WINTER 1992 ISSUE No. 51 I IM@S I

Journal of the International Map Collectors Society

WINTER 1992 ISSUE No. 51

CONTENTS Guest Editorial 4 Harley Fellowships 23 16th Century Manuscript Maps 5 Forthcoming Events in UK 25 The Cartographer Tomas Lopez 13 International News & Events 27 Spanish Version of Mitchell's Map 14 Subscriptions 31 TheFrrstN.fupsofSprun 15 Advertising rates 31 The Juan de la Cosa Map 17 Japan -Where is it? 33 Madrid 7th-11th October 18 VVritingsaboutN.fups 38 Bank of Cyprus Award 23 Book Reviews 40

Cover map: Detail from uProvincia Castellae cwn confinii" from Joannis aMontecalerio' s Chorographia Descriptio . .. Capucinorum, Milan, 1712 Courtesy Graham Franks

Copy and other material for our next issue (Winter) should be submitted by 30 September 1992. All items for editorial use should be sent to The Editor, Susan Gole, 240B Kentish Town Rd, London NW5 100. Tel: 071-267 4346. FAX: 071-267 4356 Advertising copy, artwork, etc, should be sent to the Advertising Manager, Warwick Leadlay Gallery, 5 Nelson Rd, Greenwich, London SElO 9ffi. Tel: 081 -858 0317. FAX: 081 -853 1773

Gen. Secretary: W.H.S. Pearce, 29 Mount Ephraim Road, Streatham, London SW16 lNQ. Tel: 081-769 5041. FAX: 081-677 5417 Treasurer: Dr Cyrus Ala'i, 1 Golders Park Close, West Heath Avenue, London NW11 7QR. Membership Secretary: Caroline Batchelor. 'Pikes', The Ridgeway, Oxshott, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 OLG. Tel: 0372-843 425. Publicity Officer: Y asha Beresiner. 43 Templars Crescent. London N3 3QR. Tel: 081-349 2207. FAX: 081-346-9539 lnl. Chairman: Malcolm R.Young, 9 Lower Grosvenor Place, London SWI W OEN lnl. Secretary: Themis Strongilos, 19 Rigillis Street, GR-106 74 Athens, Greece. Tel: 30-1-722 4796. FAX: 30-1-723 8379

©All signed articles are the copyright of the author. and must not be reproduced without the wriuen consent of the author. Whilst every care is taken in compiling this journal the Society carmot accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information included herein.

3 Guest Editorial

This opporn.mity to write a short editorial As dealers we are exceptionally for­ allows me to reflect publicly, so to speak, tunate that our chosen profession keeps us on our remarkable organisation. in touch with a learned hobby world. A IMCoS can claim to have brought world that is leisure and a pastime to most together a diverse range of individuals of our clients. It means that we trade, who would otherwise have undoubtedly whether profitably or not, in a relatively remained at a perpetual distance from relaxed atmosphere, even when within the each other. I never cease to be amazed by erudite walls of scholastic institutions. the number of nationalities represented at If economic restraints limit a collec­ our various meetings. The normal day-to­ tor's spending power, this is compensated day activities of each member are as dis­ for by his 'addiction' to collecting. The parate as their cartographic interests. We map field, unlike other hobbies, has also have no age limitations, no religious creed an important secondary outlet, the dec­ or barriers, and no problems with lan­ orative one which caters for the curiosity guage . . . the international receptions we and gift buyer. At auction the present hold invariably sound like.the Tower of trend shows that this remains a buyer's Babel . . . except that we do understand market Prices, whilst steady, remain rela­ one another. tively low. It is interesting to note that this It is our common interest and love of same tendency appears to apply world­ cartography that allows us an element of wide. Currency exchange rate apart, our enjoyment that transcends all other re­ collector and dealer friends in Europe and striction. To say: '/am a map enthusiast' across the Atantic seem to suffer and to a fellow collector is like the pass word enjoy vogues identical to ours. There is an to an inner club, a fraternity of amity and unquestionable reduction in the volume goodwill. of map activity which reflects the overall How important this element becomes economic climate. in these hard times of recession. We will As for IMCoS, I know I speak on do well to remember that ours is an aca­ behalf of the majority of dealers when I demic and hobby organisation first and say that we look at IMCoS with respect foremost and nothing can compare with for its high academic acheivements and the value of the pleasure to be derived appreciation and gratitude for the won­ from knowledge and friendship. derful work the organisation does in When I was invited to write this col­ spreading the benefits of the hobby world­ umn by Susan, our indefatigable Chair­ wide. And when business is not as good man and Editor, she asked whether I may as it may be, we enjoy even more the like to comment, from a dealer's view­ companionship we fmd within the So­ point, on current trends. My opening para­ ciety's diverse individual and corporate graphs are written with this request very membership. much in mind. Y ASHA BERESINER

4 11th International Symposium, Madrid

Sixteenth Century Manuscript Maps

Introduction his first two expeditions (1492-1494). In The modern map of the world, which successive voyages until 1504, he conti­ came to replace Ptolemy's planispheres, nued to explore the coast of America on emerged in the period between 1434 his own account (when the Portuguese circumnavigated The chart, which we have examined Cape Bojador during their exploration of in the Naval Museum in Madrid, is drawn the Atlantic coast of Africa) and 1526-29, in colour on two pieces of parchment and when the planispheres of the Casa de la measures 96 x 183 em. It is constructed Contractaci6n in Seville situated conti­ from bearings and distances and belongs nents and islands in their true position as to the nautical- geographic type produced a result of the discoveries made by the by the Mallorcan portulan atlas school. Spanish and Portuguese in Africa, The equator and tropic of Cancer America and Asia sketched on the map constitute the equi­ As time does not allow a discussion valent of a scale of latitudes, for as the two of the enormous number of manuscript circles are separated by 23.5 degrees, the sea charts produced in this period, the distance in degrees between any given following is a limited presentation and point on the chart and the equator can be commentary of some of the most import­ calculated by a rule of three. ant of these: The chart cannot be considered a pla­ The chart of Juan de Ia Cosa, 1500 nisphere, as to the west it ends with the Cantina's Planisphere, 1502 Isthmus of Panama and to the east with the The charts of Pedro and Jorge mouth of the Ganges. Reinel, 1517-19 The representation of the Mediter­ The planispheres of the Casa de la ranean basin and the Black Sea corre­ Contractaci6n, 1525-29 spond to what is known as 'portulan normal'. In the Ancient World, the west­ The Chart ofJuan de la Cosa ern coast of Africa was quite well defined, The chart ofJuan de la Co sa offers the whilst the eastern coast was much less oldest representation of the Western In­ perfect, as very few references existed to dies. Traditionally, it has been believed it in that period. As for the south of Asia, that its author must have drawn it at the it is represented as in the classical planis­ end of 1500 in the small village of Puerto pheres of Ptolemy, although the arrival in de Santa Maria, near Cadiz. A navigator Calecut of the Portuguese fleet captained and cartographer, Juan de Ia Cosa was by Vasco da Gama in 1498 is indicated on also the owner of the Santa Maria, the ship the chart in which he accompanied Columbus on As for America, here the discoveries

5 Speakers at the International Symposium, Madrid, with!MCoS President Helen Wallis. (From the left): Agustin Hernando, Carmen Liter, Luisa Martin Meras, Luis Giminez Lorente (Symposium Chairman), and Angel Paladini Cuadrado. made by Columbus during his three latitude of approximately 8° South, there voyages ( 1492-1500) are recorded. The is an inscription which reads 'This cape flag of Castile and Leon marks the was discovered by Vicentianes', a refer­ archipelago of the Lucayas and the island ence to the expedition led by Vicente of Guanahani where Columbus landed on Y afiez Pinzfn which in 1499 reached the 12 October 1492. Cuba and La Espanola point later christened by the Portuguese (Haiti) are also drawn on the map, and the Cape of San Roque. along with Martinique, Guadalupe, etc, The chart also records the discoveries are called 'The Islands of the Cannibals'. made by the Venetian John Cabot on the To the south of these one can begin to northern coast, where four English flags perceive the existence of a real continent, and the inscription 'sea discovered by the the coasts of which had been explored English' bears witness to the voyages during the so-called minor, or Andalusian made by the Venetian between 1496 and voyages. The Pearl Coast, from the Gulf 1498 on behalf of the king of England, of Paria to the Goajira peninsula had been Henry VIII. News of these undoubtedly discovered by Ojeda during a long voyage reached Castile through the communica­ made with Amerigo Vespucci and Juan de tions of John Day and Raimondo de Son­ la Cosa himself between May 1499 and cmo. June 1500. On the coast of Brazil, at a The arrival, in 1500, of the Por- 6 tuguese navigator Pedro Alvares Cabral chart of 1439, in which Ireland is drawn in Brazil is also recorded on the chart like this, or in Jacobo Russo's chart of It can be concluded, therefore, that if 1563 which represents the Scandinavian the chart was indeed drawn up in 1500, it peninsula in this way. We have seen no was perfectly up-to-date at that time. other example of the blue 'lakes'. Whilst The sea chart drawn by Juan de la we do not know what this design repre­ Cosa has one peculiar feature which ap­ sents, we suggest that it possibly indicates pears to have escaped the detailed atten­ the existence in these newly discovered tion of those who have studied it. The lands of numerous gold bearing rivers. entire land mass of the American conti­ This chart has been the subject of nent is coloured mottled green, giving it much discussion since 1893,when the the appearance of a tropical jungle seen Cuban specialist Nazario Guayamilla al­ from the air or in colour photographs leged that the fact that Cuba was an island taken from the air. In addition to this, to had not been demonstrated until 1509, the north of the Tropic, the continent ap­ when the island was charted by Sebastian pears to be divided up by a series of cir­ de Ocampo. If this was indeed true, this cumferential arcs drawn free-hand, distributed fairly evenly and superim­ posed on each other, like the scales of a fish, from the coast towards the interior. All the arcs have a radius of some 800 miles. Inside each 'scale' there is a small navy blue circle with a golden point in the centre and a wavy blue appendage, which looks like a golden lagoon being emptied by a river. To the south of the tropic, the divi­ sions are made by straight lines which cross each other and meet to form four­ sided figures or triangles, which make 90 or 45° angles, although other angles exist Inside each of the segments formed one also finds the small blue 'rivers' or 'lakes'. The colour and thickness of the arcs and straight dividing lines is the same as those of the equator and of the tropic of This and the following photographs (by Cancer. David Webb, of course) are just a few of We have only seen a similar design in the interesting cartouches on display at some portulan sea charts of the Mallorcan the exhibition organised by school. In these, the area covered was Jaime Armero and his son at the very small, as in Gabriel de Valseca's Centro Cultural Galileo. 7 made. The chart does, however, have some worrying charac­ teristics. First,the scale used for the New World is greater than that for the Old World, so the two graph scales in the upper and lower edges of the chart, divided in units of 50 miles, cannot be used to measure distances in the other part of the chart, nor to relate the two continents to each other. In addition to this, the line of the equator and the tropic of Cancer correspond to the representation of the Old World, but riot to that of the New World. As a result of this, chart would have to date from, or have the islands in the Caribbean present enor­ been altered, after this date, even in the mous errors in latitude; the north coast of modem era. In 1934, the American ad­ Cuba is at 35° North, an error of+ 12° and miral George E. Nunn published an article La Espanola has an error of+ 10°. As for giving much evidence in support of this the distances between the islands, and be­ theory. Other historians have also ques­ tween these and the continent, these err by tioned the dating of this map. as much as 25°. These arguments have already been In order to explain these anomalies, it refuted by the Spanish naval officers has been argued that Juan de Ia Cosa took Roberto Berreiro and Ricardo Cerezo of into account the variation of the magnetic the Naval Museum, as well as by other declination between the Mediterranean foreign experts, including Arthur Davies, and the Caribbean, so that a pilot, using Roukema and David 0. True, all of whom the chart and sailing by dead reckoning of presented very solid arguments. In 1987 distance and bearing, would reach the the chart was analysed in the technical landing point in the newly discovered laboratories of the Prado Museum. Their lands without undue difficulties. In our report stated that "no differences have opinion, this argument, and others of its been found between the pigments used in type, do not satisfactorily resolve the the various parts of the sea chart, and the problems presented by this sea chart. pigments used were those normally ap­ In 199l,the Spanish specialist Colo­ plied in paintings in the period to which nel O'Donnell, Duke of Estrada, of the this document is dated." All this seems to Marine Corps, put forward an original confirm the authenticity of the dating solution to all these problems. He sug- 8 gests that an original chart existecL which by Alberto Cantina, then the Duke of only mapped the newly discovered lands, Ferrara's ambassador in Lisbon. and that this filled two thirds of the left The sea chart shows all the dis­ hand piece of the two sheets of parchment coveries made by Portuguese and Castil­ which make up the map. At a later date, ian navigators before August 1502. The someone decided to expand the original representation of the Caribbean appears chart, converting it into what is ahnost a to have been taken from the chart of Juan planisphere. Only the first chart would be de Ia Cosa, but this chart differs notably the work of Juan de la Cosa, who com­ from the latter in the north-eastern coast piled it from data obtained from the of the American continent. Here, the ex­ voyage made with Ojeda (May 1499- plorations carried out for the king of Por­ June 1500), as well as information from tugal by the Corte-Real brothers in other expeditions, which he could only TerranovaandLabrador(1500-1501) are have obtained once back in Spain. This shown. The Corte-Real believed that chart,therefore, would have been drawn these lands lay to the east of the meridian in Puerto Santa Maria in 1500, as stated established by the Treaty ofTordesillas in on the main border. As for the rest of the 1494 which, running 310 leagues to the chart, this would have been added be­ west of Cape Verde, divided the globe tween 1500 and 1502 and was intended to into two hemispheres, one Spanish and show in a single chart the progres~ made the other Portuguese. As for the coast of by the Portuguese towards the East Indies, Brazil, which was reached by Pedro Al­ as well as discoveries and advances of the vares Cabral's fleet in 1500 and explored English. The author did not know the pre­ as far as the River Plata by Gonzalez cise routes of these but only had refer­ Coelho between August 1501 and April ences to them from the ambassador in 1502, this appears to have been distorted London. Unfortunately, time does not in an attempt to confuse possible compe­ allow us to discuss the other important titors. It is possible that amongst Coelho's conclusions reached by this researcher. expedition was Amerigo Vespucci, who There can be no doubt, however, that could have been the first person to realise these will provoke great debate among that these lands formed part of a new and historians and cartographers specialising undiscovered continent representing a in the work of Juan de 1a Cosa. 'quarter of the World'. This possibility was widely publicised, and it was on these Cantino' s Planisphere grounds that the new continent was event­ This planisphere, the work of an un­ ually named 'America'. known author, is a fme parchment sea This planisphere was the first to reject chart consisting of various sheets which the Ptolemaic model, which had been form a rectangle of 105 x 219 em. It is now adapted by Enricus Martellus around preserved in the palace of the Prince of 1500 and followed by Martin Behaim in Este, in Modena his globe of 1492. In Cantina's planis­ The chart was made in Portugal and phere, the Indian subcontinent appears for taken secretly to Italy in November 1502 the first time in its true, triangular, form; 9 the island of Ceylon is more or less re­ school; numerous cartographers' studios duced to the correct proportions; and the appeared, with those of families such as two most easterly peninsulas of Martellus the Homen, Reinel and Teixeira making and Behaim in the Indian Ocean are fused notable contributions to the art Some into one. Modifications of this nature, three hundred charts from this school and challenging as they did accepted models, country have been located. Dating from must have been based on outside do­ the 16th and 17th centuries, they are beau­ cumental sources (perhaps an Arab or In­ tifully decorated parchment manuscripts. donesian map), or on oral information, as There were so many Portuguese carto­ Vasco da Gama and Alvarez Cabral did graphers in this period that they travelled not chart Decan,let alone reach Malacca. around the courts of Europe, serving As can be deduced from the style and princes who were not their natural mas­ the language used for the place names and ters. explanations, this planisphere, which is richly decorated with numerous mini­ The Reine! charts atures, is truly Portuguese. It sub­ Pedro and Jorge Reinel, father and sequently served as a model for some son, are among the most important Por­ twenty sea charts dating from the first half tuguese cartographers from this period. of the 16th century. None of their work which has survived Cantino' s chart marked the expan­ down to the present is signed; only one sion of the Portuguese cartographic bears the signature of Pedro Reinel, and

•. :::8· ·

10 another is signed simply 'Reine!'. How­ father travelled to Seville, where he col­ ever, nine sea charts in different European laborated closely with his son in this task. map libraries have been identified as the Both continued to serve Charles V until work of these cartographers. Other charts, 1528, when they returned to Lisbon and including the one known as the 'Miller were received with great honours. Atlas', which is now preserved in the Na­ A copy of Jorge Reinel' s planisphere, tional Library in Paris, are also attributed made also by Progel from the original to them. which was lost in the war, is preserved in These sea charts must be the first to the National Library in Paris. It is a flat show the Portuguese discoveries in the square sea chart, as the equator and meri­ eastern extremes of the Indian Ocean, the dian established at Tordesillas are divided Malayan Peninsula and Indonesia. In in degrees, which are equal on both but 1509, Alfonso d 'Albuquerque captured are not numbered. Significant improve­ Goa, in 1511 he went on to occupy Ma­ ments on previous sea charts can be ob­ lacca and sent three ships to the Spice served, as many of the errors of latitude of Islands. Three years later, in 1514, Portu­ the Antilles have been corrected. Equally, gal founded settlements in Tidore and the Pacific coasts of the Isthmus of Pa­ Tornate in the Moluccas. Using the notes nama, the Florida peninsulas, and the of the pilots who navigated these expedi­ Yucatan in the Caribbean are all drawn tions, Pedro Reinel must have drawn the quite accurately. chart of Malaysia, the Sanda archipelago Between the Tordesillas meridian and the Moluccas around 1517. This chart which crosses Brazil and the western edge now shows no influence of Ptolemy: it is of the planisphere there are 180°, and the a completely new chart based on empiri­ Moluccas are located in this area, in the cal data, where the islands of the Sanda Spanish hemisphere. The Reinels, there­ archipelago are represented relatively ac­ fore, were at this time in favour of the king curately for the frrst time. of Spain and against John ill of Portugal. The original chart, which belonged to In relation to the West Indies, Jorge the Bavarian Army Museum in Munich, Reinel's work must have been based on was destroyed during the Second World the 'Padron Real' (Royal Survey) of the War. Fortunately, however, the carto­ Casa de la Contractaci6n in Seville, and grapher Progel had made a perfect fac­ in turn, it was to be used as the model for simile copy of it in the 19th century. This the planispheres drawn there by Nufio is now preserved in the National Library Garcia de Toreno and Diogo Ribeiro be­ in Paris. tween approximately 1522 and 1529. Jorge Reinel, forced to abandon Por­ tugal due to some youthful misdeed, ap­ The Planispheres of the Casa de Ia peared in Spain some time before 1519, Contractaci6n when he was commissioned to prepare a The disaster which Fernando de Ma­ terraqueous globe and a planisphere for gellan's fleet met in his voyage from 1519 Magellan's expedition by the Casa de la to 1522 resulted in the loss of most of the Contractaci6n in Seville. In that year his sea charts prepared for that expedition. 11 However, the return of Juan Sebastian in Seville for different clients. Fortu­ Elcano must have served to enrich the nately, some of these have survived, and Spaniard's geographical knowledge: the the similarity of their structure and fea­ pilot had kept a navigator's log and as he tures oblige us to surmise that they are had a planisphere chart, without which it copies of a single original or model. Let would have been impossible to fmd the us consider a couple of them. return route, it can be presumed that he The so-called Salvati planisphere, would have marked on this the unknown which is neither signed nor dated but was islands and lands which he came across very probably drawn around 1525 or on that long voyage. For when Nufio Gar­ 1526, must have been a gift from Charles cia de Toreno was appointed pilot and V to Giovanni Salvati, an Italian bishop master cartographer in the Casa de 1a Con­ and papal legate in Spain,later cardinal, tractacion in Seville in 1519, he was given who officiated at the Emperor's wedding the task of incorporating these discoveries to Princess Isabel of Portugal in Seville. into the Royal Survey, as the only surviv­ This very beautiful chart, now preserved ing chart signed by that cartographer dates in the Medicea Laurenziana Library in from 1522, after Blanco's return. This is Florence, measures 97 x 266 em. The preserved in the Royal Library in Turin exuberant decorative richness of the chart and is the first Spanish map to include the has led it to be attributed to Nufio Garcia Philippines. de Toreno, who was a fme miniaturist On One year later, in 1523, the Par­ this planisphere, and in those mentioned tuguese cartographer Diogo Ribeiro en­ below, the great size of the Pacific Ocean tered the service of the Casa de la is represented, and the American conti­ Contractaci6n as cosmographer and mas­ nent is recognised as Quarta Orbis Pars, ter cartographer and navigational instru­ thus marking the official culmination of ment maker. From then on he worked the process of discovery. No concessions with Nufio Garcia on the preparation of to fantasy are made on these charts, as sea charts, on the up-date of the Royal only the coasts which have been explored Survey and on the production of copies of and charted by the Spanish and the Por­ the Survey to be sold to pilots. In 1526, tuguese are represented, the unknown Don Hernando Columbus, the navigator's parts being left blank. youngest son, was appointed to supervise As for Diogo Ribeiro's planispheres, work on a new Royal Survey. From this two, signed and dated in 1529, have sur­ time on, the information which we have vived, whilst two or three unsigned sea about the Survey appears to contradict the charts, dating from between 1525 and established version of events. In 1534, a 1529, can arguably be attributed to him. royal letter instructed Don Hernando to The most beautiful of Ribeiro's sea hurry to comply with the order he had charts, signed and dated in 1529, is received some eight years earlier. mean­ preserved in the Vatican Library and is a while, however, between 1525 and 1529 large, very well drawn, parchment, 85 x some beautiful planispheres had been 205 em, soberly decorated with numerous produced by the Casa de 1a Contractacion miniatures. It has many explicative in- 12 scriptions and the author's very personal coast of the New World to be complete, style of decoration, including a maritime whilst the Pacific coast only appears be­ astrolabe, a quadrant and a solar circle. tween latitude 13° North and 9° South. It The meridian of Tordesillas stands out would take some years to complete the strongly, and in the Moluccas, an inscrip­ coast from California to the Straits of tion attributes the discovery of its geo­ Magellan. graphical longitude, which resulted in However, the outline of the modem them being included in the Spanish he­ map of the world was already drawn in misphere, to Juan Elanco. 1529. In these last charts of Ribeiro we can ANGEL PALADIN! CUADRADO deem the representation of the Atlantic Army Geographical Service

The Cartographer Tomas Lopez (1730-1802)

ABSTRACT kingdoms, provinces and cities of Spain Despite the criticisms he received and so fulfilling the role for which he had from some contemporaries and sub­ been prepared in France. sequent authors, there is little doubt that During a period of forty years he en­ Tomas LOpez was the creator of the lar­ graved and published over 200 maps, gest collection of maps of 18th century working either alone or with the help of Spain. his sons Juan and Tomas Mauricio whom He was a disciple of the geographer he had incorporated into the enterprise. d' Anville in Paris, where he was able to He intended, and managed, to cover the study thanks to the patronage of the Mar­ entire peninsula, as well as many of quis de laEnsenada who sought to remedy Spain's overseas territories. the lack of Spanish engravers able to In order to complete the preparation 'open maps'. Like his master, Tomas of his maps, he drew up a questionnaire L6pez was a typical 'studio geographer', which was sent to the civil and ecclesias­ a publisher of maps who compiled his tical authorities in every village in Spain. data from pre-existing cartographical ma­ The replies to these, which are now terial without carrying out any field work preserved in the National Library, not himself. only contain much information of geo­ Along with Juan de Ia Cruz Cano, he graphical interest, but are also valuable stayed in Paris for nine years, only return­ documents for the history of Spain. ing to Madrid in 1760, by which time Whilst his work was criticised for a Ensenada had been dismissed and his supposed lack of scientific criteria, it plans for the completion of a scientific nevertheless won him both fame and map of the entire territory of Spain forgot­ popularity amongst his contemporaries, ten. Lopez began working inde­ including the most enlightened of these. pendently ,producing maps of the He was made a member of the historical

13 Academy, of the Academia de San Fer­ each province. The first edition dates nando, and of the Arts Academy of Se­ from 1804, another was published in ville among others. His maps were still 1810, and in 1830 an amended edition used during much of the 19th century. was produced by his sons. On his death in 1802 his sons publish­ ed the 'Atlas Geogrillco de Espa:fia' com­ CARMEN LITER piled from the best maps he had made of National Library, Madrid

The Spanish Version of John Mitchell's Map of the British and French Dominions in North America

ABSTRACT map which appears to be the only one he All Anglo-Saxon cartographical spe­ produced. cialists and many historians know of the Numerous editions of this map were map compiled by John Mitchell, 'A Map published both in England and abroad of the British and French Dominions in over the following thirty years. The first North America with the· Roads, Dis­ French edition dates from 1756 and the tances, Limits and Extent Settlements, German one from 1775; there is no known Humbly Inscribed to the Right Honour­ Spanish edition. The map acquired great able, the Earl of Halifax, And the other political importance as a result of the use Right Honourable The Lords Commis­ made of it by the English and American sioners for Trade & Plantations, By their commissioners responsible for determin­ Lordships Most Obliged and very humble ing the borders of the United States of servant, John Mitchell. London, 1755.' America in the Versailles Peace Treaty of Engraved by Kitchin and printed by Jef­ 1783. ferys and Faden in London, it was pub­ In the naval Museum there exists a lished by its author on 13 February 1755 magnificent map entitled in Spanish in accordance with the Act of Parliament 'Mapa de los Dominios Britanicos y The map is divided into eight parts, each Franceses en Ia America Septentrional, 69 em high by 49.5 em wide, giving it con los Caminos, Distancias, Lirnites de overall dimensions of 276 x 198 em. los Establecimientos. Dedicado al Muy Mitchell's signature is found on the llustre Senor Conde de Halifax y demas border, which is decorated with images of Senores Comisiarios del comericio de las vegetation, an allegory of abundance and colonias.Por su obligado y Humilde the landscape. John Mitchell was an Eng­ Sefior Juan Mitchel'. It is a fine oil on lish physicist and botanist whose date and canvas measuring 149 x 215 em, a slightly place of birth remain unknown. He died modified copy of Mitchell's original map. in England in 1768, where he returned in When peace talks with England 1746 after spending some years living in began in 1782, the Conde de Aranda, then Urbana (Virginia). He is famous for this Spanish ambassador to France, was 14 charged by the government with the treaty. defence of Spanish interests. Spain sought As was only to be expected, the Span­ to limit the United States' expansion to ish ambassador to France used Mitchell's the west, and so fix the border along a line map to draw Spain's frontiers in North which would run from the Great Lakes to America. It is believed, therefore, that the Georgia, rather than on the Mississippi. map which is found in the Naval Museum The Versailles Peace Treaty was signed in is not only a document of great artistic 1783, and Spain received possession of value, but was also an important element the two Floridas without defming their in these negotiations. northern limits, nor accepting that the LUISA MARTIN :MERAS western border was to run along the Mis­ Naval Museum, Madrid sissippi, as had been established in the

The First Maps of Spain

ABSTRACT magnificent Catalan Atlas of 1375. This study considers various aspects After the introduction of the printing of the history of the cartography of Spain. press, Ptolemy's Geographies and the After a brief examination of the existing many other atlases published came to in­ historiography, the most important maps clude maps of the Iberian peninsula We dating from the medieval era are de­ do not know of the existence of the manu­ scribed. Special note should be taken of scripts used for these works, nor the ident­ those maps, simple but beautiful, pro­ ity of their authors. Generally the work of duced by monks for encyclopaedias or Italian, Dutch, Flemish or French carto­ religious volumes; the etymologies of graphers, it can be presumed that Spanish Bishop Isidore of Seville, the Commen­ sources were used in the compilation of tary of the Apocalypse of Saint John, and these maps. The history of their design the Beatitudes all contain images of the and iconography is closely related to the world. Equally famous as this Christian evolution of atlas production as, with the cartography was that produced during the steady incorporation of new information, Middle Ages in Mallorca and other places a clearer image of Spain and its different on the Mediterranean. Although these regions or areas became available. were primarily functional, there are also Although still little known, there also examples of decorative works designed to exists a rich tradition of individual, fulfil a cultural or informative role. The printed and manuscript maps produced nautical charts, now preserved in libraries over the centuries. and archives all over the world, bear wit­ Besides this cartography of the whole ness to this rich tradition, which would be of Spain, the existence of maps of differ­ maintained later in Seville and Andalucia ent parts of the country, its coastline or Outstanding amongst these charts is the cities should also be noted. From the end

15 of the 16th century onwards, brilliant mous labour of Spanish mapmakers, for examples exist within the western Euro­ example in America, has been the subject pean cartographical tradition. Unfortu­ of much more detailed research. nately autochthonous production was This paper ends by listing and com­ limited, although it is to be hoped that menting on the available bibliography, charts of different types yet to be dis­ which, as can be seen, is directed towards covered will reveal and bear witness to the a very varied public. This in itself is clear work of Spanish cartographers. The enor- evidence of the growing interest in this

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16 The Juan de Ia Cosa Map

The major attraction in the Museo Naval, Ma­ World believed to have been executed by drid, is the earliest extant map of the New Harry Harrisse before 1500 has so far been World created by a Spanish seafarer, Juan de discovered. la Cosa. Measuring 183 x 96 em the map, There are still other mysteries. Most ex­ drawn on ox-hide, is classified as a portolan. It perts identify the name Juan de la Cosa with is displayed mounted on Russian leather inside the one who owned and captained the ill-fated a magnificent oak frame. Santa Maria on Columbus' first voyage. The map was bought in 1832 by the Dutch Others claim that the author of the map was Baron Walckenaer in a Paris curio shop and another La Cosa, a sailor, who served on the brought first to the attention of Alexander von Nina only during Columbus' second voyage, Humboldt who authenticated it. The queen of and Vespucci's in 1499. Captain de Corbeta Spain acquired the map in 1853 in an auc­ Roberto Barreiro oftheMuseo Naval believes tio~and it finally became the most remarkable they were one and the same person. cartographic treasure of the Museo Naval. The Another secret is that of determining the left-hand sectio~ portraying the new conti­ whereabouts of the map before its appearance nent, shaded green, has been drawn to a differ­ in Paris. Ian Wilson preswned last year that the ent scale from that of the old world. La Cosa map was seized and taken with secret archives left deliberately vague the question of whether from Rome to Paris by Napoleon. On his de­ the land mass might join that of Asia. feat, some of the material was returned, but not The illustration of St. Christopher covers the map which was judged to be unimportant the unknown region where the search for a and sold as wrapping paper. The famous map passage to Cathay was soon to begin. will remain forever an enigma. An insufficiently explained feature is the Literature correct delineation of Cuba as an island. Col­ Dreyer-Eimbcke, Oswald: Kolumbus-Entdeckun­ umbus did not fully circumnavigate Cuba on gen undlrrtiimer inder deuJschenKartographie, Frankfurt, 1991 his second voyage. The crew had been obliged Dreyer-Eimbcke,Oswald: 0 Descobrimento da to sign a sworn affidavit that Cuba was part of terra, Historia e hist6rias da aventura cartogrci­ the Asian mainland No one, on the Spanish fica, Sao Paulo, 1992 side at least, was known to have visited Cuba Klemp, Egon:America in Maps dalingfrom 1500 to since. The North American coast was, no 1856,New York, London, 1970 doubt, drawn on the basis of information from Klemp, Egon: 'World Map by Juan de la Cosa', in John Cabot. Historical Maps of the Discovery of America, The depiction of Europe, Asia and Africa (reprint) Frankfurt, 1991 Kretschmer, Ingrid, Johannes Dorflinger & Franz follows in the tradition of 14th and 15th cen­ Wawrik: Lexikon zur Geschichte der Karto­ examples, such as Cresque's Catalan tury graphie, Vol C/i, Vienna, 1986 Atlas and Behaim' s globe of 1492. Nebenzahl, KeiiDeth: Atlas of Columbus and the Beneath the vignette of Christopher can Great Discoveries, Chicago, New York, San be seen the signature of the cartographer and Francisco, 1990 the date 1500. Whilst some scholars date this Nwm, George Emra: The Mappemonde of Juan de map to between 1502 and 1510, a pigment Ia Cosa, Jenkintown, 1934 analysis made in the Prado Musewn in 1986 Schwartz, Seymour J. & Ralph E. Ehrenberg: The Mapping ofAmerica, New York, 1980 confirmed the date indicated, regardless of Wilson, Ian: The Columbus Myth, London, 1991 whether this map may be only a copy of an OSWALD DREYER-EIMBCKE original. None of the several maps of the New 17 Madrid: 7th-11th October, 1992

To anyone who attended the symposium ing the 19th century was expanded by the in Barcelona in 1986 it will come as no donation and purchase of much old and surprise to hear that in Madrid, 1992 cul­ valuable material. Senora Liter had pre­ tural capital of Europe, Spain again of­ pared a most varied display of maps and fered us a feast of cartographic treasures, atlases for us, ranging from a 15th century generous Spanish hospitality and superb Ptolemy to a manuscript plan of Danzig organisation. prepared by the Grande Annee in 1807. We gathered on the evening of Oc­ We also saw a copy of Apianus' Astron­ tober 7th, ap~opriately in the very week omicum Caesareum, 1540, particularly of the 500th anniversary of Columbus's beautifully coloured for presentation to discovery of the New World for Spain. Charles V, a watercolour bird' s eye map Most of the participants checked into the by Champaiia, 1539, for Charles V show­ Hotel Suecia, centrally situated within ing part of the route he was to take across walking distance of the major libraries France on a journey to the Netherlands. and the antiquarian book fair. Our first There were examples of Tomas Lopez' engagement was a generous welcoming atlas of Spain, 1804, and the atlas of Ga­ reception given by our host and organiser liano's voyage to NW America in 1792. Jaime Armero and his son at their map and It is difficult however to single out par­ print gallery. It was a fine evening and the ticular items as almost all the maps will party was able to expand outside to com­ have had a special interest for somebody. fortable leafy surroundings, a most re­ We then drove 50 km out of Madrid laxed and enjoyable way to meet old to San Lorenzo de El Escorial. After a friends and start making new ones. We leisurely lunch at a nearby Golf Club with totalled nearly 90 people from twelve dif­ a terrace giving us a fme view of Phillip ferent countries, renewed evidence, if any II's monastery palace we visited the mon­ were needed, of both the genuinely inter- · astery library and had a tour of the royal national character of the IMCoS member­ apartments from where for much of the ship and their enthusiasm. Then followed year Phillip II administered his vast em­ three days of cartographic delights. pire. In the library Padre Theodora had Our frrst visit was to the Biblioteca laid out a selection of manuscripts and Nacional where we were welcomed by atlases for us to look at and even handle. Senora Carmen Liter, head of the map These included treasures of extreme department. The library began as the royal rarity, in particular medieval manuscripts. library of Philip V, which he opened to the We saw etymologies of Isidore of Sevilla public as early as 1712, and then aug­ with early mappa mundi, including a mented by the acquisition of several im­ codex dating from the 7th, 8th and 9th portant private collections. In 1836 it centuries, an early manuscript of Bacon's became the National Library when Descriptio locorum mundi, and a 14th ownership transferred to the state and dur- century Arab astronomical work. We

18 were on ground slightly more familiar to script Spanish version of John Mitchell's most of us with a 15th century Bondal­ 1755 map of North America, c.1780. monte Isolario, which the copyist had Later in the day Senora Martin Meras never completed, a manuscript Ptolemy demonstrated in her paper that this map of 1523, and a 16th century manuscript was an important element in the 1782-3 atlas of Spain. Printed works included a negotiation of Spain's North American 1482 Berlingheri Ptolemy, a 1588 Span­ frontiers during the preparation of the ish edition Ortelius, Mercator-Hondius treaty of the Peace of Versailles. Other 1611, and Blaeu' sAtlas M aior in the 1659 important maps included a Mediterranean Spanish edition. portulan by Mateo Prunes, 1563, a 1772 Our second day began with another version of Antonio Alzate's 'Plano geo­ visit to a major city centre collection, the grafico de Ia mayor parte de Ia America Museo Naval. Here we were looked after septentrional espanola', and Francisco by Senora Luis Martin Meras, the head of Eliza's 1791 manuscript of the Straits of the Investigation Department, and had an Juan de Fuca and Georgia and west coast opportunity both to tour the Museum, of Vancouver Island. The Museum's col­ where the permanent exhibition includes lections include the historical collections numerous cartographic items, and in par­ of the Spanish Hydrographic Office. As at ticular the Juan de Ia Cosa map, and to the Biblioteca Nacional it was particu­ visit the special display she had arranged larly welcome to see atlases as well as for us. This display enabled us to examine single maps and have an opportunity to closely such important maps as the manu- study them as a whole. Those on display

At the Biblioteca Nacional. The double-page spread (pages 22, 23) shows members gathering on the steps of the Library for the first meeting of the Symposium. 19 included Dudley 1646, Jansson 1652, Spanish sources from which non-Spanish Pieter Goos 1666, !sole famose (Carno­ cartographers drew their information. cio) 1579, The Mariner's Mirror 1588 On Saturday, our last day together, and Tofliio 1789. the programme tactfully did not begin In the afternoon at the Centro Cultu­ until 10.30. I hope this went some way to ral Galileo in the Charnberi district of solve the problems of those who were Madrid we heard four interesting papers: having such a good time in the evenings Colonel Angel Paladini of the Army Geo­ that they complained that in Madrid the graphical Service on some important 16th nights are too short! We were guests of the century manuscript maps including the section of the Army Geographical Service Juan de la Cosa, Senora Martin Meras on responsible for their archive and map li­ the Spanish version of John Mitchell's brary, which is looked after by Colonel map, Senora Carmen Liter on the carto­ Paladini Cuadrado. The collection is grapher Tomas Lopez and Professor based on maps produced for private col­ Agustin Hernando of the University of lections, and now totals nearly 300 atlases Barcelona on early maps of Spain. The and more than 25,000 maps and plans. We papers were delivered in Spanish but saw the permanent exhibition which thanks to Prof. Hernando who provided a shows a selection from this remarkable translation of one and abstracts of the collection. Here there was something for others even non-Spanish speakers were everybody, portulans, early atlases, able to appreciate them. printed maps and numerous manuscript The seminar was followed by the plans of Spanish towns and ports at home opening, by the assistant mayor of Charn­ and overseas. Particular interest was beri, of a magnificent exhibition or­ shown in a remarkable series of manu­ ganised by Galleria Frame, Los M apas script copies on vellum of portulans, Antiquos Mas Bellos de Espana de 1482 made in the department in recent years. A a 1895. Many of the maps we had seen on delicious buffet lunch rounded off this our other visits had understandably high­ fascinating visit lighted the achievements of Spanish car­ On Saturday evening our closing din­ tographers in the wider world, ner took the form of a smorgasbord in the particularly the Americas, in contrast this Suecia Hotel. This gave us an opportunity exhibition traced the development of the to thank the Armero family for all they map of Spain itself. We were given copies had done to make the symposium such a of the fine catalogue, illustrating the resounding success. They had spent maps, with text by Professor Hernando months in hard work and preparation, and expanding the paper we had heard him planned a programme which though give. The majority of the maps came packed with activities, in true Spanish from the atlases of mainstream European style always seemed leisurely, gave us cartography, and Professor Hernando enough time to enjoy each event properly pointed out that there is still much to be and was interspersed with happy hours discovered about individual printed and over relaxed meals. Jaime Armero junior manuscript maps, regional maps and the must especially be thanked by non-Span- 20 ish speakers for always appearing at the of their own special contribution of the critical moment with his helpful transla­ exhibition of the maps of Spain and left tions, but above all our thanks go to Sefior them to recover over what was left of their Jaime Armero, senior, who master­ October 12th holiday weekend. minded the whole event. We all took home an excellent catalogue to remind us SUSANNA FISHER

Result of the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation's International Competition "The Cartography of Eastern Mediterranean"

At the 11th International Symposium ofiMCoS in Madrid Dr Helen Wallis, IMCoS President, announced, on behalf of Mr Andreas Patsalides, Chairman of the Cultural Foundation of the Bank of Cyprus, the results of the international competition put forward by the Foundation in 1990, which sought to select, finance and publish a work on "The Cartography of Eastern Mediter­ ranean". The Awards Committee-established by the Cultural Foundation in 1991 in order to set up the rules of the competition-received and studied the various proposals which were submitted before the deadline of February 1992. In the Spring of 1992, the Committee unanimously chose the project, Maps for the Historian Maps of Eastern Mediterranean Published in British Parliamentary Papers, 1801-1921 by Susan Gole Gale's project is a detailed carto-bibliography with supplementary text on the maps; it will result in a definitive corpus of great significance for the history of Mediterranean cartography while it will also constitute a scholarly work of lasting value and a constant source of reference for various disciplines. The research on the project will be completed in 1994 and the work, which will be published in Cyprus, is expected to appear early in 1995.

Harley Fellowships making good progress

The Fund, set up in memory of Brian Harley, who died in December 1991, has already attracted over £6000, with a further £2000 promised. So far there have been 80 donors, of whom seven are Sponsors, each contributing £500 or more. This is a very encouraging start and means that it should be possible to award the first Fellowship for 1994. An explanatory leaflet will be issued next year, setting out the procedure for applicants. The J.B. Harley Research Fellowships in the History of Cartography will be open to any who are pursuing advanced research, whatever their nationality, discipline or profession. The size and nwnber of future awards depend on further donations. The eventual target of £40,000 is intended to finance up to three fellowships per year, each for one month. The Trustees would like to acknowledge especially the fundraising efforts of IMCoS, whose seventeen contributors provided a very generous £650 between them. 21 ~-;t' 41

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27 Jan 1993, 6.00 pm those booking direct to the hotel with London Evening at the Farmers' Club mentionofiMCoS Symposium before the Members are invited to bring a fa­ end of March. vourite map to an informal evening at the Farmers' Club, 3 Whitehall Court, Lon­ 20June don SW1A 1EL, and to explain in a few IMCoS Map Fair words why they like it, or point out any The IMCoS Map Fair will take place interesting details. A small charge will be as usual at the New Connaught Rooms, made to cover refreshments. Holbom. Any dealer wishing to take a stall should apply to IMCoS Secretary 6 March, 11.00 am Harry Pearce immediately. Regional Meeting at Hertford Contact IMCoS Secretary Harry The London Lectures Pearce if you would like to visit the Hert­ Meetings in this seminar, 'Maps and ford Record Office. Enclose a cheque Society' are held at theWarburg Institute, made out to IMCoS for £4.00 to cover Woburn Square, London WClH OAB at administrative costs. Further details will 5.00 pm. Admission is free and the meet­ be sent to those interested. ings are open to anyone who is interested. The next four meetings are: 12June 10 Dec Patricia Fara (Imperial College, 13th Annual IMCoS Symposium University ofLondon): An Attrac­ This will be held at the Public Record tive Empire: Mapping Terrestrial Office, Chancery Lane, London. The Magnetism in the 18th century 7 Jan Dennis Reinhartz (Dept ofHis­ morning sessions will be at the London tory, University ofTexas-Arling­ School of Economics. Speakers will be ton): Cartography, Literature and Margaret Condon, Peter Barber, William Empire: Herman Moll and his Maps Foot, and Geraldine Beech. Feb 4 Malcolm Lewis (Dept ofGeo­ IMCoS Annual Dinner will be held graphy, University ofSheffield): on Saturday, 19 June, at Poon's Restaur­ North American Indian and Inuit ant, Woburn Place. Maps: Intercultural Significances On Sunday 13 June members are in­ Feb 25 Matthew Edney (Dept ofGeo ­ vited to visit the Thames Barrier, and the graphy, State Univ. ofNew York at Binghampton): Scientific Images new developments at Docklands. and Images of Science: the British Registration forms are included with Mapping oflndia, 1750-1850 this issue, and should be returned to Also at the W arburg, on 29 Jaunary The Leo­ IMCoS Secretary Harry Pearce as soon as nardo da Vinci Society and Society for Re­ possible. Increased fees will be payable naissance Studies 3rd Symposium in their for registration after 1 May 1993. Special series 'Art and Science in the Italian Renaiss­ rates at Russell Hotel are available for ance: Maps and Mapping'.

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IC:H=::::MHH=:HH=::M"'H=:HICH =HH::::=::::M"'kC:::=HH==Ht<==HH==>~ International News and Events

1993 12th International Symposium in age of these, members are advised to com­ association with Freundeskreis fiir plete and return the registration form as Cartographica in der Stiftung Pre­ soon as they receive it ussischer Kulturbesitz Mainz and Bonn.10-13 September Contact: Herr Konsul Dr Oswald A newspaper cutting from Wellington, Dreyer-Eimbcke, Raboisen 5, New Zealand D-2000 Hamburg 1. An exhibition of Dutch cartography Tel: (040) 33 66 96 was held at the Maritime Museum, Well­ Fax: (040) 33 13 47 ington, brought there by the Netherlands 1994 13th International Symposium, in Embassy in association with the Abel association with the Mercator Com­ Tasman 1992 Commission, to commem­ mittee orate the arrival of Tasman in 1642. The Antwerp. 28-:-31 October travelling exhibition included paintings Contact: Itshak Sperling, Vosken­ slaan 137, B-9000 Gent, Belgium and plans of small villages, primitive Tel: (091)22 31 12 North Sea fishing maps and examples of Fax: (091) 22 32 97 magnifi~ent charts of the New World re­ 1995 14th International Symposium in produced in early 17th century Dutch na­ association with the California vigation manuals. It traced the history of Map Society cartography from art to science - with San Francisco. October (dates to be painters making way for surveyors and decided) navigators. This was the first overseas Contact: Alfred W.Newman, 1414 exhibition to be displayed at the maritime Mariposa St, Vallejo, CA 94590 Tel: (707) 642 9091 Museum since it opened 20 years ago.

Germany 1993 Exhibition in New York This symposium promises to be a The Cooper-Hewitt National Mu­ most interesting one. The joint themes, in seum of Design presents the its frrst ex­ Bonn the 'Nuremberg Chronicle' and in hibition to explore the persuasive power Mainz 'Rivers in the Heart of Europe, of maps, from an ancient Mesopotamian from the Black Sea to the Baltic' will tablet to state-of-the-art computer map­ ping programs. 'ThePowerofMaps' is on provide something of interest to a wide range of members. An optional boat trip view till? March 1993. It is described as through some of the loveliest scenery of the first exhibition to examine the signi­ Europe is offere

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1!! .w~~.& a·B *i!l~~ wr~lfXm\,, mediate experience of seeing space. By very well preserved. showing the world drawn to scale, maps The frrst six maps depict an area of also remind us that everything is relative.' Latvia by the river Daugava (from the An illustrated 256-page catalogue is pub­ small town ofKoknese to Riga). The river lished by The Guilford Press, New York is drawn very carefully showing many (fel: 212 431-9800) at $15.95. islands, settlements, reliefs, and the posi­ tion of troops. The scale of some of the From the Library of Congress, Wash­ maps is shown in paces, about 150 paces ington to one em. The other maps, plans and The catalogue to accompany the Li­ schemes show the position of troops near brary's Columbian Quincentenary ex­ the towns of Narva, Grodno, Poltaw, and hibition 'An Ongoing Voyage' has been Scheztin, and in the north of germany near edited by John R Hebert and is available Riigen Island. The only picture of the from the Superintendent of Documents, Atlas depicts the defence of Narva US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC The author of this unique atlas might 20402-9328 for $25. be J.G.M. Furstenhoff whose name is in­ scribed on one of the maps. If we compare Mercator 1994 the graphic element of this map with those In memory of the 400th anniversary of the other maps, we may conclude that of the death of Gerard Mercator an inter­ they are made by the same person. This national bureau has been established in opinion is also confirmed by a reference Rupelmonde (Kruibeke), native town of to this atlas in the catalogue 'Katalog Gerardus de Cremer (Mercator). Events CLXVI von Albert Cohn in Berlin, will take place throughout the year, and, 18854=Juli' ( a page of this catalogue is for IMCoS, will be highlighted by the included with the atlas). It is noted in the 13th International Symposium in An­ catalogue that the atlas was drawn by a twerp in October. German officer during the Nordic War, though his name is not mentioned. News from Latvia In conclusion I would like to ask map The Riga Museum of History & Na­ collectors to check the uniqueness of the vigation has a unique cartographic work atlas, and to express their opinion about -an Atlas with the title, 'Risse des Nor­ the advisability of issuing a facsimile of disch-Krieges von 1700 his 1713' (Sket­ this manuscript atlas. ches of the Nordic War from 1700 to JANIS SlRAUCHMANIS 1713). The title page, or frrst page of the atlas, which could reveal the place and From Cyprus time of compilation is missing. The size In October 1991, Dr Helen Wallis is 46 x 32 em, and 15 em thick. It contains was invited to give the Agnes Michaelides 31 maps, 3 plans, 2 schemes and one Memorial Lecture at the Cultural Founda­ picture, all of which are drawn by hand in tion of the Bank of Cyprus. ink (probably Chinese) and painted with The late Agnes Michaelides ( 1914- water colours. The tone of the colours is 1990) was one of the Foundation's first 29 __ __ _,..... benefactors and donors. In 1988 she do­ continues with the portolan charts and the nated to the Foundation a major collection Ptolemy maps of Cyprus and proceeds of 64 maps of Cyprus and the Mediter­ gradually to the late 19th century trigon­ ranean which more than doubled the ometrical survey of the island by Captain Foundation's own map collection. Appro­ H.H. Kitchener which was published by priately, Dr Wallis' lecture, now publish­ E. Stanford in 1885. ed by the Foundation, begins with the Vignettes in the Cartographic His­ presence of Cyprus on the Roman road tory ofCyprus is published by the Cultural map known as the Tabula Peutingeriana Foundation (40 pp, 15 coloured illustra­ and on the 13th century mappae mundi; it tions) and costs £5.00.

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Specialist advice on Investment. Call at our lovely Gallery in the heart of Historic Edinburgh or wnte to We particularly specialise in small, early maps. A Carson Clark FRGS SCOTIA MAPS·MAPSELLERS 173 Canongate We welcome any enquiries. The Royal Mile Edinburgh EH8 8BN Tel: 031-556-4710 We usually attend the monthly Bonnington Map Fairs. Catalogues tssued on request Japan- Where in the World is it? The frrstEuropean mention of Japan was The second and more fundamental by Marco Polo. Although not claiming to error concerns the position of Japan. The have visited Japan (which he called Zi­ Marco Polo report placing the island 1500 pangu), he devotes several chapters to miles east of the coast of Asia, coupled things he learned about it from his Mon­ with Columbus' acceptance of the most gol hosts. That he includes Zipangu in his optimistic (understated) estimate of the chapter about India and reports it just circumference of the earth, placed Zi­ before Java and Java Minor tells us that pangu well within the reach of a westward we should not be surprised if he has the voyage from Iberia Given this concept of position a bit wrong as well. Quoting him, the Ocean Sea, it is understandable that he 'Zipangu is an island in the eastern ocean, would have set off from Palos in Andalu­ situated at a distance of about fifteen hun­ sia to reach Japan in a matter of weeks. dred miles from the mainland, or coast of In his log entry of October 23, 1492, Manji. It is of considerable size ... ' he says, His description of the place was no less 'I want to leave [Hispaniola] today for the fanciful: 'They have gold in the greatest abun­ dance, its sources being inexhaustible . ' He also comments on other riches: 'In this island there are pearls also, in large quantities, of a pink colour, round in shape, and of great size equal in value to, or even exceeding that of the white pearls ... so great was the wealth of this island, that a desire was excited in the breast of the Great Khan, Kublai, now reigning, to make a conquest of it ...' No doubt in part due to a bad case of wishful thinking, Christopher Columbus' first expedition was much influenced by two misleading statements in Marco Polo's report of Zipangu. The first of these misconceptions was about the ex­ travagant wealth of the island. Because of Detail from Abraham Ortelius' Polo's statements about gold and pearls, cTartariae' (1570) showing the position as well as other, later reports, Columbus of Japan midway between the peninsula made Zipangu a major goal of his trans­ of California to the east and the Atlantic voyage. mainland of China to the west. 33 Specializing in Early Maps OF THE WORLD AND THE AMERICAS

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6 A YLESTONE DRIVE A YLESTONE HILL, HEREFORD HRl lHT 0432 267816 island of Cuba, which I believe to be the vicinity of Asia, he says' Chipangu.' 'I must try to go to the Great Khan, for he On the 24th, is in the vicinity or at the city of Cathay, 'all my globes and world maps seem to which is the city of the Great Khan.' indicate that the island of Japan is in this The influence of Marco Polo's book vicinity and I am sure that Cuba and Chi­ is unmistakable in the hopeful words writ­ pangu are one and the same'. ten in his log, but in the intervening two On the 27th~ centuries Columbus had moved Japan some several thousand miles to the east 'I hauled up the anchor at sunrise and As subsequent voyages at the end of departed for Cuba, which I am told is the 15th century and in the first years of magnificent, with gold and pearls. I am the 16th century began filling in land now certain that Cuba is the Indian name masses in the Caribbean, it became clear for Chipangu.' that Japan~ much less China, was not to be Finally on the 30th, still thinking he is in found in this area. The cartographic solu-

DetailfromLinschoten' sfamous map of East Asia (1596) showing Japan at the correct lattitude and correctly positioned east/west relative to the mainland of China and the (Ilha de Corea', but with an imaginative and fanciful shape. This (prawn' shape was taken from the manuscript atlases of the Portuguese Vaz Dourado drawn some 25 years previously, but it did not survive into the 17th century as more accurate forms became available. 35 The .first credible map ofJapan by Luiz Teixeira (1595) showing Japan in the correct position and with the three islands of Hinshu, Kyushu and Shikoku in recognizable shape and relative orientation. For decades, this map served as the standard peatern for printed maps ofJapan. lion can be seen in the W aldseemiiller was not yet placed with any accuracy. For world map of 1507. He places Japan just example, in Ortelius' 'Tartaria' we see 10° of longitude west of the thin outline Japan located approximately midway be­ of the east coast of America, still within tween California and China, despite the reach of a western voyage from Europe. intense Portuguese trade activities in Furthermore, the north/south positioning Kyushu which had commenced in the had the main island centered on about 12° meantime. The policy of secrecy enforced north latitude. with vigour by Lisbon was in large part By the later decades of the 16th cen­ the cause of this and other inaccuracies in n.uy, an amazing amount of information the contemporary maps of Asia. Japan about the Americas and the Pacific had had been moved again, and by now is become available to European carto­ coming closer to its true position. graphers, thanks to the voyages of Magel­ This secrecy could not be maintained lan, Drake and others. The earlier gross indefinitely and by the end of the 16th miscalculations of the circumference of century, Linschoten 's landmark book, the earth had been corrected, but Japan Itinerario, had made Portuguese carto-

36 graphic information available to Euro­ problem until the 19th century. peans in the fonn of maps engraved by Why did the clarifying of Japan's po­ Amoldus van Langeren. Among these sition and fonn take so long when other was the famous map of East Asia, cover­ remote islands, peninsulas and continents ing Japan to Sumatra and Java In this took shape at a much faster pace? There map, we fmally see 'Iapan' positioned at is no one answer, but probably a combi­ about the correct longitude just beyond nation of factors including the Portuguese the 'llha de Corea'. Earlier southerly er­ policy of secrecy in the 16th century, the rors in latitude were also corrected. How­ isolationist attitude of the Japanese gov­ ever, Linschoten had never actually ernment for over three hundred years and visited Japan, and his map incorporated a perhaps the lack of priority by European gross distortion in the shape of Japan,giv­ cartographers. In any case, this prolonged ing Honshu island a distinctive prawn progression to an accurate representation shape. of Japan provides present day map en­ Now that the position of Japan had thusiasts an ample field for study and been established with some accuracy, it speculation. remained to correct the shape. A pro­ gressive metamorphosis, beginning with Select Bibliography the Luis Teixeira (1595) 'Iaponiae Insulae Marsden/Komroff, The Travels ofMarco Polo, New York, 1953 Descriptio', continued through the 17th Fuson, Robert H. (trans): The Log of Christopher and 18th centuries. However, by this time, Columbus, Camden, Maine, 1987 Japan was all but closed to Europeans and Nebenzahl, Kenneth, The Atlas of Columbus, Chi­ it was to be a slow process of uncovering cago, 1990 Cortazzi. Hugh, The Isles ofGold, Tokyo, 1983 the true form of this complex archipelago. linschoten, John Huyghen van, The Voyage to the Three of the four main islands (Honshu, EastlnGUes,~don,1598 Kyushu and Shikoku) were in place by RICHARD PFLEDERER Kaempfer (1727), but Hokkaidu was a

Who was the member who took the lift to the top floor of the hotel while we were in Madrid to take some photographs of the skyline? The only way to obtain a view was to go out onto the fire escape. As there was no handle on the outside of the door for re-entry, the door was propped open with a bottle. Too busy preparing to set up the camera, this person did not notice a maid come along and remove the bottle. The door slammed shut Luckily the loud hammering that followed was heard by the maid, and our member fortunately did not miss the symposium Dinner. We leave you to guess who this was!

Classified Advertisements Antiquarian Maps and Prints c. 1550 to 1899. England County Map specialist. lists sent. Mrs Write or phone for our latest catalogue. postaprint, D.M. Green, 7 Tower Grove, Weybridge, Surrey. Taidswood, Iver Heath, Bucks SLO OPQ, UK. Phone Tel: (0932) 241 1105. Denham - (0895) 833 720.

37 Writings about Maps

One of a number of highlights of our may easily be known by ye Arms, some­ IMCoS visit to Madrid was the compre­ what like in this. They have endeavourd hensive and very well displayed exhibi­ to disguise it by a New Title vitz: Theatre tion of maps of Spain that was opened de la Guerre en Espagne et en Portugal immediately following the presentation &c. Dresse sur les Observations de Mrs of papers at the Symposium itself. de 1'Academie des Sciences. Par Guil­ Herman Moll's 'A new and exact laume de 1'Isle, Geographe du Roy. A map of Spain and Portugal divided into its Paris. Avec Privilege du Roy 1710. To Kingdoms and Principalities' ( 1711) at­ this they add Imaginary Sands & Depths tracted considerable attention. A very fme of Water, than which nothing can be of map indeed, which one would have more dangerous consequence if ever it thought would have stood on its own should be usd at Sea, and ye vain Notions merits when it was published, we found to it must give others at Land are no less our amusement carries in its bottom left­ apparent.' hand comer what can only be described, The present-day law of copyright, in present-day advertising terms, as an together with the degree of accuracy and extremely vigorous piece of 'knocking relative cheapness of such large numbers copy'. To quote: or readily available maps may to us make ADVERTISEMENT such a diatribe against a competitor seem Among all ye Cheats that ye world are curious, even excessive. But we have to dayly abus' d wi~ none have lately been remember the high cost of producing new more scandalous than that of Maps. some works, the small market for them and the times New ones are put out by Ignorant very great extent to which they were pla­ Pretenders. Some times mean & imper­ giarised at that time. It is instructive to fect foreign Maps are Copy •d and pub­ note how contemporary issues of the lish' d by them as their own, and haveing Gentleman's Magazine reflected all this. no Judgement or Knowledge of what is Many British maps of the period as­ good or bad, correct or incorrect. They serted their superiority in their titles, of basely impose on the Publick with pom­ course. For example: Osborne (1748) 'A pous Titles, & pretend they are Counten­ Correct Map of Caemarvonshire'; Kit­ anc •d & assisted by those who either chin (1750) 'ANew Map ofHaddington­ never saw, or despise their wretched Per­ shire'; Rollos (1768) 'An Accurate Map formances at home, but by others from of Brecknockshire'; and the Bowens abroad, who seeing what Trifles have a (1767) 'Durham . . . with Improvements currency here, are incourag •d to publish not inserted in any other half Sheet evry wretched Coppy that falls into their County Maps Extant' The GM Supple­ Hands, as particularly a Map of Spain in ment for 174 7 went much further in pub­ 9 Sheets, lately publish •d as a new lishing 'An account of preparations made Draught tho it is at least 70 years old. It by I. Cave for a new set of COUNTY

38 MAPS', stressing that 'Many journies between the Russians, Poles and Turks. have been taken with a measuring wheel', The authors Messrs. Andrew Dury and noting 'particular observations and sur­ P.Bell, assure us that they have been fa­ veys by different persons, eminently voured by his Excellency Count Chem­ skilled in the business' and not failing to ishef, with a manuscript and other maps; point out that all was done 'at no trifling and that they have compiled theirs from expence.' But then competitors had to be them. Who would not expect after such an dealt with and so the 'account' continued account, a very accurate, new, and inter­ with the claim that the maps would '. . . esting map of these countries, which are avoid a great number of errors, committed the theatre of war, and so little known to by those all-sufficient and sage adven­ the rest of Europe, and of which we have turers, who dreaming of mountains be­ not any good and accurate maps as yet hind their counters, imagine that a good published. But upon a critical compari­ map may be made without stirring out of son, we found to our great astonishment, London; and that, if they purchase two or that the whole work is only a copy of those three old maps, and deliver them to a neat maps already published in the Russian engraver, all the business is done.' Atlas; a work which the Petersburgh­ The 'account' went on with a thinly Academy is now ashamed to own, after veiled attack on the Universal Magazine. they have seen what improvements it is 'There are indeed a kind of Universal capable of.' Undertakers, that fancy themselves equal Having warmed to his task, the writer to every thing, but do nothing right He continues: [Cave] has no reason to be displeased at 'Is it not a shameful imposition upon the start which such have got, nor to envy the public, to advertise a bad copy of a them the credit and profit of it. On the wretchedly inaccurate map, as a compila­ contrary, tho' he has taken so much pains, tion of manuscript maps? and is it not he will freely instruct them how to correct abusing the name of his Excellency, by one great error of errors, the Bedfordshire prefixing it to this production of vile in­ map, against the next impression.- As terest and imposture? Had the authors re­ the writing on a plate must be rubbed out, ally appeal[sic] to his Excellency, they they must erase half a dozen towns, and would have been enabled to get better re-ingrave them in a quite different order; helps than those they falsely boast of. And and if they please to ask pardon of the as this country is here so little known, and public for exhibiting so confused a therefore very few are able to judge the jumble, he will proceed to finish his tour merit or demerit of the perfonnance, I and enquiries in the county, and publish a thought it encumbent upon me to warn the correct map of the whole, for them to public against this map, which the inter­ accurately survey and copy in a garret' ested views of the publishers have a mind Such 'knocking copy' did not abate. to obtrude upon it as a perfonnance com­ In the GM for August 1769, we can read: piled from Manuscript Maps.' 'There has been Iatel y advertised in After some related comments, the the News papers, a Map of the Seat of war writer really gets to the point, which is to 39 advertise the superiority of the GM's own after manuscript and other good maps and map, yet to be published: memoirs, and with a notion of languages, ' . . . in our next magazine we shall history and antiquity; and a mere copy of produce a sketch of the Crim, the Sea of maps, disavowed by the Petersburgh Azof, and parts of the rivers Dnieper, Academy.' Bog, and Cuban, communicated to us by The imagination boggles at the an ingenuous correspondent, a slight thought of present-day map publishers comparison of which with Mr Dury' s map going at one another in quite this fashion. will convince the connoisseur what a vast COSIMO difference there is between a work drawn

Book Reviews

No Day too Long - An Hydro­ time work in the Persian Gulf, or the trials grapher's Tale, by Rear Admiral G.S. of office life for a sailor. The narrative is Ritchie, CB, DSC, FRICS. The Pentland colourful with a liberal spicing of anec­ Press, 1992. 250 pages, 23 illustrations. dote throughout £15.50 Admiral Ritchie gives frequent Sixty years ago a white-bearded ad­ simple explanations of technical aspects miral with sparkling eyes fired the im­ of his work, which help even the lay agination of a naval cadet. Over his reader understand the problems and satis­ father's dinner table he thrilled him with factions a surveyor faces. He describes for tales of adventures in the forests of Bor­ example the embryonic Decca system neo and the wilds of British Columbia used at the time of the Normandy landings The admiral was Sir Frederick Lear­ and the difficulties and thrills of getting a mouth,lifelong hydrographic surveyor record sounding and a bottom sample in and a former Hydrographer of the Navy; the Marianas Trench. With so much infor­ the cadet was Steve Ritchie. The en­ mation of this sort tucked into the nar­ counter gave Admiral Ritchie an enthusi­ rative it is a pity that the index is confmed asm for the life of a naval surveyor which to names of men and ships. carried him to the top of his profession as In the early sixties Admiral Ritchie Hydrographer of the Navy and sub­ became Assistant Hydrographer and sequently as President of the Directing found himself tied to an office desk at Committee of the International Hydro­ Cricklewood. As well as 'broadening his graphic Bureau in Monaco. dancing experience into the field of bal­ His enthusiasm for his chosen career let', for the Christmas show, he managed makes his autobiography most enjoyable to find time to write his history of British reading; it is evident whether he is de­ nineteenth century surveying, The Admir­ scribing surveying beaches for British alty Chart. On his retirement from the landings in southern Italy, routine peace- Navy this involvement with the history of

40 his profession led to a research fellowship the Admiralty Chart' they were heirs to a and a year as a full-time historian. great tradition dating back to Cook. Even While Hydrographer of the Navy he in the mid-twentieth century there were initiated the then revolutionary metrifica­ aspects of their work that had remained tion of the British Admiralty chart He unchanged since the days of Cook. The realised this change must come if the Ad­ surveyor's craft for example was still miralty chart was to retain the respect in learnt on the job, with one generation which it was held internationally, but at passing on their skills to the next the time the decision caused considerable This is an enjoyable book which will controversy among professions naviga­ give members, whether they have any tors and the public at large, with A.P. special interest in the sea or not, an insight Herbert proposing the formation of The into one of the great branches of map­ Friends of the Fathom! making. The last ten years of professional ser­ SUSANNA FISHER vice were spent at the International Hy­ drographic Bureau in Monaco, the Hebrew Maps of the Holy Land, by E. organisation which co- ordinates the & G. Wajntraub. Vienna, Briider-Hol­ charting efforts of the surveying services linck, 1992. xxiv+277 pages. ISBN 3- of the world's navies. He was elected 85119-248-6. President of the Directing Committee for The long history of cartographic rep­ two successive five year terms, during resen tation of the Hoi y Land stands which the Bureau extended its scheme for unique to that of any other country or international sharing of the small-scale region. Its status in the hearts and minds coverage of the world's oceans to the even of the followers of the three monotheistic more demanding task of co-ordinating religions resulted in a seamless continua­ medium and large scale charts. tion of the depiction of the country from A most important dimension of the the very dawn of cartography. book stems from Admiral Ritchie's great The study in our own day of the Holy sense of history and awareness that as he Land maps is rich indeed - fuelled no and his colleagues 'laboured ... to sustain doubt by the zealous band of collectors in the impeccable standards demanded by this field. However, to study, to collect, to appreciate maps of the Holy Land, and then ignore, due to lack of knowledge, In a third leader commending the those maps that are in the very language ninth edition of its Atlas oftheW orld, indigenous to that part of the world, is published in October, 199~ The truly unforgivable. The Hebrew language Times makes this striking claim: has unfortunately become all too sadly 'Mankind has invented three great form of communication: language, neglected by most outside the Jewish, He­ music and mapping. But by far the brew-speaking world. The authors of the oldest of the three is mapping.' present work have rightly attempted to Contributed by SJ.S. tackle a distinct area that has remained unexplored for too long. Eva and Gimpel 41 Wajntraub are therefore to be congratu­ viduals who drew these primitive maps lated for opening a vista to an English­ had even stepped foot in the Holy Land. speaking audience with their survey of the It is interesting to see the varying degrees Holy Land maps in Hebrew. in which faith in the Bible itself in­ More than a hundred maps are de­ fluenced the evolution of Holy Land car­ scribed, approximate! y half are of the tography. For it was not untill620 that the 19th and 20th centuries and half of earlier first distinct Holy Land map appeared­ centuries; the earliest deriving from a He­ at least as far as we accept the term today. brew manuscript from France, of an ex­ Moreover, for centuries thereafter He­ egesis to the Pentateuch, circa 1233. This brew maps, inserted in liturgical works, is the particular value of the book in bring­ appeared as declarations of faith in the ing maps of 'rabbinical fancy' to a wider Wandering Jews' Return to their ancient audience. As the authors point out in their homeland. introduction, early knowledge of Holy Despite the enthusiasm with which Land geography was entirely based on the the authors knowledgeably tackle their geography of the Bible. Early maps by theme, the book suffers greatly from poor rabbinic scholars of the Holy Land ap­ editing and proofing. The prose is often peared always as drawings - often only stilted and bland, mis-spellings abound to illustrate a talmudic or exegetical detail and the transliteration is often confusing. -rather than orthodox cartographic rep­ Similarly the book could have been im­ resentations; in fact very few of the indi- proved upon by a better production de­ signer. The 32 colour plates are set out in four separate 'appendices', without refer­ ence to page numbers and are therefore awkward to locate. In general, the quality of the photographic reproduction is ANTIQUARIAN uneven. Even the useful notion of a key MAPS , PRINTS, ATLASES with Hebrew transcribed into English is AND ILLUSTRATED BOOKS often frustratingly placed away from the BOUGHT & SOLD original illustration; having the two fac­ EXPERT COLOURING, ing each other would have been more MOUNTING AND FRAMING helpful. The authors have described each INDIVIDUAL LISTS map often referring to the Biblical ISSUED ON REQUEST sources, authors and Jewish practices OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK where relevant. However, footnotes are not provided thus denying further individ­ 5 NELSON ROAD, ual investigation where desired. GREENWICH, Despite these faults, the work could LONDON SElO 9JB TEL: 081 •858 0317 FAX: 081·853 1773 be said to follow in the tradition of the late Ze'er Vilnay in popularising a neglected area. Further work is still necessary. DANIEL E. KESTENBAUM 42 IMCoS List of Officers Executive Committee and Directors Themis S1rongilos Appointed Officers Kjarten Gunnarsson President Dr Helen Wallis OBE John Garver Chairman Susan Gale Gen Secretary Harry Pearce Advisory Council Treasurer Cyrus Ala'i President Dr Helen Wallis OBE Membership Sec Caroline Batchelor Past President Rodney Shirley Publicity Officer Yasha Beresiner London Tony Campbell Members Eugene Burden Barcelona Sra Montserrat Galera Stuart Jackson Paris Dr Mireille Pastoureau Cathy Slowther Utrecht Dr Gunter Schilder Christopher Terrell Washington Ralph Ehrenberg Advertising Manager Warwick Leadlay Librarian Christopher Terrell International Officers lnt Chairman Malcolm R Young Photographer and Slide Registrar David Webb lnt Secretary Themis Strongilos Journal Editor Susan Gale Representatives America, Central: Paul F Glynn, Casa El Italy: JD Maranelli, Villa Clampedelles, Carmen, 3a Avenida Norte 8, Crignes 76, CortinC' d'Ampezzo La Antigua, Guatemala Japan: Kazumasa Yamashita, 10-7 2- America, South: Dr Lorenzo GOller Frers, chome, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo c/o M Virginia de Santiago, 25 deMayo Netherlands:Werner Lowenhardt, De Lai­ 158, 1 002 Buenos Aires, Argentina ressestr 40-1, 1 071 PB, Amsterdam Australia: Prof Robert Clancy, New Zealand: Neil McKinnon, PO Box 847, 99 Carrington Parade, New Lambton, Timaru NSW2305 Norway: Pal Sagen, Bygd0y Aile 69, Belgium: ltshak Sperling, PO Box 102 Tasen, N-0801 Oslo 8 137 Voskenslaan, B 9000 Gent Portugal: JC Silva, Travessa de Quelmada Bulgaria: Bojan Besevliev, lnst for Balkan 28, Lisbon 2 Studies, ul. Kalojan 7, 1000 Sofia Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia: Canada: Edward H Dahl, National Archives Michael J Sweet, Antiques of the of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON3 Orient, 21 Cuscaden Road, Croatia: Ankica Pandzic, Historical Mlng Arcade 01-02, Singapore 1 024 Museum of Croatia, Matoseva 9, South Africa: Dr Oscar Norwich, 46 Garden YU-41 000 Zagreb Road, Orchard 2192, Johannesburg Cyprus: Dr AJ Hadjipaschalis, PO Box Spain: Jaime Armero, Frame SL, General 4506, Nicosia Pardinas 69, Madrid 6 Finland: Jan Strang, Antiiki-Kirja, Kalevan­ Sweden: Gunnar Skoog, Skoogs Foretags­ katu 25, SF-001 00 Helsinki grupp AB, Malmo France: Jacques Reutemann, 1 08 lverna Thailand: Dr Dawn Rooney, PO Box 11, Court, London W8 6TX 1238 Bangkok Germany: Prof Dr D Novak, Adenaurallee Turkey: F Muhtar Katircioglu, Karanfil 23, D-5300 Bonn 1 Araligi 14, Levent, 80620 Istanbul Greece:Themis Strongilos, 19 Rigillis USA, Central: Kenneth Nebenzahl Inc, Street, GR-106 74 Athens PO Box 370, Glencoe, Ill 60022 Hungary: Dr Zsolt Torok, Dept/Geography, USA, East: Charles A Burroughs, 686 Col­ Eotvos Univ. Ludovika 2, Budapest lege Parkway, Rockville, MD 20850 Iceland: Kjarten GOnnarsson, Lyfjabudin USA, West: Alfred W Newman, 1414 Mari­ ldunn, Laugavegi 40(a), Reykjavik posa Street, Vallejo, CA 94590 Israel: Eva Wajntraub, 4 Brenner Street, Jerusalem Yasha Beresiner welcome you to the world of

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