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Late Mesozoic Magmatism and Its Tectonic Implication for the Jiamusi Block and Adjacent Areas of NE China

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Late Mesozoic Magmatism and Its Tectonic Implication for the Jiamusi Block and Adjacent Areas of NE China Department of Applied Geology Late Mesozoic Magmatism and its Tectonic implication for the Jiamusi Block and adjacent areas of NE China Mingdao Sun This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University November 2013 DECLARATION According to the Scientific Collaboration Agreement for Jointly Supervised PhD Awards between Zhejiang University, China, and Curtin University, Australia, this thesis is submitted at both universities; this being the English version submitted at Curtin. To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: ………………………………………………….. Date: 13-11-2013 II Abstract The Jiamusi Block of NE China is located between the North China and Siberia cratons. It collided with the Songliao Block to the west in the early Mesozoic as one of the circum-pacific accreted blocks, and formed the unified Eurasian eastern boundary as a result of subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate. Huge amounts of igneous rocks were produced in the whole of eastern Eurasia, including the Jiamusi Block, caused by back-arc intraplate extension triggered by paleo-Pacific subduction. Study of the petrogenesis of these igneous rocks is important for understanding the nature of the late Mesozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution of the Jiamusi block and eastern China. For this research, typical late Mesozoic geological sections were selected from the Jiamusi Block for field geology, petrographic study, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotope, zircon Lu-Hf isotope and zircon O-isotope study, in order to accurately determine the age of the late Mesozoic igneous rocks and their petrogenesis. This study also summarizes previous research of subduction processes in the region and compares the geochronological and geochemical results with the igneous rocks in the Great Xing’an Range, the Songliao Basin, and other areas of East Asia. Finally the temporal relationship of the igneous rocks in NE China is discussed and illustrated by utilizing several models. The main achievements and conclusions of this thesis are as follows: (1) The late Mesozoic magmatism of the Jiamusi Block mainly occurred in the mid-Cretaceous between 104 ± 1 and 100 ± 2 Ma. Zircon SHIRMP U-Pb dating shows that the Yilin Formation rhyolite and Wulaga granite porphyry have the same age of 104 ± 1 Ma; the Hegang Songmuhe Formation basalt erupted between 103 ± 2 and 100 ± 2 Ma; and the Huanan composite dyke and its country rock and the Jiamusi bimodal dykes were all emplaced at 100 ± 2 Ma. (2) The mid-Cretaceous igneous rocks of the Jiamusi Block belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series, with a bimodal signature. They are all rich in LILE and HREE, depleted in HFSE, and formed in an active continental margin or intraplate tectonic setting. (3) The Yilin Formation rhyolite is a high-Mg adakite, with geochemical signature of high-Sr and La/Yb, low-Yb and Y, and high Mg# (~0.57). Positive εNd(t) 18 (~+0.75), low zircon δ O (5.6-6.7) and positive εHf(t) (5.8-12.7) suggest that the III source of the adakite is mantle peridotite metasomatized by slab derived melt/fluid. Negative Eu and Ba anomalies indicate residual plagioclase in the source and low melting pressure. Some samples have low Sr contents and abnormal 87Sr/86Sr values, possibly caused by magma-ground water interaction. The Wulaga pluton has two types of granite porphyry. One is hornblende granite porphyry which invaded into the early Cretaceous Ningyuancun Formation sandstone and tuff. The geochemical features of high Sr (>300 ppm), low Y (~8 ppm), high Mg# (~0.57), positive εHf(t) (6.3-12.7) and εNd(t) (~+0.5) show that the hornblende granite porphyry is also a high-Mg adakite, similar to the Yilin Formation rhyolite. However, the crustal zircon δ18O (~8.0) and lower Y content (7.5-8.3 ppm) suggest that it was derived from the partial melting of a subducted slab but experienced minor mantle contamination, while the melting pressure was relatively high, with garnet, hornblende and rutile as residual minerals. The other type of granite porphyry has only minor hornblende. It invaded into khondalitic rocks of the pan-African Mashan Complex. Higher aluminum saturation index but consistent log (Na2O/MgO) values compared with the hornblende granite porphyry suggests that it was derived from partial melting of upper continental crust triggered by adakitic magma upwelling and emplacement. (4) The Hegang Songmuhe Formation basalt has relatively high SiO2 contents (52.1-53.2%), with 4.25-4.36% Na2O and 1.32-1.35 % K2O, putting it into the alkaline basaltic andesite field in the TAS diagram. The high Al2O3 (18.0-19.0%) and low MgO (3.0-4.0%) contents and Mg# of 0.42-0.45 are features indicative of magma that experienced high degrees of crystal fractionation. No Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.98-1.00), high εNd(t) values (2.9-3.0), and flat LILE patterns suggest that 87 86 crustal contamination was minor. High εNd(t) and relatively low ( Sr/ Sr)i suggest 87 86 that the mantle source was depleted. The ( Sr/ Sr)i ratios (0.70565-0.70571) are higher than expected for normal asthenosphere-derived basalt, indicating that the mantle source was affected by subducted oceanic crust basalt which was altered by sea water. In tectonic discrimination diagrams, the Songmuhe Formation basalt plots in the active continental margin and intraplate field. It represents the beginning of the mafic magmatism in the Jiamusi Block, and extention of the lithosphere in the mid-Cretaceous. (5) The Huanan composite dyke is located in the centre of the Jiamusi Block. It consists of two 3 m wide andesite porphyry margins and one 5 m wide rhyolite porphyry interior. Zircons from the andesite and rhyolite porphyry have abundant IV acicular apatite inclusions indicating fast cooling considering the crystalization temperature drop from apatite to zircon. Both granite porphyry and rhyolite porphyry have high SiO2 and Al2O3, low MgO and Fe2O3, with enrichment of LILE and LREE, and depletion of HFSE, Eu, Ba, U, and Sr; their sources are most possibly upper continental crust. The andesite porphyry was contaminated invarious degrees by the acidic magma. The Huanan composite dyke and its country rock represent interaction between basaltic magma and upper continental crust; it also represents evidence of extension of the Jiamusi Block in the mid-Cretaceous. (6) The Jiamusi bimodal dykes section is located in the west of the Jiamusi block. It consists of rhyolite and dolerite dykes. The rhyolite is characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE, and depletion in HFSE. It shows a significant negative Eu anomaly, and has εNd(t) values ranging from 0.49 to 1.66 and two groups of initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios at 0.7045 and 0.7061. The rhyolite displays the compositional signature of Peraluminous Ferroan Granitoid (A-type), indicating it was derived by either differentiation of basalt or low pressure partial melting of continental crust. The dolerite is also characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE, and depletion in HFSE. It has a weak negative Eu anomaly and has εNd(t) = –1.22 to +3.26, and 87 86 ( Sr/ Sr)i = 0.7057–0.7074. The dolerite originated from partial melting and mixing of both asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle which was affected by residual oceanic slab or sediment, and experienced different amounts of lithospheric and crustal assimilation and contamination. The Jiamusi bimodal dolerite and ferroan (A-type) rhyolite dykes indicate lithospheric thinning, mantle upwelling and tectonic extention. (7) The igneous rocks of the Jiamusi Block therefore show a range of types, including high-Mg adakite, ferroan rhyolite, basalt and rocks related to mixing between basaltic magma and crustal acid magma. These various types of rocks show a variety of processes, including: dehydration and partial melting of subducted slab; assimilation and contamination of mantle peridotite by slab fluid and melt; partial melting of both asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle triggered by fluid; and basalt upwelling and emplaced into the crust forming partial melting of upper continental crust; mixing and mingling of basaltic magma and crustal magma; basalt upwelling and underplating at the bottom of thinned crust forming ferroan (A-type) rhyolite. Magma formed by these processes ascended to the surface or sub-surface, suggesting an extension and thinning of the lithosphere, which is most possibly related with V oceanic plate subduction and roll back. (8) The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in NE China show an eastward temporal migration, and can be divided into three separate areas, which are from west to east: (1) The Great Xing'an Range ~160-120 Ma, (2) The Songliao Block ~120-110 Ma, (3) The Jiamusi area ~110-90 Ma. This temporal migration can be interpreted by the subduction – accumulation – rollback model of the paleo-Pacific plate. This model indicates that the episodic evolution of intraplate structural and magmatism evolution can be interpreted by subduction - accumulation - rollback of subducted slab, with or without the change of rate and direction of subduction. This model is possibly also helpful to interpret the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of other areas of eastern China. Keywords：Jiamusi Block, Cretaceous, intraplate magmatism, subduction, tectonic extension VI CONTENT ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................
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