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1 Primitivity 1. for Two Examples of Commodity History One Large, the Other Small, See Robert Delort, Lecommerce Desfourrures En Notes 1 Primitivity 1. For two examples of commodity history one large, the other small, see Robert Delort, LeCommerce desFourrures enOccident iliafin du Moyen Age(vers 1300-vers 1450) (Ecole Francaise de Rome, Rome, 1978);F. M. L. Thompson, 'Nineteenth Century Horse Sense', Economic History Review, XXIX, No.1 (February 1976) pp. 6~1. 2. Jacques Nenquin, Salt A Study in Economic Prehistory (de Tempel, Brugge, 1961); Bernard Edeine, 'Les Techniques de Fabrication du Sel dans les sauneries pre et protohistoriques ainsi que Gallo-Romaines', Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest, Vol. 82 (1975) pp . 11-18; Jean-Paul Bertraux, 'L'Archeolog le du Sel en Lorraine: Le Briquetage de la Seille', Guy Cabour­ din (ed.), Le Sel et Son Histoire (Universite de Nancy II, Nancy, 1981) pp .519-38. 3. Peter S. Wells, 'Iron-Age Central Europe', Archaeology, Vol. 33, No . 5 (September-October 1980) pp. 6-11. 4. Nenquin, p. 53. 5. Giraldus Cambrensis, The Itinerary through Wales and the Description of Wales (Dent, London, 1919) p. 176. 6. Anthony P. Andrews, 'The Salt Trade of the Maya', Archaeology, Vol. 33, No.4 (July-August 1980) pp . 16-33. 7. Eric C. Thompson, Thomas Gage's Travels in the New World (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1958) pp. 167, 204. 8. Ibid., p. 61. 9. Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa , Description of the Indies (c. 1620), tr, Charles Upson Clark (Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, 1968) para 467. 10. Miguel O. de Mendizabal, Influencia delaSol enladistribucion geographica delos grupos indigenas de Mexico (Mexico, 1928). 11. Father Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 2 vols (Hakluyt Society, London, 1880) p. 155. 12. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1437. Marianne Cardale-Schrimpff, 'Prehistoric Salt Production in Columbia, South America' (Colchester Archaeological Group), Salt, The Study of an Ancient Industry (Colchester, 1975) p. 84. 13. Chantal Caillavet, 'Le Sel d'Otavalo (Equateur) Continuites Indigenes et Ruptures Coloniales', Melanges de La Casa de Velazquez, Tome XV (1979) pp . 329-63. 14. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1006. 15. Claude Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques IV, L'Homme Nu (Pion, Paris, 1971)p. 83. 16. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1419. 17. Ibid., para 1954. 18. Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regionsof America during the Years 1799-1804, 3 vols (George Bell, London, 1881) II, p. 365. 19. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Span ish Exploration in the Southwest (Barnes and Noble, New York, 1959) p. 220. 20. Claude Levi-Strauss, 'The Use of Wild Plants in Tropical South America' , Julian H. Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indian s, Vol. 6, Physical 359 360 Notes Anthropology, Linguistics and Cultural Geography of South American Indians (Cooper Square, New York, 1963) p. 482. 21. Humboldt, I, p. 179. 22. Claude Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques II Du MieI aux Cendres (Pion, Paris, 1966) p. 42; Mythologiques III Les Origines des Manieres de Table (Pion, Paris, 1968) p.470. 23. W. G. L. Randles, 'La Civilisation Bantou, son essor et son declin', Annales, Economies, Societe», Civilisations, 29:2 (March-April 1974) pp. 267-81; Thur­ ston Shaw, Nigeria Its Archaeology and Early History (Thames & Hudson, London, 1978). 24. P. Gouletquer and D. Kleinrnann, 'Structure Sociale et Commerce du Sel dans I'Economie Touaregue', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee, 21, 1976, pp . 131-9; Michal Tymowski, 'La Saline d'Idjil en Mauritanie', Africana Bulletin, 30 (1981) pp . 7-37. 25. Paul E. Lovejoy, 'The Borno Salt Industry', TheInternational Journal Of African Historical Studies, Vol. II (1978) no. 4, pp. 629-68. 26. Ibid., p. 629. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. J. Clauzel, L'Exploitation des Salines de Taoudenni, Institu de Recherches sahariennes (Universite d' Alger, Alger, 1960). 30. J. E. G. Sutton and A. D. Roberts, 'Uvinza and its Salt Industry', Anzania, 3 (1969) pp . 45-86. 31. Henry M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols (Sampson Low, Lon­ don, 1878) I, 508. 32. Charles M. Good, 'Salt, Trade, and Disease: Aspects of Development in Africa's Northern Great Lakes Region', International Journal of African Histori­ calStudies, Vol. 5 (1972) no . 4, pp. 543--86. 33. Duke Adolphus Frederick of Mecklenburg, In the Heart of Africa (Cassell, London, 1910) pp. 191-2. 34. Ibid., p. 192. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid. 37. Paul Pascon, 'Le Commerce de la Maison d'IIigh d'apres Ie registre compt­ able de Husayn b. Hachem (Tazerwolt, 185G-1875)', Annales, Economies, Societe«, Civilisations, 35:3--4 (May-August 1980) pp . 70G-729. 38. Richard Gray and David Birmingham (eds), Pre-ColonialAfrican Trade, Essays on Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970) p. 34. 39. Michael G. Kenny, 'Salt Trading in Eastern Lake Victoria', Azania, Vol. IX (1974) pp . 225-8, p. 226. 40. Good, p. 557. 41. Ibid. 42. Tadeusz Lewicki, WestAfrican Food in theMiddle Ages(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1974). 43. Ibid., p. 79. 44. Ibid., p. 116. 45. Ibid., pp . 116--17. 46. Ibid., p. 121. 47. Ibid., p. 218. 48. For an exception to this generalization, see I. B. Sutton, 'The Volta River Salt Trade: The Survival of an Indigenous Industry', Journal of African History, 22 (1981) pp . 43--61. Notes 361 49. Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques 111, p. 355. 50. Nancy Lee Swan, Food and Money in Ancient China (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1950) p. 347, quoting Han-shu 24:24b. 51. Robert P. Multhauf, Neptune's Gift, A Historyof Common Salt (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1978) p. 4. 52. Derek Denton, The Hunger for Salt, An Anthropological, Physiological and MedicalAnalysis (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1982). 53. E. A. Wallis Budge, Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics or 'The Book of Medicine', 2 vols (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1913) I, 339. 51. Charaka-Samhita, Translated and published by Kaviraj Arinash Chandra Kaviratna, 5 vols, Calcutta, 1896--1912, I, 9. 55. Ibid ., II, 452. 56. Ilza Veith, Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen, The Yellow Emperor's Classicof Internal Medicine (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1949) pp . 120, 23. 57. Wallis Budge, I, 506. 58. Charaka-Samhita, II, 529, 532, 535. 59. Ibid., II, 532. 60. Veith, p. 141. 61. James E. Latham, The Religious Symbolism of Salt (Editions Beauchesne, Paris, 1982) p. 161. 62. Latham, p. 163. 63. S. C. Aggarwal, The Salt Industry in India (Government of India Press, New Delhi, 1976) p. 6. 64. For such diseases in one particular area, see James L. Maxwell, The Diseases of CMlla (ABC Press , Shanghai, 1929) pp . 137-203 on Protozoal and Metazoal parasites. 65. Mirko D. Grmek, Les maladies a l'aube de la Civilisation Occidentale (Payot, Paris, 1983). 66. Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques 11, pp . 406--7, Mythologiques 111, p. 397. 2 Antiquity 1. Ronald P. Legon, Megara The Political History of a Greek City-state to 330 BC (Cornell University Press , Ithaca and London, 1980) p. 25. 2. Dio Chrysostorn, Orations, The Thirty-Sixth, or Borysthenitic Discourse. 3. Pliny, Naiuralis Historia , Book XXXI, 39. 4. David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, 2 vols (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1950) p. 1312; Speros Vryonis, The Declineof Medieval Hellenismin AsiaMinor and the Process ofIslamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971). 5. Strabo, Geographia, Book XVI , 3, 3. 6. Pliny, Book XXXI, 39. 7. Paul Veyne, Le Pain et LeCirque, Sociologie Hisiorique d'un Pluralisme Politique (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1976). 8. Dio Cassius, Romaika , Book XLIX. 9. Livy, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Book II, 9. 6. 10. Livy, Book XXIX, 37, 3. 11. Tenney Frank (ed .), All Economic Survey of Ancient Rome,S vols (Pageant, Paterson, New Jersey, 1959) I, pp. 140, 151. 12. L. Wickert (ed .), Corpus Inscription urn, Latinatum, Vol. 14, Supplement (Gruyter, Berlin, 1938) p. 78, S 4285; Hermann Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectee, Vol. II, part 1 (Weidmann, Berlin, 1902) pp . 556--7, no. 6178. 362 Notes 13. Leon Homo, Essai sur Ie Regne de l'Empereur Aurelien (Bretschneider, Paris, 1904) p. 179. 14. Clyde Pharr, The Theodosean Code (Greenwood Press, New York, 1952) . pp . 412, 312. 15. Oswyn Murray, 'The Greek Symposion in History', Times Literary Supple­ ment, 6 November 1981, pp . 1307-8; Denis Roussel, Tribu et Citt (Universite de Besancon, Paris, 1976). 16. ~ . Grimal and Th. Monod, 'Sur la veritable nature du garum', Revue des Etudes Anciennes, Vol. 54 (1952) pp . 27-38. 17. W. B. Fisher (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. I, The Land of Iran (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968) p. 139. 18. Ibid., p. 69. 19. Daniel Potts, 'On Salt and Salt Gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XXVII, 3 (October 1984) pp.225-71. 20. Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975). 21. Pliny, Book XXXI , 39. 22. Strabo, Book sv, 1, 30. 23. Hsuan-tsang, Si-qu-ki, Buddhist Records oftheWestern World, trn Samuel Beal, 2 vols (Paragon, New York, 1968). 24. Charaka-Samhita, II, 452;A. L. Basham, TheWonder that was India (Grove, New York, 1959)p. 498; F. Ashton, 'The Salt Industry of Rajputana', TheJournal of Indian Art andIndustry, Vol. 9 (1902) pp . 23-32, p. 30; Aggarwal, pp. 42~21. 25. Sir George Dunbar, History of India from Earliest Times to1939, 2 vols (Nichol- son and Watson , London, 1949)1,76. 26. Shu-ching, Part Ill, Book I, part 1, ch. 4, vv 24-6. 27. Shih-chi, 32. 28. Ibid., 129. 29. Ssu-ch'uanyen-fa-chih (Treatise on the salt laws of Szechwan), Ting Pao-chen, comp ., 40 chuan, Chengtu, 1882, ch 4, 39.
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