. I 6. Participate in recycling program. Using Alternative Energy Sources and Systems I This category includes energy that could be supplied from alternative energy sources, which may include: (1) sun, wind, and use of available heat from power plants; (2) more efficient I generation, conversion, and distribution systems; and (3) small scale power generators, district heating systems, and others. The ease with which many of these systems can be used depends in part I on how land is developed. T-hepracticality of using solar energy, for example, is affected by the amount and location of shadows that are cast by buildings and landscaping. I Some recommendations for using alternative energy sources and systems are as follows: I 1. Facilitate the use of solar energy systems by planning development sothat access to sunlight is protected. The arrangement and height of structures and vegetation affect the -amount and .location of shadows that could I block sunlight to solar collectors. 2. Substitute technologies that use renewable energy sources I (e.g., solar, wind anaerobic digestion of animal manures) for conventional building systems (water heating, space conditioning, and so on) whenever feasible. I Regulating Energy-Conserving Development Practices There are three basic approaches to incorporating the types of I development options described above into regulations involving increasing levels of stringency. First, regulations that stand in the way of energy-conserving practices can be changed to remove the I barriers. Second, development regulations can be used to encourage energy-conserving practices either by providing incentives or by creating development settings in which they are easier to use. Third, regulations can require energy-efficiency in new I deve1 opment .

1. Removing Barriers to Energy Conservations : Some I development regulations and design standards currently in use stand in the way of energy conservation, usually unintentionally. For example, the installation of solar I collectors has been prohibited in some communities by height and aesthetic regulations. Yard and setback or lot layout specifications in subdivision regulations and zoning can limit flexibility in solar siting of I buildings. In some cases, design standards are excessive - for example, street width requirements that are greater I 10-6 I I

than they need to be for adequate safety and traffic I flow. Such standards can actually promote energy waste. Removing regulatory barriers allows developers and consumers to initiate energy-conserving design options I without unnecessary hindrance. 2. Encouraging Energy Conservation: Planners and public I officials are in a position to actively encourage the use of energy-conserving development practice by providing regulatory incentives. In the past, local governments have offered developers incentives to provide desired I public amenities such as open space, plazas, and better design. The same can be done for energy-conserving design options. Density bonuses in development fees are I examples of carrots that may be offered to developers to make their projects more energy-efficient. The incentive approach can be applied to almost all of the available I practices for saving energy. 3. Mandating Energy Conservation: The third and toughest approach is to require energy-conserving practices in I development. Land-use controls place many kinds of requirements on developers, and many of these address issues that have important energy implications and offer I opportunities to make development more energy-efficient. For example, zoning imposes restrictions on building height and setback. This means that zoning can be a tool for requiring that development be designed to I protect solar access and that regulations can be imposed to require proper lot and building orientation, landscaping and the like. The police power inherent in I development controls offers an excellent opportunity to . require many energy-efficient practices in development. I ~'I ~II ~I I I 10-7 I I

I CHAPTER 11 MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCES I MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION West Pennsboro Township functions under the Second Class I Township Code. The Township operates under a Board of Supervisors form of local government administration. Under this form of government general policy, administrative, and legislative powers I are the responsibility of the governing body. The Township is located in the 19th Pennsylvania Congressional District, the 86th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District, I and the 31st Pennsylvania Senatorial District. Registered voters in the Township, therefore, cast ballots for candidates running for office in these respective Districts. Elections for Township Supervisors are on at-large basis. The Board of Supervisors is I comprised of three members, each elected for a six year term of office. I Other elected and appointed officials that make up the Township's local government structure include: I 0 Tax Collector (1-elected) 0 Tax Assessor (1-elected) . - 0 Auditors (3-elected) 0 School Board Representatives (2-elected) I 0 Secretary-Treasurer (appointed by governing body) 0 Assistant Secretary (appointed) 0 Solicitor (appointed) I 0 Engineer (appointed) 0 Sewage Enforcement Officer (appointed) 0 Alternate Sewage Enforcement Officer (appointed) I 0 Codes Enforcement Officer (appointed) 0 Vacancy Board Chairman (appointed) The Pennsylvania Second Class Township Code authorizes the I Board of Supervisors to create a variety of boards, commissions, and authorities to assist in carrying out local government functions. The West Pennsboro Township Board of Supervisors has I created and/or appointed the following: o Planning Commission (5 members) I o Zoning Hearing Board (3 members) To enable West Pennsboro Township to put its comprehensive plan into effect, various agencies and personnel will have to I administer and enforce the ordinances and codes required for implementation. The following is a summary of the agencies and personnel who play a key role in implementing various elements of I the plan. I 11-1 I I

Administrators I The two governmental units which occupy the most influential positions in implementing the planning program are the Board of Supervisors and the School Board, since they are the selected I policy-making bodies of the community. It will require their financial and personal support of the plan before its goals and objectives can be accomplished. These two bodies can receive I recommendations and suggestions from many agencies and groups and in many instances can initiate projects themselves. Of the two bodies, the Board of Supervisors is responsible for more aspects of the plan. I In addition, the Board of Supervisors and the School Board have the power to appoint members of various committees and I commissions, and have the responsibility of appointing citizens to these organizations which have an understanding and desire to further the overall planning program. The Board of Supervisors, however, has the power to appoint a Planning Commission, Zoning I Hearing Board, and Zoning Officer. Planning Commission I The Planning Commission has two major responsibilities in the planning program. .- I One responsibility is to advise the Board of Supervisors on guiding and coordinating the total development of the Township. The Planning Commission examines the community as a whole and its I special needs and problems. It also prepares detailed studies on proposed projects and improvements and submits its recommenda-tions to the governing body. I The second responsibility of the Planning Commission is to see that the planning program is a continuing one, in that the planning I program does not stop merely because a plan has been prepared. This is only the beginning, for as long as the Township continues to grow change's within the Township will constantly be made, all of which will involve some facet of planning. Along with the I continuing program concept is the necessity of seeing that the enforcement of the codes and ordinances is maintained and that any changes or revisions as may become necessary are made. I Recommendations included in any studies, as well as the Commission's role in reviewing subdivision and land development proposals, should consistently reflect the Township's commitment to I maintain high quality of life standards through the preservation and enhancement of West Pennsboro Township's natural, historical, and cultural environments. I Enforcement of Codes I A code or ordinance is only as effective as the enforcement structure and personnel administering it. Therefore, it is important that the zoning ordinance, subdivision and land I 11-2 I I

I development regulations, andhousing or building codes which may be adopted are enforced strictly and objectively. Presently, the Township has a Codes Enforcement Officer, Engineer, Solicitor, and Sewage Enforcement Officer, and an Alternate Sewage Enforcement I Officer to enforce and administer its planning and related codes and ordinances. I Zoning Hearing Board The Zoning Hearing Board is established to hear and decide all appeals from decisions of the Zoning Officer, and requests for I special exceptions and variances from the zoning ordinance. The decisions of the Zoning Hearing Board will, to a large I degree, determine the overall effectiveness of the zoning ordinance. Therefore, the Board should be thoroughly familiar with the zoning ordinance and with the development goals and objectives I of the community so that their decisions are based not only on the letter of the law, but also on the intent of the law. I Citizen Participation . Because the planning process is directed toward making the, community a more desirable place in which to live and work, citizen I participation and education of the citizens as to the objectives of the plan is very important. It is-an established fact that many times the public will not lend support to a program that they do not understand. The feasibility of a plan as adopted will not II necessarily lead to successful implementation if it is not acceptable to the citizens. I Therefore, the public must be informed of the municipal planning program by any means available to the Planning Commission, such as newspapers, radio, and presentations before civic and I school groups. Through the participation of citizen groups in the various elements of the program, the Board of Supervisors may receive support and constructive criticism from the people, rather than negative objections from persons not having a thorough I knowledge of the program. I Regional Planning Realizing that planning problems do not always recognize municipal boundaries, and that West Pennsboro Township is part of Cumberland County and the Tri-County Region, the Township has I availed itself of the services i,f the Cumberland County Planning Commission, as well as the Local Planning Assistance program offered by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission. This I provides the Township with the services of professional planners who can assist in the continuous planning program of the Township. Both of these Planning Commissions work to coordinate the planning I and development process in surrounding communities, thus promoting public relations and planning awareness among communities. . I 11-3 I I MUNICIPAL REVENUES I The success of a planning program and effective local government management is to a great extent dependent upon the financial resources of the Township. The purpose of this section I is to identify the current sources/categories of revenues utilized by the Township, as well as, the potential revenue sources available to the Township. A more detailed analysis of Township revenues and expenditures over the past five years is undertaken in I the Capital Improvement Program in Phase I11 of this Plan. Counties, cities, boroughs, townships, and school districts of I Pennsylvania levy taxes on inhabitants and property within their jurisdictions. Municipal authorities, however, may not raise money through taxation and are therefore required to finance their I operations, services, and facilities through revenues they receive from service charges or lease rentals. Tax Revenues I The levy of local taxes applied by West Pennsboro Township must be done within the limits set by the Constitution, I Pennsylvania legislation, and the Second Class Township Code. The following taxes are currently levied by West Pennsboro Township: I Type of Tax .- , Amount Received Real Estate -2.5 mill, assessed at 25 perce nt of 1974 market value Per Capita $3.00 I Earned Income 1/2 percent of total income Real Estate Transfer 1/2.percent of total income I Table 11-1 compares Township revenues and expenditures over the time period 1984-1988. Looking at the revenue side, total revenues were 44.0 percent greater in 1988 than in 1984, while tax revenues were 65.0 percent greater. Tax revenues have composed -1 approximately 50.4 percent of the total revenues received by the Township during this five year period. The greatest single source of tax income is the earned income tax, which constituted 74.2 I percent of all tax revenues received during this period. Of the three remaining tax sources, the real estate (property) tax comprised about 11.2 percent, the real estate transfer tax about 10.3 percent, and the per capita tax about 3.7 percent. I I I

11-4 I

I TABLE 11-1 MUNICIPAL REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES: 1984-1988 WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP

I TAX REVENUES: 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Earned Income $126,535.00 $170,791.00 $180,784.00 $203,560.00 $226,303.00 I Real Property Transfer 18,056.00 20,573.00 22,768.00 34,242.00 29,632.00 Real Estate 25,375.00 25,867.00 27,590.00 27,877.00 29,014.00 Per Capita 8,500.00 9,002.00 8,790.00 9.552.00 9.605.00 I TOTAL TAX REVENUES $178,466.00 $226,233.00 $239,932.00 $275,231.00 $294,554.00 MISCELLANEOUS REVENUES:

I License & Permits $ 520.00 $ 720.00 $ 865.00 $ 895.00 $ 1,250.00 Fines & Forfeits 7,386.00 ' 5,339.00 11,363.00 8,433.00 8,689.00 Revenue from Money & I Property 15,58 9.00 11,586.00 15,546.00 23,295.00 35,422.00 State h Federal Grants 24,267.00 26,171.00 32,874.00 311,518.00 8,675.00 State Highway Aid (Liquid Fuels Tax) 88,902.00 90,864.00 81,010.00 81,325.00 83,342.00 I County Grants 6,044.00 7,330.00 7,047.00 9,986.00 10,304.00 Departmental Services 3,669.00 13,224.00 18,403.00 22,582.00 21,788.00 Sanitary Sewer Rents I and Charges 5,099.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Highway Services ~3,614.00 9,445..00- 4,259.00 6,648.00 5,078.00 Other Miscellaneous Revenues 6,577 .OO 9,354.00 10,451 .OO 16,514.00 20,789.00 I TOTAL MISC. REVENUES $161,667.00 $174,033.00 $181,818.00 $481,196.00 $195,337.00 I TOTAL REVENUES $340,133.00 $400,266.00 $421,750.00 $756,427.00 $489,891.00 EXPENDITURES - OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE: I General Admin. $ 22,193.00 $ 24,765.00 $ 25,776.00 $ 28,700.00 $ 32,652.00 Tax Collection Costs 2,370.00 2,343.00 2,418.00 2,481.00 2,562.00 Fire Protection 7,033.00 5,400.00 15,694.00 22,883.00 20,581.00 Protective Inspections 11,255.00 18,348.00 19,209.00 27,184.00 17,615.00 1 Street 6 Highways 151,676.00 149,766.00 116,368.00 163,336.00 269,310.00 Libraries 800.00 800.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Park 6 Recreation 9,608.00 7,463.00 10,822.00 6,394.00 7,122.00 I Other Expenditures 8.183.00 2,289.00 7,764.00 35,164 .OO 20,990.00 TOTAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE I EXPENDITURES $213,118.00 $215,185.00 $198,051.00 $286,142.00 $370,832.00 CAPITAL OUTLAY

Streets and Highways $135,418.00 $151,439.00 $ 96,412.00 $180,742.00 $114,434.00 I Other Capital Outlay 0.00 0.00 0.00 3,260.00 6,077.00 TOTAL CAPITAL OUTLAY I EXPENDITURES $135,418.00 $151,439.00 $ 96,412.00 $184,002.00 $120,511.00 I TOTAL EXPENDITURES $348,536.00 $366,624.00 $294,463.00 $471,144.00 $491,343.00 I SOURCE: Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, Local Government Financial Statistics, 1984-1988 11-5 I I

Although Township residents pay additional taxes to the School I District, Cumberland County, the Commonwealth, and Federal Government, the monies collected are not additionally shared with the Township. The Township does benefit by receiving funds allocated annually from the Pennsylvania Liquid Fuels Tax. Funds I from this tax are received on a formula basis by Cumberland County, which it may in turn allocate and distribute to municipalities in the County for road related work. I Miscellaneous Revenues The Township receives additional revenues from miscellaneous I sources. These are not direct local tax revenues, but are 'received as part of general government management and public services functions, state and federal grants, and investment interest. I Miscellaneous revenues are categorized by the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, for annual budget accounting purposes, as follows: I Revenue Cateqorv Licenses and Permits County Grants I Fines and Forfeits Departmental Services Revenue from Money & Property Sanitary Sewer Rents State and Federal Grants Highway Services I State Highway Aid Other Miscellaneous Table 11-1 also lists the miscellaneous revenue received by I the Township for the period 1984-1988. During this period miscellaneous revenues amounted to approximately 49.6 percent of total revenues. The greatest single miscellaneous revenue source is State Highway Aid (i.e. Liquid Fuels Tax dollars), which I constituted 35.6 percent of all miscellaneous revenues received by the Township during this period. This was followed closely by state and federal grants (33.8 percent). Of the remaining I miscellaneous revenue sources, revenue from money and property constituted about 8.5 percent, and departmental services (fees received by municipal departments for use of certain municipal services/ facilities) about 6.7 percent. The others, in total, I comprised over 15 percent of miscellaneous revenues received from 1984-1988. Wide fluctuations have occurred in the state and federal grants, sanitary sewer rents/charges and other miscel- I laneous revenue categories over the past five years. Those categories maintaining relative consistency in amounts generated include fines and forfeits and state highway aid. I The high figure listed under state and federal grants for the year 1986 ($311,518) largely represents monies from the Highway Turnback Program, in which municipalities receive funds to bring I State roads up to state-designated standards, then "take back" the roads from the State. Correspondingly high expenditures for operation and maintenance of streets and highways are noted in the I Township's 1987 and 1988 budgets. The Township has three years to spend the state grant under the Turnback Program. I 11-6 I \ I

I Taxes and miscellaneous revenues normally vary from municipality to municipality due to optional taxing sources and the particular administrative/management functions undertaken by the local government. It is critical to establish realistic linkages I between municipal project/service activities and the ability to provide adequate financing. In order to effectively evaluate these activities and select the proper revenue source (s), a thorough I understanding of local government revenue options is necessary. The following list illustrates the variety of revenue options available to West Pennsboro Township, as well as, the parameters I within which they must be applied: Revenue Source Annual Limitations o General Purpose Tax 14 mills maximum (additional 5 I mills if court approved) o Debt & Sinking Fund Sufficient amount to pay interest and charges I o Housing, purchasing 3 mills (electors may permit & maintaining fire apparatus higher millage) o Procuring a lot and/or Not to exceed 50% of the rate erecting a municipa.1 of assessment for the town- I building ship tax o Fire hydrants & fire hydrant 2 mills maximum with consent water service of 51% of the electors I o Parks and other recreation Amount as necessary to operate .- - and maintain such places o Lighting of streets and 5 mills maximum I public places o Revolving fund for all 5 mills maximum for street, permanent improvements sidewalk, sewer, and water improvements I o Garbage disposal Per capita basis against adult residents of district served; reasonable charges I for service o Library 3 mills maximum o Support of ambulance squads 1/2 mill maximum o Road machinery 2 mills maximum ,I o Per Capita Tax (1) $10.00 maximum o Occupation Tax $10.00, unless using a millage assessment ~I o Mercantile Taxes Wholesale 1 mill maximum Retail 1 1/2 mills maximum I o Earned Income Tax (1) 1% maximum o Real Estate Transfer Tax (1) 1% maximum o Amusement Tax 10% maximum (excludes motion picture theaters) I o Occupational Privilege Tax (1) $10.00 maximum SOURCE: Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors, I 1989. (1) - If these taxes are imposed by both the Township and the School District, they must be shared on a 50-50 basis unless agreed I to otherwise. 11-7 I ._ I

It is important to note that the aggregate amount of all taxes I imposed by the Township may not exceed an amount equal to the product obtained by multiplying the latest total market valuation of real estate in the Township by twelve mills. I MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES As with revenues, municipal expenditures vary from I municipality to municipality. For budgeting and accounting purposes, expenditures are classified as either an operation and maintenance expenditure or a capital expenditure. For the purpose of annual budgeting, capital programming, and annual auditing, the I Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs has established the following structure of functional expenditure areas: I Operation and Maintenance General Administration Protective Inspections I Tax Collection Costs Urban Renewal Sanitary Sewers Streets and Highways Refuse Collection Libraries Health Services Parks and Recreation I Police Interest Fire Miscellaneous Expenditures I - -Capital Expenditures Health and Sanitation Streets and Highways Public Safety Parks and Recreation I Public Service Enterprises Other Capital Outlays Looking at Township expenditures listed on Table 11-1, total I expenditures fluctuated over the 1984-1988 time period varying from a low of $294,463 (1986) to a high of $491,343 (1988). During the period 1984 through 1988, operations and maintenance expenditures I have constituted 65.0 percent of total Township expenditures. The category having the greatest single amounts of expenditure is streets and highways, averaging 66.5 percent of all operations and maintenance expenditures during this period. The next highest I category for expenditures was general administration (10.5 percent). This is followed (in descending order) by: protective inspections (cost of enforcing township codes, building inspec- I tions, etc .) , other operations/maintenance (O/M) expenditures, fire protection, parks and recreation, tax collection costs and libraries. I Capital outlays comprised approximately 35.0 percent of all Township expenditures from 1984-1988. Virtually all of the Township's capital funds were spent on streets and highways, I receiving an average of 98.6 percent of all capital outlay funds over this time period. I The Pennsylvania General Assembly has prescribed the debt limits of all units of local government. The borrowing base for West Pennsboro Township is computed by the annual arithmetic I 11-8 I I

average of the total revenues for the preceding three full years. I The Township is limited to borrow up to 250 percent of its borrowing base. These limitations do not include electoral debt, where the debt is approved by the electors of the Township nor to I self-liquidating debt, where debt is repaid solely from rents or user charges. Lease-rental debt is that debt incurred by an authority which is repaid through base or rental payments by the I Township. The limit for lease-rental debt and other non-electoral debt is 300 percent of the Township's borrowing base. As can be seen from the preceding, West Pennsboro Township has a variety of revenue sources to draw upon to finance its municipal operations, I services, and capital outlay projects. Municipal revenue and expenditures (past, present, and future) will be more thoroughly I assessed in Capital Improvements Program element-. I I

I .- I I I I I I I I I 11-9 I I

I CHAPTER 12 I COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES In order to prepare a practical comprehensive plan for West -Pennsboro Township, -it is necessary to articulate goals and I objectives which represent the desires of the citizens for whom the planning is being done. The final plan document is the result of a planning program that seeks to relate, harmonize, and balance the economic, physical, and social functions of the community. Upon I adoption, the Plan will serve as a long range policy guide for evaluating development proposals and other decisions concerning municipal affairs. To this end the following statements of I planning purposes are established: 1. To provide an overall agreed upon framework of policy within which development proposals can be evaluated by I Township Officials: 2. To provide a framework within which physical planning for I needed facilities and services can be accomplished. 3. To establish long-range development responsibilities and I policies to which individuals can prepare and coordinate their plans-for developme-nt. 4. To establish a consensus on long-term growth potentials, I objectives, and priorities so that the Township can undertake development projects based upon, logic, I realism, coordination, and economy. In. an effort to provide community input to the planning process, Township residents have been requested to attend and participate in public meetings held by the Township Supervisors and I Planning Commission. In addition, efforts to obtain public comment on both specific issues and general areas of planning consisted of conducting a Community Attitude Survey. A total of 1200 survey I forms were distributed to property owners and occupants throughout the Township. A total of 390 surveys were completed and returned, resulting in a 32 percent rate of return. The results of this II survey were utilized in the preparation of Phase I1 of this Comprehensive Plan. A copy of the survey form and compilation of I results appears in Appendix 1 of this Plan. I PRINCIPLE GOAL OF THE PLAN The fundamental responsibility of local government is to 11 provide for the public health, safety, convenience, morals, and welfare of its citizens. In support of this, the West Pennsboro Township Comprehensive Plan is designed to achieve the following I principal goal: -Protect the health and safety of West Pennsboro Township 8 while and maintaining the best possible quality of life 12-1 I .- I

for all Township residents through preservation of the I Township's rural agricultural character. I To achieve this primary goal, the Township establishes the following specific goals and objectives related to the major I elements comprising the Plan. -~ .- . -- - - Statement of Comunitv Goals and Objectives I -1. Social Goals I A. Social Services: Develop and support public and private mechanisms to provide social services that adequately meet the needs of the Township. I B. Health and Environment: Promote the availability to all member of the community the best health care and environmental quality possible. I - Support local, county, and state organizations in overall health planning and the development of health care programs. I - Adopt and enforce ordinances, and support higher governmental programs in such areas as sanitation, I air and water pollution, flood plain and stormwater management, and solid waste disposal. I - Preserve and maintain the Township's agricultural background and rural landscape. C. Housing: Promote decent housing for every resident of I . the Township in order to meet their physical and psychological needs, and provide the opportunity for all residents to live in comfortable, safe, and affordable I housing.

- ' When appropriate, adopt and enforce codes and ordinances which will eliminate and prevent I conditions that contribute to and perpetuate blight in residential areas. I - Property owners can use their property as he or she sees fit and sell it for its best use and highest value. I - Initiate and support efforts which encourage a high level of care and maintenance for residential properties. I - Adopt strategies to enhance existing residential areas and encourage a variety of different housing I designs, types, and values to meet the residential~ needs of all segments of the Township's present and future population. I 12-2 8 D. Energy: Encourage public and private actions which will I decrease dependence on external fuel supplies and encourage the use of renewable energy sources. I - Adopt policies to reduce the use of nonrenewable energy in the heating, cooling, and operation of I.- - - - _... - __- .__ -- ___- __ bui.ldings I_____._- _..-- -. - . . -.~. - Adopt policies to reduce energy consumption in the transportation sector. I - Promote the safe and efficient utilization of renewable resources such as wind and solar energy. I E. Recreation: Enhance and enrich the lives of all Township residents by providing the means for a more stimulating I and rewarding use of leisure time. - Adopt and implement a Comprehensive Park and Recreation Plan for the Township. This plan can be a part of the subdivision regulations or it can be I its on separate ordinance. - Preserve the vacant, agricultural, and public lands I along water courses and other areas which might be environmentally unsuitable for development by use of restricting zoning measures and a program of and I acquisition. - Cooperate with adjacent municipalities, county and state agencies, and other public/private groups in I their efforts to provide area-wide recreation activities. I -2. Physical Goals A. Land Use: Provide for a pattern of compatible land uses which is responsive to the needs and desires of the I citizens and to the limitations and potentialities of both the natural and man-made environment. I - Create functional environments for each major land use, such as residential, commercial, and industrial, by designating appropriate areas for sufficient compatible development of adjoining I uses, as well as, assure development that is compatible with the physical environment. I - Adopt and enforce effective land use standards that minimize conflict between land uses within the Township and contiguous land uses in adjacent I municipalities. I 12-3 I - Coordinate and interrelate local planning with the I plans of adjacent municipalities, the county, region, and state.

B. Transportation: Promote the establishment and I maintenance of a wide circulation system that provides __ f-or-~~e-sa€e-,---6Qfl-veni-~~--,--e€~~~~R~~ovement--o€--people ------and goods. I - Continue street upgrading and maintenance programs, with the concentration of maintenance activities in I areas of greatest need. - Examine existing and future traffic patterns to maintain or improve the Township's circulation I efficiency . - Prevent, as much as possible, on-street parking I along collector streets. - Establish curbing along streets, when appropriate. Curbs are important for street maintenance, storm- I water collection, and defining the cartway. - Off-street parking should be provided for all I residence. - - Ample and convenient off-street parking, loading I and unloading areas should be provided for the public near commercial and office establishments. - Churches, clubs, and other organizations should I provide ample and convenient off-street parking for their respective patrons. I - Discourage thru traffic in residential neighbor- hoods. - Encourage the establishment of increased public I transportation accessibility, as needed throughout the Townships. I - Traffic circulation must be coordinated with the various land uses to maximize safety and for the efficient movement of goods and people within the I Township, as well as, to and from it. C. Community Facilities and Services: Provide a complete and adequate system of public facilities and services I that is responsive to the needs of the Township's residents and businesses. I - Support adequate levels of police, fire, and ambulance services commensurate with increasing population and business needs. I 12-4 I

- Promote the provision of adequate public sewage and I water services in appropriate areas of the Township. I - Assure satisfactory Township government by providing adequate administrative and maintenance personnel and equipment needs. I- Provide and maintain an effective stormwater management system for appropriate areas of the I Township. - Provide and maintain an effective solid waste collection program for all Township residents and examine solid waste disposal strategies including I waste separation and resource recovery activities. D. Economic Goals: Promote the appropriate economic base to I provide for adequate employment opportunities, satisfy the need for a variety of commercial goods and business services, and an adequate base of tax ratables to enhance I the fiscal capabilities of the Township. Development occurring as a result of growing adjacent municipalities should be adequately serviced and planned. Business and industrial-uses should be directed to I locate along street corridors capable of handling or being improved to accommodate anticipated traffic flow. I Commercial, office, and industrial areas should be developed to standards which reflect the best of I modern site development and construction practices. Commercial, office, and industrial areas should be I '. protected from the intrusion of incompatible uses.

1 12-5 I CHAPTER 13 FUTURE LAND USE The Future Land Use Plan is intended as an overall guide for I the development of West Pennsboro Township. It is the culmination of a planning effort seeking to establish a land use pattern which illustrates tne desired future Community Development Goals and mg$ctives. It is intended that the Plan's application of these goals and objectives will result in compatible land use relationships, appropriate distribution of community facilities and I services, designation of acceptable residential densities, expansion of the Township's employment and economic bases, protection of existing agricultural activities and open spaces, and preservation of environmentally sensitive areas. Therefore, the I primary purpose of the Future Land Use Plan is to coordinate all facets of future development, and resulting impacts, into a composite picture of the Township at a point in time when I development is deemed complete.

should be considered a flexible statement of policy which should be reviewed and revised as necessary. The remainder of this Chapter will discuss the various land use areas that establish the Township's projected future make-up, I as well as other general land characteristics and enhancements that

The geographic arrangement of major land use classifkcations are illustrated on the Future Land Use Map (Map 13-1). The I acreages and land use percentages are shown in Table 13-1. These classifications are as follows: R Residential I A Agriculture C Commercial CN Conservation I I Industrial

13-1 I

TABLE 13-1 FUTURE LAND USE: LAND USE ACREAGE I Land Use Total Land Estimated Percent Land Use Square Mile Use Acres of Land Area I Agricultural 21 15,153 78 Conservation 4 2,791 14 Residential 2 1,084 5.5 Commercial 2 299 1 Industrial -2 84 -.5 31 19,411 100% I

RESIDENTIAL LAND USES I Recognizing the need to provide for a variety of residential living environments and expand residential opportunities in the Township, several residential classifications have already been I established and will be incorporated into the Future Land Use Plan. The predominate residential dwelling design in the Township is I the single-family detached dwelling unit. It is traditionally the most desiredtype of dwelling and currently comprises approximately 78.4 percent of the total dwelling stock in the Township. Therefore, the greatest amount.of.residentia1 land area is devoted I to this type of land use. The residential land use area serves to define the general I distribution of the Township's residential population. An important aspect of the Future Land Use Plan to note is the level of community services and facilities is dependent upon the location I of the Township's population density and distribution. West Pennsboro Township has developed one residential district. The residential classification encourages a larger variety I single family detached dwellings and other related land uses. Lot sizes differ depending on the availability of public water and or sewer. The lot size recommended for a dwelling unit with no public I water or sewer is one and a quarter (1.25) acre. Lots with public water and sewer are recommended to be a minimum of 1,500 square feet per dwelling unit. This will allow for a variety of housing types to locate within the Township on or near Route 233. I Permitted land uses recommended for the residential areas would include uses such as churches, cemeteries, public and private I schools, parks and playgrounds. Other permitted uses are conditional and depend upon the availability of public water and sewer. Uses such as townhouses garden apartments and other types of multi-family dwelling units would be considered conditional. A I principle goal of the residential classification is to restrict land uses to primarily residential and encourage other land uses such as commercial, industrial and agricultural to develop in their I respective districts. The Future Land Use Map (Map 13-1) shows areas designated for residential development. It is recommended I 13-2 I should be enforced, with limitations on further future sub-division and land development activities as new parcels are created. It is I proposed that this area comprise approximately 78 percent of the total Township land area or 15,153 acres of land. I Zoning provisions developed and implemented for this classification should protect agricultural activities and retain TQW- ' krllr;rlrJn-geneza &--Reff-a;g&=l t*=m permitted to develop in agricultural areas must accept any nuisances that may occur within farming and related operations. I CONSERVATION LAND USES West Pennsboro Township has dedicated a small amount of land to conservation/open-space land uses. This classification was I added to the plan to protect the Township's most valuable natural features that add to the overall character and charm. The areas of conservation are located along the Mount Rock Spring Creek, Alexander Spring Creek, Conodeguinet Creek and Big Spring Creek I (see Map 13-1). These areas identified should be maintained in their natural state of vegetation, soil, water table, and wildlife. These areas are sensitive to development activity and should be I conserved for various uses such as natural production, recreation, and other low intensity uses. Larger lot sizes such as two and a half (2.50) to three (3) acres per dwelling unit, are suggested for I development purposes as well as mitigation measures before, during and after construction. Development in the floodway and also floodplain areas of the Big Spring Creek, Conodeguinet Creek, Mount Rock Creek and the Alexander Spring Run is prohibited with ,I restriction upon land parcels located partially in and adjacent to the floodplain areas. The Conservation land use classification is proposed to comprise about 14 percent of the total Township land ~I area. COMMERCIAL LAND USES The purpose of this land use classification is to provide for ~' the establishment of business opportunities to serve the retail and personal service needs of Township residents as well as the passing I traffic coming in and out of the Township. The areas planned for commercial activities lie on PA 233 and PA 641 both existing near the Newville Borough and at the intersection of PA 641 and T-482 I (McAllister Road). (see Map 13-1). These areas encompass approximately 1 percent of the Township's total land area, or 266 acres of land. I Commercial activities must follow regulations and suggestions of the Township governing body concerning front setbacks, proper landscaping and screening and lighting. Permitted land uses in the I designated commercial area are personal services, retail, day care services, convenient stores, professional offices and limited light industrial activities. The types of commercial land uses recommended to be permitted would be limited by the ability of I soils to handle potential sewage flow and the availability of water reso-urces. Light industrial land uses will be subject to restrictions outlined in the Township Zoning Ordinance. 13-4 that this classification comprise approximately 5.5 percent of the I Township'.s total land uses. The Residential.area along PA 233 is looked upon as a focal point for residential development in the Township I AGRICULTURAL LAND USES The Agricultural classification ultimately consumes approximately 78 percent of total land uses in the Township. It includes all portions of land except for the northern portions along PA 233 and also portions of PA 641 (see Map 13-1) in the I northern half of the Township. Agriculture is considered to be a high value resource, and is difficult to reclaim once lost to development. The soils in this area are made up of primarily prime farmland soils, therefore continued farming activities are I encouraged. West Pennsboro Township is currently involved in agricultural I land preservation involving the Agricultural Security Act. The farmers involved have generally agreed that the preservation of farmland and its activities should remain secure and exempt from growth pressures. Approximately 6,000 acres are accounted for in I this program. Under the Act, the participating landowners are to be given special consideration from the local governing body and state government agencies. The local government unit may not I impose ordinances that unreasonably restrict farm structures or practices within the area, nor may'normal farming operations and practices be deemed "nuisances" in a --nuisanceordinance. Land I condemnations within the Agricultural Security Areas, proposed by commonwealth or local agencies (such as municipal authorities, school boards and governing bodies), must be reviewed and approved before land may be condemned. The Act also has added a new feature I involving a statewide program to purchase agricultural conservation easements from the landowners of the Agricultural Security Areas. Agricultural Conservation easements are similar to what is commonly I known as lldevelopmentrights", but in reality they are actually the right to prevent development. Development in the Agricultural Area should remain less I intensive than its adjacent land uses. Development should be directed to areas suitable for more intensive uses. Low density development is desirable due to the existence of limestone I underlying the surface of the ground and the moderate to severe soil conditions for on-lot disposal systems. These lands are not proposed for public sewage or water services, therefore lessening the possibility for future development. I Development pressures, over the years, have resulted in a reduction in the amount of agricultural land in active farm uses. I This continues to be the case, as landowners decide to change the use of their land to non-agricultural land uses. In order to perpetuate active farming in West Pennsboro Township and lessen I increasing development pressures, the Agricultural Classification has been continued as an element of the Future Land Use Plan. It is recommended that a minimum lot size 2 acres per dwelling unit I 13-3 .- I I INDUSTRIAL LAND USES West Pennsboro Township has not been affected by industrial I growth pressures. Except for small operations, industrial land uses are not existing. However, light industrial land uses along ~~r~~~-A~3~~e~~~~e~~~~~~~ for such activities as office facilities, institutional faciiities, and other limited types of light assembly and manufacturing industrial land uses. These activities are recommended to have buffer areas to avoid intrusions and impacts on nearby residential I areas. It is proposed that this land use comprise less than 1 percent of the total Township land area. I The following are other enhancements to land use and development that should be considered in the overall Future Land Use Plan. Implemented through the subdivision and land development ordinance, zoning ordinance, or through other local ordinances, the I following considerations may be developed to further enhance the development of West Pennsboro Township. I LANDSCAPING As mentioned several times above, landscaping can establish a strong overall visual impression of the community. A community- I wide landscape plan. will be developed by the Township Planning Commission, shade tree commission, or resident’s association which will promote and encourage property owners to plant trees and I shrubs. A community wide initiative such as this is an effective way to develop community character, unity and civic pride. The Township will identify problem areas on a parcel by parcel basis in I a more detailed plan, and recommend the type of trees and shrubs that should be planted. Whatever approach, the underlying importance is that planning and promoting trees and other vegetation shall be an important planning element and be promoted I in all development activities. This will serve as a positive step towards retaining the rural character of the Township. I LIGHTING Lighting is another development feature that creates a sense of place within the community. Street lights should be included in I existing and proposed higher density residential development plans. It is important that night time safety and security be a consideration in higher developed areas. Reghations for lighting I may vary depending on the various types of development proposals as well. I PARKING In many cases, small lot sizes and the proximity of buildings to the main highway and other roads leave insufficient parking I spaces for residential and commercial uses. Consequently, parking may occur on the road shoulders or on the road itself, creating I congestion and potentially hazardous situations. These situations 13-5 I can be resolved by utilizing off-street parking, and should be a concern in the future. I In general, parking should be directed to the rear of properties or off-street, and not along roadways whenever possible. I New parking lots should be screened from view and incorporate trees and vesetation to improve theixxisual-ap-anc don-. In general, parking standards should be close-ned when-[ incorporated in the Township Zoning Ordinance. RELATIONSHIP TO ADJACENT MUNICIPALITIES I Adjacent municipalities have influenced the growth patterns and trends of West Pennsboro Township. Municipalities such as: Dickinson Township, North Newton Township, Penn Township, Newville Borough, North Middleton .Township and Carlisle Borough have I contributed to growth pressures in West Pennsboro Township. The Comprehensive Plan and the Zoning Ordinance will set the procedure for growth and development to occur in the various planned areas. I The areas for planned growth and development are identified on the Future Land Use Map (Map 13-1). These growth areas are compatible with their adjacent municipalities, namely Newville Borough, and will conform to the Township's growth policies. I Newville Borough, northwest of West Pennsboro Township has experienced a recent.decline in population over the past 30 years, I however its public water and sewer extension capabilities may encourage growth within and near the Borough limits. Future sewer extension along PA 233 and 641 will provide a mixture of growth I possibilities concerning higher density residential and commercial activities. Carlisle Borough's population has been increasing at a steady I rate each year. This increase in population has also increased commercial business activities as well as industrial activities. The growth pattern has affected West Pennsboro Township's southern I most border however only to a small degree. Public water and sewer extension into West Pennsboro Township is not feasible at the present time or in the near future therefore, limiting West I Pennsboro's growth expansion activities. Dickinson Township, on West Pennsboro's southern most border (Route ll), is not impressing growth upon West Pennsboro. The lack I of infrastructure remains a problem which will create barriers for many types of land development plans. I Other bordering Townships have limited growth potential and are currently not encouraging growth in or near West Pennsboro Township. In conclusion, West Pennsboro Township has limited growth possibilities near its eastern, southern, and western I borders however, the northwestern section of the Township, bordering Newville Borough, is encouraged for higher densities of residential development and limited commercial activities as well. I I 13-6 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 AGRICULTURE I . VACANT I EXISTING LAND USE COMMERCIAL I BIG WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP -- PUBUC I CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

1990 RES1DENTIAL I I I I I INDUSTRIAL i I I

~ ~~ J I CHAPTER 14 TRANSPORTATION PLAN I RELATION OF FUTURE LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION PLANS Travel demands on roadways in the Township have a a'rer=+ relationship to land usage in the Township, especially with respect to non-arterial roadways. The Future Land Use (FLU) Plan shows only a few commercial and industrial areas that would generate significant volumes of work, business or other types of trips. I Given existing travel volumes and current and anticipated development trends it is felt that, in most cases, future travel demands will not over tax the township's roadway system, from a I capacity standpoint. The 1,398 households present in the township in 1980 would have generated about 13,980 vehicle trips a day while the 1,800 I households expected in the year 2000 will generate about 18,000 trips a day. These vehicle trips will be dispersed over the I township's highway network. The Township is expected to retain its "bedroom" character with the peak traffic periods resulting from Township residents' work trips to areas outside of the Township in the morning peak I period and return trips in the .afternoon peak period. Although spot congestion problems currently exist" (especially with respect to PA 641) and others may arise in the future, development within the I context of the Future Land Use Plan will not cause wholesale congestion problems throughout the Township. I FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAYS The functional classification of roadways is important to planning at the local and regional levels. At the local level I functional classification is probably most important in the application of design standards, like cartway widths, to roadways being improved by developers or the Township. Every attempt should I be made to make the roadway functional classifications of a local comprehensive plan compatible with the regional or county functional classification scheme. In the case of West Pennsboro Township, the Harrisburg Area Transportation Study (HATS) has an I adopted functional classification scheme that should be referenced. The Transportation Map (8-1) shows the HATS functional I classification scheme for the Township. An additional collector classification (Local-Collector) is recommended for application to roadways that HATS considers "Localt1 but that the Township considers a somewhat higher classification I than local". This scheme and recommended classifications follows: -Arterial I -Turnpike - I76

I 14-1 I I

-Minor Arterial -PA 233 -PA 641 -Major Collector I -U.S. 11 (Ritner Highway) -Minor Collector -Greason Road -SR 4021 -Mount Rock Road I -Local Collector -T 457 and T 427 (Burgners Mill Road) - northeastward from PA 641 I -Mcallister Road -SR 4025 -Kerrsville Road (southward from PA 641) I TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS As an integral part of the Township's infrastructure, the I transportation system needs continual maintenance and improvement attention. Maintenance and improvement responsibility for roadways in the Township rest.- with the Township and PennDOT. I PennDOT owns and maintains approximately 27 miles of state highways and bridges in the Townsh-ip through a variety of maintenance and improvement programs. The Township can advise I PennDOT concerning state highway improvement and maintenance needs through coordination with the District- 8-0 Office and with HATS. Since federal funds, administered by PennDOT, are also available I for certain local bridge projects, the Township should also coordinate with the District Office regarding these. The following project in the Township has been identified using HATS' information: I -Mount Rock Road under Abandoned Conrail Bridge -Bridge Removal I -On Second Four Year Period of 1988-2000 12 Year Program -On Bridge Bill IV I -Cost: $217,000 Additionally, the Township has identified PA 641 as a roadway with a variety of problems including excessive speed and truck I traffic, safety, numerous driveways, alignment, road surface and drainage problems. The Township should work with PennDOT's County Maintenance and District Offices in addressing these problems. A I narrow bridge on SR 4021 (Blosserville Road) over the Conodoguinet Creek was also identified as a problem. Coordination with PennDOT relative to improving this bridge is also recommended. I - The Tri-County Regional Planning Commission recently completed the Carlisle Area Transportation Study and the Township was I 14-2 I included in the study area. Recommendations for improvements to the I PA 465/U.S. 11 intersection area in nearby South Middleton Township were included in the study's reports. I Other PennDOT and HATS projects will certainly arise during the period covered by this Comprehensive Plan. This Plan recognizes that the r oadway~~anning~m~~- ~~~nt-pr-8csss~s constantly changing. Township officials should be cognizant of PennDOT and HATS plans and programs and stay involved in the planning and programming processes. I A number of the state highways in the Township have deficient cartway widths. As identified in the Basic Studies Section these include, portions of PA 233, SR 3007 (Spring Road), SR 3015 (Kerrsville Road) and SR 4025 (Old Mill Road). PennDOT will bring I these roadways up to standard as they are improved in the future.

With respect to the approximately 47 miles of local roads, I many of which have deficient cartway widths and other problems, the Township should continue a well-planned, multi-year maintenance and improvement program, using Liquid Fuel Tax Receipts and, perhaps, I General Funds. New roadways, built by developers, should meet current standards as discussed in the next section. HIGHWAY DESIGN CRITERIA.. PennDOT provides guidance to municipalities in establishing highway design standards and criteria through its Publication I Number 70, titled "Guidelines for Design of Local Roads and Streets". The Rural Design Criteria is shown in the Comprehensive Plan as Table 14-1. The current Township cartway and shoulder I standards are fairly consistent with the Rural Design Criteria. The recommended criteria contained in the comprehensive plan should be considered when updating the Township's Subdivision and Land I Development Ordinance. I

14-3 From EdOe of Pavornont 14' LI. d Rt., Min.

I CHAPTER 15 COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN

I The Community Facilities Plan is intended to provide

.~ recommendations__I______-____----- and standards to be applied to the various--._--_-- facilities and services necessary to support the resident I population of the Township. The Future Land -Use Plan illustrates proposed categorical allocations of residential, commercial, industrial, conservation, and agricultural land uses throughout the m Township. It should be noted that due to the relatively low density development characteristics of the Township, many of the services and facility standards cited in this Plan are not yet practical to achieve. However, as development density and land use I composition increase over time, they will provide the basis upon which rational decisions can be made to determine appropriate I levels of public support services and facilities. PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Big Spring School District is currently planning on I constructing a new elementary school along Pa 233. This project is first on the school districts list of priorities. The second item of priority is the renovation and expansion of the Plainfield I Elementary School. €€Owever,since this area does not have public sewer service this limits the expansion portion of the project. A small treatment plant would require khe treated effluent to be ,I discharged into a nearby stream or river. There is no creek in the vicinity close enough to accept the plant's effluent therefore, the chances of expansion are unlikely at the present time. I The school district's superintendent has recommended the Newville Elementary School expansion and update take second priority over Plainfield Elementary School expansion because of the I availability of public water and sewer services. The Big Spring School District has noted an increase in enrollment in the elementary level. An increase of approximately I 30 to 50 students a year. Currently, there are 2100 elementary school students. The Department of Education has predicted an increase in enrollment of approximately 25 percent in the next 7 I years. However, the local school board feels this estimate may be too optimistic. This enrollment trend will eventually lead to larger highschool classroom sizes and the need for high- school IDI expansion. I PARKS AND RECREATION 'I The Pennsylvania Municipalities Code requires municipalties such as West Pennsboro Township that administer ordinances containing provisions requiring dedication of recreation land, to I consider a comprehensive recreation plan in accordance .with definite principles and standards contained in the subdivision and land development ordinance. I 15-1 I The National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) has established a park classification system that is intended to serve I as a guide to planning for various park and recreation needs. In general, the NRPA report recommends that a park system, at a minimum, be composed of a "core" system of park lands. These I standards should be used as a guide and not as a blue print. As reflected in the-_ Parks and Recreation Section ------of Chaster 9 the ------. -. - - _.- - T5GiiSKip--hXsXwidevariety of recreational facilities, activities, and programs available for residents of the Township and Region. I These recreation facilities establish a sound recreational base, or "core" for use by the local residents. I The NRPA has developed the following standards to be applied to three types of recreational spaces. These areas are classified as: I 1. Community Park - These areas are available and used by the total population of the community. They usually have special facilities on site such as a pool, tennis courts, pavilion, or I are used for other special purposes. 2. Neishborhood Park - These areas are used primarily as passive recreation areas for smaller neighborhood segments of the I community. 3. Plavsround/field. - These areas characteristically are I developed as active recreation areas for elementary- school children. I Table 15-1 outlines other general characteristics that may assist in defining various classes of these recreation areas:

TABLE 15-1 National Standards for Recreation Areas I Travel Area Age Distance Acres/l, 000 Facility Served Location (miles) (persons)

Community Total Central/or in 1.5 3.0 Park Population Neighborhood

Neighborhood Older and Neighborhood 1.5 1.5 Park Youths

Playground/ 5 - 11 Near Elementary .25 - 1.5 1.5 Playfield School Facilities

SOURCE : National Recreation and Park Association.

15-2 The NRPA guidelines emphasize that recreation planning and provision of recreation facilities should not be undertaken by one agency. Parks under the control of the county, state, federal government, school district, and private interests must all be considered in analyzing and providing adequate recreational opportunities. When formulating new recreation facilities, local -agenc-i-e-s. -and -_interest groups of the -Township, as well as- other interests mentioned should be consulted as necessary for input on recreation issues. Currently, the recreation program for the Township appears to be adequate. Approximately forty-seven (47) percent of the survey respondents felt recreational program improvements were adequate. Only eighteen (18) percent felt that the recreation facilities need improved upon. The enhancement of the recreational facilities within the Township can be given further consideration by the Planning Commission and the Board of Supervisors. If the Township would elect to pursue a more aggressive recreation program in the future, it is recommended that a comprehensive recreation plan be developed to provide a thorough evaluation of recreational opportunities, and identify deficiencies that may exist. POLICE PROTECTION .- It is difficult to establish realistic standards for police protection which apply to all municipalities. Determining the need for police services can revolve around a number of factors that partially include (1) community size in area, (2) density and land use patterns, (3) crime rates, and (4) socio-economic factors. Each of these items differ in influence within each municipality, as well. However, the Institute of Local Government at the University of Pittsburgh has established the following general guidelines which could be applies in determining the size of a municipal police force: 1. 1.75 to 2.00 policemen per 1,000 population 2. at least one patrol car per 5,000 population Currently the Township's population could sustain a small local police force consisting of 6-8 policemen and one patrol car. The population distribution and the Township's economic base may deter this from happening. Examiningthe population projections in Chapter 4, it appears West Pennsboro Township will experience an upward growth trend in population influenced by the growth of the Carlisle-Harrisburg area and also areas in Newville Borough. Until it is affordable to establish and maintain a municipal police force, the Township must continue to rely upon the Pennsylvania State Police. Current police service appears to be adequate to somewhat adequate among Township residents. Approximately 28 percent of the population felt that the police service could be improved.

15-3 I

One alternative that could be developed at the local level would be to promote and institute a "community watch" or I "neighborhood watcht1 campaign. Community wide interest and concerns about crime combined with community wide involvement in monitoring and reporting crime activities may be a viable solution. The possibility of joining with neighboring municipalities to I -est_ablish.a joint- mun-icipal police force, and contracting such services, should also be investigated by Township officials as a possible solution to providing localized police protection. I FIRE PROTECTION I The American Insurance Association recommends the following standards be applied in determining adequate municipal wide fire protection. I - Service Area No more than 0.75 miles from a pump and ladder company for business districts, 1.5 miles I for residential areas, and 4 miles for areas with homes 100 feet or more apart. I - Fire Companies A fire company should consist of at least 7 men and 1 piece .- of motor equipment. I - Equipment One ladder company per 20,000 population where there are five I buildings or more having three story height or greater. - Pumper and Tank A 1,500 gallon per minute I Truck pumping capacity in higher value areas. I West Pennsboro Township's fire protection facilities are felt to very adequate. Approximately 89 percent of the Township's residents agreed that the service was adequate to very adequate. I The improvements discussed in Chapter 9 - Community Facilities and Services can also be funded through contributions from the regular annual budget plan. The Capital Improvement Plan discussed I in Chapter 18 encourages municipalities to allocate a percentage of money in the yearly budget for future projects such as fire service improvements or expansion. I WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Newville Borough Municipal Authority currently provides water I service to the Big Spring Heights Area and its fringes. This system will also provide its water services to the new school proposed for construction on PA 233. Service for existing and I proposed residential and commercial activities along PA 233 will also be provided. Portions of eastern PA 641 extending past the I 15-4 I Heights Area will also receive public water service from the I Newville Borough Municipal Water Authority.

It is extremely important that the Township and the local I water supply company servicing the Township establish a continuing workable program to coordinate further expansion of its water services as development progresses and update water system deficiencies as they are identified. It is further recommended I that the Township require developers to provide a guarantee of any improvements such as basic water supply infrastructure with the deposit of a corporate bond or other acceptable security to the I Board of Supervisors. I As reflected in the Community Attitude Survey, the need for I expanded public water service was not considered a large priority. Approximately forty-four (44) percent of the total respondents felt this service was adequate to very adequate. Twenty-Seven (27) 11 percent of the total respondents felt this service was needed.

~ SEWAGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT SERVICE I The Newville Borough sewage treatment facilities has made agreements with West Pennsboro Township concerning sewer extensions into the West Pennsboro along Routes PA 641, Mount Rock Road, and PA 233. West Pennsboro has proposed to construct the sewer lines I with the Borough in charge of all maintenance and operation costs. The residents hooking up to the sewer lines would be subjected to hook-up fees as well as monthly users fees.

The Township's Official 537 Sewage Facilities Plan discusses the sewer options in more detail. - This plan has not been officially adopted and is presently in the review stages by the Township Officials and the Department of Environmental Resources.

A second alternative for West Pennsboro is to consider providing collection and conveyance facilities to West Hill, Greason, Plainfield, and Elliotson and either transmit to the Borough of Carlisle for treatment or provide the treatment facilities in the Township near its service area. However, the Carlisle Borough presently does not have the capacity for additional sewerage service. Therefore, sewer extension into the area noted above is not feasible at the present time or in the near future. The possibility of a new treatment plant facility is also not feasible due to the lack of a suitable affluent discharge point. The proposed treatment plant must have a near-by point of discharge either being a stream, creek, or river. This discharge point must have DER acceptable standards in order to accept any amount of treated affluent. There 'is no stream, creek, or river in the vicinity of the proposed treatment plant.

A management plan will be mandatory for the residents to follow. This plan will involve strict compliance measures such as biannual inspection of private on-lot septic systems, revising zoning lot size requirements, education meetings for the Township residents, and system pumping regulations. 15-5 I

Currently, thirty-seven (37) percent of the Township's I residents feel that public sewer services are needed in the Township. Due to the severe soil limitations in the Township, development is encouraged to occur in the areas where public sewer service is available. The Township should begin to take a more I active role in reducing septic system problems and encourage proper upkeep and maintenance practices for on-lot systems. This management policy is described in the Official Act 537, Sewage I Facilities Plan, currently being prepared. The failure of on-lot disposal systems (OLDS) has many contributing factors. A common problem many municipalities I encounter is the lack of an aggressive maintenance program. Older systems should receive routine maintenance as well as newer OLDS systems. Proper design and installation techniques are required I for new systems. Whatever the cause may be, failure of these systems can result in public health dangers and other pollution related problems. I As outlined in the Village Planning Handbook, 1989, there are several common indications of on-lot disposal problems.32 When these signs become apparent, it is recommended that the Township I governing body, or the Sewerage Enforcement Officer, encourage homeowners to begin corrective action in order to minimize ground water contamination within the Township, as well as any other I potential environmental and health-threats. Several symptoms of system failure are: 1. Surface Breakout I a. Standing Effluent

b. Malodorous Air L c. Lush vegetation located over the systems absorption I area. 2. Waste water backup near the home 3. Groundwater contamination I As discussed in the Future Land Use Plan and Transportation Plan, growth and development should be guided toward the existing system of community facilities. The Township may consider the I extension of existing water and sewer service lines to areas planned for more intensive residential and commercial development. These areas are designated on the Future Land Use Map (Map 13-1) I and described in the Future Land Use Plan (Chapter 13). I I I - 32. Villase Plannins Handbook, 1989; Bucks County Planning Commission. I 15-6 I I I CHAPTER 16 HOUSING PLAN I One of the most critical components of a Comprehensive Plan is the strategy for improving the condition and supply of housing in the Township. The primary objectives of a housing program is to improve and protect the status of existing dwellings, assure stable I future housing development, and provide assurances that a variety of housing will be available for all age groups and income levels. In order to achieve these objectives a series of housing strategies I must be developed, and impartially and systematically implemented. The traditional program approach to housing rehabilitation and redevelopment can be effectively applied by local governments to I meet overall housing needs. Such a program is comprised of three fundamental techniques:

I 1. Conservation - This technique is directed toward the prevention of blighted conditions and should be applied to those areas of the Township with little or no existing I blight. Conservation involves continued maintenance of structures and properties, repair of deteriorated structures, repair or removal of dilapidated structures and conditions, and enforcement of housing and/or I building code standards, 2. Rehabilitation - This technique is directed toward the I revitalization of more deteriorated areas by turning them into sound, healthy neighborhoods. This is accomplished by the use of an area wide renovation plan and I facilitating rehabilitation activities of deteriorated structures and properties. 3. Redevelopment - This technique is directed toward the I removal of severely blighted area wide conditions through the combined use of clearance, conservation, and I rehabilitation methods. In a redevelopment project, I property is normally acquired by a public body, demolished and/or substantially modified, and sold to an agency to improve in accordance with an approved plan. This approach, although the most costly and time I consuming, is the most comprehensive method of eliminating blight. I A prerequisite to effectively applying any of these techniques is the adoption and enforcement of adequate codes and ordinances. Such codes and ordinances include building, housing, plumbing, I mechanical and electrical, property maintenance, and zoning. The building code sets forth standards with which the builder must comply to produce initial construction or alterations of structures. The housing code ensures that existing and future I dwellings will meet minimum quality of life standards for building habitation. Fire prevention, mechanical and electrical, and I plumbing codes set forth minimum safety and adequacy standards for 16-1 I I

the building infrastructure. The property maintenance code ensures I that properties are properly maintained by establishing minimum standards governingthe overall maintenance, appearance, condition, and occupancy of a premise. The zoning ordinance further assists in the preservation of housing qualities by controlling the I establishment of compatible land uses in conjunction with residential uses. I There are two major facets to the maintenance of sound housing: one is the building's structural quality and the other is the quality of neighborhood environment. It must be realized that even a well constructed and maintained dwelling in a poorly I maintained neighborhood will ultimately become adversely 'affected by the deteriorated environment around it. Influences that blight a residential area affect the worst and best housing a like. It is I therefore imperative that each homeowner and renter become conscientiously involved with the upkeep of the entire neighborhood and Township. I Prior to proposing implementation strategies for the Housing Plan, significant population, housing, and socio-economic characteristics must be considered as follows: I 1. Residential uses of all types consume approximately eleven percent of the total Township area. However the I Future Land-Use proposes-six (6) percent of the total land uses be provided for new residential development. 2. The largest concentrations of residential development I activity, in terms of area and number of dwellings, have occurred in the eastern and western portion of the Township. Primarily: I a. Eastern: Between northern McAllister Church Road and Bears School Lane, Burgners Mill Road, Lime I Kiln Road, Greason Road, PA 641, Kerrsville Road.

b. ' Western: Oak Flat Road, PA 641 near Newville, Mount Rock Road, and northern Centerville Road or I PA 233. 3. The predominant residential unit design in the Township I is the single family-detached dwelling, comprising about 78 percent of the total housing stock. 4. About 41 percent of the Township's housing stock was I constructed after to 1970. Twenty-three (23) percent of the total dwelling units in West Pennsboro Township were constructed prior to 1940. I 5. Approximately 3 percent of all occupied dwellings lacked complete plumbing in 1980 (36 dwelling units). The I quality of the housing stock has improved since the period of the seventies. I 16-2 I I

6. The 1980 Census data indicates that of the 1,424 dwelling I units in the Township, only 26 percent were vacant for one reason or another during the Census enumeration. I This constitutes a 1.8 percent vacancy rate. 7. The Township has been experiencing an increase in population growth over the past 30 years. Population growth is projected to increase by about 14 percent I between 1980 - 1990 according to the 1982 predictions. The 1990 - 2000 population predictions estimated a 12 I percent increase. 8. The senior citizen population increased by about 179 percent between 1970 and 1980, to currently comprise I about 43 percent of the total Township population base. 9. The age/sex composition of Township residents is well suited to sustain continued family formations and natural I population growth. The primary childbearing female age group of the Township makes up 33 percent of the total I population in 1980 for the ages between 25 and 35. 10. The Township's median family income ranges between low to middle income. West Pennsboro Township's median income is below the County Average however, it was higher than I many of the-surr0unding.m-unicipalities. 11. Much of the Township's land-is used for farming. The I potential for high and low density residential development exists in these areas as long as adequate I services are provided. HOUSING.PLAN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES The primary goal of this Chapter is to identify methods to II accommodate the Township's and SMSA' s expanding population base by enhancing the quality of existing housing stock, as well as, assure quality construction methods and materials for future housing ~I development. The following strategies are set forth to accomplish this goal: 1. The housing stock in West Pennsboro Township appears to ~I be sound with a small number of deteriorated homes located in Plainfield, Fickes Road, and Greason. These homes are deteriorating because of the age and weathering I processes. These areas are, therefore, designated as target areas for housing rehabilitation programs, with an attempt to be made to obtain adequate funding from local I resources, as well as, from appropriate county, state, and federal assistance programs. Such funding can be applied for through the Cumberland County Housing and Redevelopment Authority. Funding assistance may also be I applied for directly from the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, which administers the Pennsylvania I Small Communities Program. Eligible funding activities 16-3 I I

for this program include: 1) economic development, 2) community facilities, and 3) housing. While this is the I most popular assistance program, there are other programs available for similar project purposes that the Township should utilize. I 2. Because a substantial number of existing dwellings were constructed more than 50 years ago, the Township should encourage residents to utilize residential weather- I ization and energy conservation techniques and programs that are available. This would not only protect the structure and its contents from weather impacts, but I would also reduce energy consumption and reduce energy costs. This is particularly important for the lower income and fixed income senior citizen segments of the I Township's population. 3. A comprehensive set of codes and ordinances that regulates the minimum acceptable conditions of use, I construction, location, additions and alterations, repair, and maintenance of properties within the Township should be systematically adopted and properly enforced. I The purpose of these codes and ordinances is to prescribe adequate standards of health, safety, convenience, and welfare for the residents and should include the I

1) Building Code 5) Existing Structures Code 2) Housing Code 6) One and Two Family Code I 3) Electrical Code 7) Zoning Ordinance 4) Plumbing Code 8) Subdivision and Land Development Regulations I 4. Encourage the development and expansion of codes enforcement and administration activities, staffed with personnel qualified in all aspects of codes and ordinance I administration. Encourage and support staff training and educational activities necessary to maintain proficiency in enforcement and administration. I 5. Support the creation and continued functioning of civic and business organizations to assist local officials in I planning for the Township's future. 6. Encourage and support the establishment of public and private partnerships, as may be necessary, to provide I political and financial support of improvement projects. I .33. Guidelines for these codes can be referenced by using both the National Building Code (NBC), and the Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, I Ill. I 16-4 I I

In this manner, developers will play a more effective I role in financially supporting the infrastructure necessary to service the Township's expanding I residential, as well as, commercial and industrial bases. 7. Opportunities should be provided to permit the establishment of a variety of housing types at varying price ranges. High density development, however, should I be limited to those areas capable of being serviced with public sewerage and water systems. Areas proposed for low, medium, and high density residential development are I depicted on the Future Land Use Map (13-1). I I I

I . ..- I I I I I I I I I 16-5 I I I CHAPTER 17 ENERGY PLAN I The Energy Plan Element provides the framework through which community planning objectives and energy conservation implementa- tion strategies are identified and applied. This element proposes specific policies local government officials can implement to I attain the conservation of energy in community development, and is intended to provide a specific context to guide Township Officials in selecting appropriate strategies for either short-term or long- I term impacts on energy use in the Township. ENERGY GOAL AND POLICIES I Three basic steps to ensure consideration of energy in community planning are the establishment of goals, policies, and implementation strategies within the comprehensive plan. As set I forth in Phase 11, Chapter 12, Community Development Goals and Objectives, the primary energy goal for West Pennsboro Township is I to: "Encourage public and private actions which will decrease dependence on external fuel supplies and encourage the use of renewable energy sources." I .- Energy policies address the following: I 1) Reducing the consumption of non-renewable energy in heating, cooling, and operations of buildings; 2) Reducing energy consumption in the transportation sector; I . and 3) Adopting and implementing ordinances containing I provisions for the safe and efficient utilization of renewable energy resources, as well as, methods and materials of construction to better assure energy I conservation. These statements become reference points for the development of implementation strategies to be applied by Township Officials as I they proceed with their respective activities and decisions. I PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES Local government can use the planning process to make their community's land use patterns more energy efficient. Land, and uses developed on the land, should be managed so as to maximize the I conservation of all forms of energy based on sound planning principles. A principal benefit to be gained by incorporating energy considerations into the planning process is to make energy I conservation a continuing concern on the part of local officials and private citizens in making decisions. Also, if strategically applied, energy considerations will influence the physical I 17-1 I I development proposals designated in the comprehensive plan and serve as a basis for including energy-conserving provisions in I zoning, subdivision and land development, property maintenance standards, and building and housing codes. I Energy conservation implementation strategies are grouped into the following categories: 1) Buildings; I 2) Municipal Services; I 3) Transportation; 4) Land Use; I 5) Alternative Energy Sources; and 6) Citizen Participation. I The following implementation strategies are established to achieve the overall Energy Goal and associated implementation I policies. BUILDINGS .- I Adopt and maintain buiiding, housing, and property maintenance codes that inelude energy conservation standards. I Consider operational energy .efficiency as part of the initial cost of public buildings. I Operate and maintain public buildings to attain maximum acceptable energy efficiency. I Retrofit public buildings for more efficient energy consumption. I Require the retrofitting of residences and businesses which are being renovated, remodeled or enlarged. Encourage rehabilitation of deteriorating dwellings to I maintain their permanence and improve their thermal performance. I Establish and enforce appliance efficiency standards through building and housing codes. I Establish and enforce energy efficiency resale requirements in the housing code for existing buildings. Elect, by Resolution, to assist the PA Department of I Community Affairs and the PA Department of Labor and Industry in enforcing energy standards established I 17-2 I I

pursuant to the Pennsylvania Building Energy Conservation I Act. I MUNICIPAL SERVICES Incorporate opportunities for increasing energy efficiency into the municipal vehicle maintenance and I operations program standards of operating procedures. Encourage energy efficient driving habits among municipal employees. I Operate community buildings and facilities to encourage more intensive.andmulti-purpose use. I Consider energy efficiency when purchasing vehicles, machinery, appliances, and other equipment for public use. I Consider the energy consumption implications of all activities scheduledto take place in municipal buildings I to maximize energy conservation. Design and operate public lighting systems to efficiently I utilize energy. Encourage - and coordinate community compost sites to utilize organic waste for garden fertilizer. I Encourage residents to separate paper, cans, and bottles from the rest of their waste and promote recycling activities. Support implementation of the Cumberland I County Solid Waste Management Plan for Recycling and Waste Reduction. Utilize available community energy educational and I technical assistance programs such as those offered by the Pennsylvania Energy Center - Region VI. I TRANSPORTATION 1) Encourage walking and bicycle riding by improving I pedestrian crosswalks and sidewalks, establishing, where possible, bicycle paths and lanes, and constructing bike racks at appropriate locations. I 2) Encourage establishment of a communitywide vanpooling program, and encourage utilization of existing business I and governmentally sponsored carpooling programs. 3) Actively promote, where appropriate, expansion of transit I bus service throughout the Township. 4) Continue to improve the effectiveness of existing and future streets and signalization so as to minimize energy I consumption. This could be accomplished by improving 17-3 I I

circulation through the application of contemporary traffic engineering procedures and maintaining an active I street improvements program. LAND USE I 1) Encourage proper site orientation for utilization of solar and wind energy conversion systems. I 2) Encourage the planting of trees by both public and private sectors. I 3) Permit home occupations, where appropriate. 4) Allow conversion of single family dwellings into multi- I family dwellings in appropriate zoning districts. 5) Zone appropriate areas to allow compatible mixed uses. I 6) Incorporate energy efficient methods and materials into street design and construction projects. I ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Land use planning and development proposals should consider, ..as a major .determinant, the existing and I potential capacity of renewable energy sources to yield useful and efficient energy output. Renewable energy sources include water, geothermal heat, solar, and wind. I Whenever possible, land conservation and development activities proposed by such plans should utilize renewable energy sources. I Encourage solar and wind energy utilization by adopting zoning and subdivision and land development ordinance provisions which guarantee solar and wind access. I Adopt housing and building codes that include energy conse'rvation provisions and solar, wind, and geothermal I energy system standards. Reduce legal and institutional barriers to the utilization of alternative energy systems, support I consumer protection, and train local officials to effectively administer energy related ordinance provisions. I Investigate the feasibility of integrated community energy systems. I CITIZEN PARTICIPATION 1) Provide for and encourage better public education and I awareness of energy issues and techniques of applying energy conservation practices. I 17-4 I 2) Recognize citizen participation as a key factor in the successful implementation of energy conservation at the local level. 3) Establish an energy conservation committee, comprised of Township residents, that will be responsible for further developing and supporting implementation of the energy plan.

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17-5 CHAPTER 18 PLAN ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION I PLAN ADMINISTRATION Plan administration involves a variety of supporting activities. The most influential aspect of which is the sincere ~I commitment and continuous support of local officials to achieve the goals and objectives set forth in the Phase I1 of the Comprehensive Plan. It is imperative that local officials and the citizens of the Township fully realize the implications of such a planning commitment. Such a commitment requires the effective utilization of human resources to carry out the administrative, procedural, and I regulatory aspects of maintenance and implementation of the comprehensive plan, as well as, providing adequate financial appropriations targeted for supportive purposes. It is recommended, therefore, that the Township take full advantage of available federal, state, regional, and county resources. These various levels of government maintain professional staffs that are available to provide valuable technical assistance to local governments, and also offer a variety of grant and loan programs to provide financial aid. Two University campuses located in the Tri-County Region function as valuable -technical res-ources for local governments. The Pennsylvania State University Campus, located in Lower Swatara Township, Dauphin County maintains a graduate level curriculum in I Public Administration and the Institute for State and Regional Affairs. The staff office of the Pennsylvania State Data Center of the U.S. Bureau of Census is also located on this campus. The I University and these organizations have an abundance of planning/ administrative reference materials and resources in their staffs, professors, and students that the Township may utilize for technical assistance. Shippensburg University, located in I Shippensburg, Cumberland County, maintains under-graduate and graduate level planning and local government administration related curriculums that could also provide assistance to the Township in I managing municipal affairs. In particular, he University maintains the Center for Local and State Governments which is located on campus. Technical assistance and services are available to local I governments. As reflected in Chapter 11, Municipal Administration and Finances, the Township has established and maintained the primary administrative and financial commitments within its means to support the comprehensive planning process in West Pennsboro Township. This commitment is further reinforced through the recent comprehensive planning efforts resulting in this updated document. PLAN IMPLEMENTATION After the plan is prepared and adopted, the recommendations and policies set forth in the plan should be put into effect, or implemented. This is perhaps the most difficult step in planning. 18-1 I I

While the comprehensive plan carries no weight of law, many of the I plan implementation devices do. Providing that the planning commission and the governing body perform their tasks, the plan can be implemented with a minimum of hardship. I The primary tools used to implement the comprehensive plan are the subdivision and land development ordinance and the zoning ordinance. I Subdivision regulations attempt to: I '0 set minimum standards for the layout or design of developments; ' 0 promote coordinated development; o guide the type and location of streets and other public I facilities; 0 ensure the installation of necessary improvements; 0 minimize existing or foreseen problems; and I 0 manage stormwater runoff and erosion. The zoning ordinance regulates: I 0 uses of land, water courses and other bodies of water; 0 size, height, bulk and location of structures; 0 areas and dimensions of land to the occupied or to be I unoccupied- by uses and st-ructures; 0 density of population and intensity of use; and 0 protection of natural resources and agricultural land. I Other legislative devices that can be used for plan implementation include the official map, building and housing codes, as well as codes for plumbing, electricity and fire I protection, and a capital improvements program. The comprehensive plan can not be implemented entirely by I codes and ordinances. Many recommendations made within the plan require action only by the governing body of West Pennsboro Township; capital improvements must be prioritized and funds allotted; areas where redevelopment or rehabilitation is desired I should be clearly defined and steps should be taken to secure appropriate funding; and public relations, perhaps the keystone and the catalyst of most plan implementation, must be fostered. I It is recommended that the Township continuously apprise itself on the development of necessary codes and supplements published by the BOCA organization and take appropriate action to I update the existing codes of the Township, as deemed necessary. BOCA Codes recommended for adoption consideration by the Township include : I 1. Building Code 4. Plumbing Code 2. Housing Code 5. Existing Structures Code; and I 3. Electrical Code 6. One and Two Family Code I 18-2 I I

I It is recommended that the Township Zoning Ordinance and Subdivision and Land Development Regulations be reviewed and updated as necessitated by amendments to the Pennsylvania I Municipalities Planning Code, Act 247, and for the purpose of consolidating amendments into a single text. I As a result in adjustments to the Future Land Use Map, it is recommended that appropriate Zoning Map amendments be adopted. It is further recommended that the Zoning Text be reevaluated to: a) determine its suitability to implement the update Comprehen-sive I Plan, and b) incorporate new and appropriate organization, classifications, and standards to applicable provisions. I Capital Improvements Proqram Successful plan implementation also requires an effective capital improvements programming process to ensure that plans for I community facilities and services are carried out. Such a program can also allow improvement proposals to be tested against a set of adopted policies and goals; better schedule public improvements I that require more than one year to complete; provide the opportunity to purchase land before costs go up; provide for long- range financial planning and management; offer an opportunity for I citizens and public interest groups to participate in decision making; and contributor to more effective and efficient management of municipal affairs. I The Township currently sets money aside anually for sewer capacity and extension and also the construction of a new Township Building. The Township also maintains a park which may receive I funds for improvements. This account could be incorportated into Capital'Improvements program. A capital improvement is normally considered any nonrecurring I expenditure or any expenditure for physical facilities associated with a governmental body, including costs for acquisition of land or interests in land; construction and major alterations to I buildings or other structures; street construction or utility installation; fixed equipment; land-scaping; and other similar expenditures. In general, a capital improvement is an asset which I has a large value relative to the municipal budget and can be expected to provide services for a number of years. A capital improvement budget is a list of projects together I with the amounts and sources of funding for the coming fiscal or calendar year. .Capital programming and budgeting is complex and often a little mysterious. As a result, the development of needed I capital improvements may be mishandled or not carried out at all. In addition, opportunities to obtain federal and state dollars for improving public facilities and services may be lost because I municipal capital improvement programming and budgeting efforts are inadequate. Fortunately, these and other problems associated with making capital improvements can be handled through the application I of relatively simple planning and fiscal analysis procedures that 18-3 I I

are suitable for small rural municipalities as well as large cities.34 I A capital improvement program is a multi-year schedule of projects, and the planned budgeted expenditures necessary to I finance them. The program normally covers a six-year period; the up coming budget year and a five-year period beyond. It is customary to prepare a capital improvement budget and capital improvement program annually; revising the program, as necessary I and adopting the budget annually as part of the regular municipal operating budget. I A recent publication of the Municipal Finance Officers Association (MFOA), A Capital Improvement Proqramminq Handbook, focuses on capital programming and capital budgeting as they relate I to small local government units. This handbook describes the following important steps in the capital programming and budgeting process : I A. Establish the administrative and policy framework for capital progra-mming and budgeting. B. Prepare an inventory of existing capital facilities. I C. Determine the status of previously approved projects. D. Compile and evaluate project requests. E. Perform financial analysis and programming. F. Adopt the capital program and budget. I G. Monitor the capital budget. This method is recommended to the Township Board of I Supervisors to assure that a financial plan is provided for the realization of comprehensive plan recommendations. Due to the procedure of annual review and revisions to the budget and program, I it is recommended that the Capital Improvement Program not be adopted pursuant to this plan and not be included in the text, but maintained as a separate supporting document to be evaluated and revised on an annual basis. I I I I

- 34 . The Pennsylvania State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative. 18-4 I I I I__ - .. I APPENDIX I I I I I I I I I ~'I II I I I I Glossary of Terms Aquifer - A formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield I significant quantities of water to wells and springs.

.. __. . -. .. . -Closed.-depression - In a karst area, a distinct bowl-shaped depression in the land surface; it is characterized by varying I magnitude, an unbroken ground surface around the perimeter and internal drainage. I Closed depression area - A localized area of depressions attributed to the karst process; it is characterized by a distinctive rolling I topography of varying magnitude. Evdrolouic Cycle - The continuous circulation of water between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. I Karst - A type of topography that is formed over limestone, dolomite and gypsum by bedrock solution, and that is characterized by closed depressions . or sinkholes, caves, and underground I drainage. Permeability - The capacity of a porous medium for transmitting water. I I. Porosity - The ratio of the volume of small openings in soil or I rock to its total volume; it is usually expressed as a percentage. Recharqe Area - The portion of a drainage basin in which the net saturated flow of groundwater is directed away from the water I table. Runoff - 1. That portion of precipitation that does not return to the atmosphere through evaportanspiration nor I infiltrate the soil to recharge groundwater but leaves the hydrologic system as streamflow. I 2. That portion of precipitation delivered to streams as overland flow to tributary channels. Sinkhole - In a karst area, a localized, gradual or rapid shrinking I of the land surface to a variable depth; generally characterized by a roughly circular outline, a distinct breaking of the ground surface, and movement of residual soil or colluvium into voids I within the carbonate bedrock. Watershed - The area of contribution to a surface water body. It I is defined by topographic high points. Terms as defined in Local Groundwater Protection, Martin Jaffe and I Frank Dinovo. American Planning Association (1987). Terms defined in Sinkholes and Karst - Related Features of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, William E. Kachonov. I Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey (Open File Report 8902, 1989). I Dear Resident:

The West Pennsboro Township Planning Commission currently is updating the . ... - . .. - . - __Township’s__ - - . . . .~Comprehensiye.-.- - - - .Elan .__... Within the_-~e-x-t-_s.evera_l_month.’.s- go-uy Planning Commission will complete Phase I of the Plan, Basic Studies, and begin Phase 11, Plan Development. A public meeting will be held , 1989, to share the results Of the I Basic Studies and to obtain public comment. It is vitally important for us to how your opinions and expectations for the Township. In addition to the information we will collect at the public meeting, we are requesting your completion of the following survey. The results of the survey will be used extensively as we begin to formulate a series of recommendation for the Township I Supervisors on community facilities, future land use, transportation, housing, and energy. Please answer the following questions as they may apply to you. and return the survey in the enclosed self-addressed stamped envelope. It is important that we receive your completed survey by I

Sincerely,

Dean Chamberlin. Chairman Township Planning Codssion I

COMMUNITY ATTITUDE SURVEY WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP .- COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I Please circle the answer which best describes your feeling or fill in the blank space.

COMMUNITY FACILITIES AN0 SERVICES 4. The Township has completing an Official Sewage The following questions are designed to obtain your Plan to analyze the condition of sewage treatment I opinion on existing community facilities and services. in the Township. Would you support the extension Community facilities available to the Township include of public sewers into the Township for those areas schools, emergency services, libraries. reireation. identified as having the need and within access of public water and public sewers, and solid waste ex 1sting systems7 I collection. A. Yes 8. No How do you feel about the following services? Please answer : a - very adequate TRANSPORTATION b - adequate c - somewhat inadequate These questions are designed to identify transportation d - very inadequate needs. A. Fire Protection , Circle the location which best describes where you I 8. Police Protection work. C. Recreation 0. Solid Waste Collection A. West Pennsboro Township E. Newville E.F. Libraries 8. Carlisle Area F. Shippensburg Area Schools C. West Shore Area G. Work at home I G. Public Sewers D. City of Harrisburg H. Other H. Public Waters Circle the answer which describes how you go to Would you be in favor of the Township spending work. I money to upgrade those service in Question 1 which you rated as somewhat and very inadequate7 A. Drive alone 0. Walk 8. Carpool E. Work at home A. Yes 6. No C. Park and Ride F. Other I From the list of possible community facilities and 7. Would you use commuter bus service. if it were Services circle those which you feel have the available in the Township7 greatest need for improvement andlor those new services you would like to see provided. A. Yes 8. No

A. Fire Protection E. Schools 0. How do you feel about the adequacy of street 8. Police Protection F. Solid Waste Collection maintenance in the Township7 C. Recreation C. Public Sewer Service 0. Libraries H. Public Water Service A. Very Adequate C. Somewhat Inadequate 1 8. Adequate 0. Inadequate I I

I FUTURE LAND USE 18. Would you be interested in the Township Recently, guiding the direction of growth and considering being listed as an Historic District? development and preserving the Township's unique environmental___ features have been frequent topjcs of A. Ye.? . .. . -8..__ Eo._ -...... discussion at Township meetings and in the community at I large. Please answer these questions as you would like The following questions relate to agricultural to see the Township develop. preservation. Over fifty percent of the Township is underlain with Prime Farmland Soils. In an attempt to 9. How do you feel about the Township as a place to preserve these valuable resources from development 1 ive7 pressures, Pennsylvania has adopted the Agricultural I Conservation Easement Purchase Program. More A. Very Desirable C. Somewhat Undesirable information about this. program is available from 8. Somewhat Desirable 0. Undesirable Dwayne Duncan. Pennsylvania State Extension Service (249-7220) or Dave Keller. Cumberland County I 10. How long have you lived in West Pennsboro Township? Conservation District (249-8632). A. Under three years D. Eleven to twenty years 19. Do you own land in the Township which currently 8. Three to five years E. Over twenty years is in agricultural use? If your answer is yes. 11 C. Six to ten years please answer questions 20 and 21. 11. Do you plan to move within the next two years? If A. Yes 8. No you answered yes. please answer questions 12 and 11 13. 20. How many acres of your property are being farmed? A. Yes 8. No

12. Please indicate where you are moving? 21. If the opportunity were available, would you participate in an agricultural security district? I A. West Pennsboro Township 0. West Shore Area 8. Mewville E: Seippensburg Area A. Yes 8. No C. Carlisle Area F. Other 22. Are you in favor of restricting development in I 13. Please indicate in the space below why you are those areas of the Township currently in moving. agricultural use and situated on prime farmland soils. I A. Yes 8. No MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 14. Would you like to see more businesses located within the Township? 23. Please circle those answers which apply to you:

I A. Yes 8. No A. Employed full-time E. Retired 8. Employed part-time F. Unemployed 15. Should restrictions be placed on the amount and C. Self-employed G. Disabled type of business or industrial uses which may be 0. Homemaker I permitted to locate in close proximity to residential uses? 24. Are you the owner of your own business?

A. Yes 8. No A. Yes 8. No

I Interspersed throughout the Township are numerous 25. 00 you rent or own you home? historic properties dating back to the 18th and 19th Centuries. The following three questions address the A. Rent E. Own issue of historic preservation. Further information on I historic preservation is available from Greg Ramsey or 26. Are you familiar with the content and purpose of a Bill Sisson at the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Comprehensive Plan? Commission (717-787-4363). A. Yes 8. No 16. Please indicate the approximate age of your home. I 27. Would you be interested in learning more about A. 0 to 20 years 0. 41 to 50 years your planning commission's activities7 E. 21 to 30 years E. 51 to 100 years I C. 31 to 40 years f. Over 100 years A. Yes 8. No 17. If your home is over fifty years old would you consider trying to get it placed on the National Register of Historic Places? II A. Yes 8. No C. Not applicable I 28. Use the space below to tell us of other concerns you have for the Township. Please feel free to comment 0 how you feel these problems and concerns may be resolved. The Planning Commission would like to thank you1 for your time and cooperation In this important planning effort. . -. . - . .- . - -. .- .. . .. - .. ... I I

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Name: (opt Iona I 1)

Address: (optional) .' COMMUNITY ATTITUDE SURVEY I' WEST PENNSBORO TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES 1. How do you feel about the following services? Sol id I Fire Police Recreation Waste Libraries Schools Protection Protection Collection _- -_.. - ._ - - __ __- - 3 ----"a ---# ----<.---#- -3-p # ------?a~ - - I Very Adequate 181 46% 55 14% 70 18% 84 22% 91 23% 108 28% Adequate 169 43% 178 46% 184 47% 194 50% 177 45% 208 53% I Somewhat Adequate 16 4% 83 21% 72 18% 38 10% 57 15% 29 7% Very Inadequate 7 2% 40 10% 33 8% 20 5% 21 5% 13 3% I No Response 17 4% 34 9% 31 8% 54 14% 44 11% 32 8% I 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% I I I I

#% I Yes 211 54% No 119 31% I ...... No Response 60 15% 3. From the list of possible community facilities and services circle those which you feel have the greatest need for impovement and/or those new services you would like to see provided. I # F #-NO Res. % Res. % Fire Protection 34 9% 356 91% 100% I Police Protection 110 28% 280 72% 100% Recreation 70 18% 320 82% 100% L i brar ies 34 9% 356 91% 100% Sc hoo 1 s 66 17% 324 83% 100% I Solid Waste Collection 33 8% 357 92% 100% Public Sewer Service 144 37% 246 d@ 100% I ...... Public Water Service 107 27% 283 73% 100% I I 4. The Township is currently completing an Official Sewage Plan to analyze the condition of sewage treatment in the Township. Would you I support the extension of public sewers into the Township for those areas identified as having the need and within access of existing systems? I #% Yes 202 52% No 143 37% I ...... No Response 45 11% __------.-. --5~~.jr.c~.e~~.e-l-o.~a.t.i-on-wh.i-ch~.e-s-t-- -d-e-s-ccr-i~-e-s -s;iJhe-r-e- -y-o~-~o-p~;-- - # % -I West Pennsboro Twp. 38 10% .Carlisle Area 134 34% West Shore Area 34 9% I City of Harrisburg 20 5% Newvi 1 le 16 4% Shippensburg Area 4 1% Work at home 39 10% I Other 97 25% ...... No Response 8 2% I 6. Circle the answer which describes how you go to work. # % Drive alone - 234 60% Carpoo 1 24 6% I Park and Ride 0 0% Walk 6 2% Work at home ,. 51 13% I Other 58 . 15%. - ...... No Response 17 4% I 7. Would you use commuter bus service, if it were available in the Township? # % Yes 70 18% No. 284 73% I ...... No Response 36 9% 8. How do you feel about the adequacy of street maintenance in the Twp? I # % Very Adequate 95 24% Adequate 203 52% Somewhat Inadequate 60 15% I Inadequate 20 5% ...... No Response 12 3% I 9. How do you feel about the Township as a place to live? # % Very Desirable 272 70% I Somewhat Desirable 96 25% Somewhat Undesirable 7 1% Undesirable 2 1% I ...... No Response 13 3% 10. How long have you lived in West Pennsboro Township? # % I - Under three years 36 9% Three to five years 35 9% Six to ten years 44 11% I Eleven to twenty years 99 25% Over twenty years 165 42% No Response 11 3% I 11. Do you plan to move within the next two years? If you answered yes, I please answer questions 14 and 15. #% Yes 14 4% I No 355 91% ...... No Response 21 5% 12. Please indicate where you are moving? I # % West Pennsboro Twp 4 1% _____ ---Mewvill-e ---(*4--- I Carlisle Area 3 1% West Shore Area 4 1% Shippensburg Area 1 0% I Other 7 2% No Response . 371 95% 14. Would you like to see more businesses located within the Township? I # % Yes 140 36% No 222 57% I No Response 28 7% 15. Should restrictions be placed on the amount and type of business or industrial uses which may be permitted to locate in close proximity I to residential uses? # % Yes 339 87% I No 30 8% v...... No Response 21 . 5% - I 16. Please indicate the approximate age of your home. # % 0 to 20 years 160 41% 21 to 30 years 68 17% I 31 to 40 years 49 13% 41 to 50 years 14 4% 51 to 100 years 31 8% I Over 100 years 54 14% ...... No Response 14 4% 17. If your home is over fifty years old would you consider trying to get I it placed on the National Register of Historic Places? # % Yes 37 9% I No 67 17% Not applicable 178 46% I ...... No Response 108 28% 18. Would you be interested in the Township being listed as an Historic District? # % I Yes 176 45% No 145 37% I ...... No Response 69 18% I I is. Do you own land in the Township which currently is in agricultural use? # % Yes 68 17% No 287 74% No Response 35 9% --- ,------20. How many acres of your property are being farmed? Total Acres 4626.5 Average Acres 11.86 _____c------i------~------21. If the opportunity were available, would you participate in an agricultural security district? # % Yes 77 20% No 34 9% ...... No Response 279 72% 22. Are you in favor of restricting development in those areas of the Township currently in agricultural use and situated on prime farmland soils. # % Yes 298 76% No 43 11% ...... No Response $9 13% 23. Please circle those answers which apply to you: # % Employed full-time 226 58% * Employed part-timt - 14 . 4% - Se 1 f -emp1 oyed 40 10% Homemaker 7 2% Ret ired 87 22% Unemp 1 oyed 1 0% Disabled 3 1% ...... No Response 12 3% 24. Are you the owner of your own business? # % Yes 78 20% No 250 64% ...... No Response 62 16% 25. Do you rent or own you home? # % Rent 2 1% Own 376 96% ...... No Response 12 3% 26. Are you familiar with the content and purpose of a Comprehensive Plan? # % Yes 132 34% No 225 58% ...... No Response 33 8% 27. Would you be interested in learning more about your planning commission's activities? # % Yes 303 78% No 51 13% No Response 36 9%