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Analogy and Pattern Recognition Analogy and pattern recognition Vitor Manuel Dinis Pereira1 1LanCog (Language, Mind and Cognition Research Group), Philosophy Centre, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal Abstract - I'll show in an initial section (1.) that the religion (1779) [7], can be formulated as the classic kind of analogy between life and information (argue for by watchmaker analogy as follows. authors such as [1], [2], [3] [4], [5], [6]) is like the 1. The clock for its complexity and the way is ordered, is design argument and that if the design argument is a machine that has to have an intelligent author and invalid, the argument to the effect that artificial mind may builder, with proportional capacities to his work - the represents an expected advance in the life evolution in human watchmaker. Universe is also unfounded and invalid. However, if we 2. The world, for its complexity and the way is ordered, are prepared to admit (though we should not do) this it is like a clock. method of reasoning as valid, I'll show in an second 3. So, the world also has to have a smart author and section (2.), that the analogy between life and information builder, with proportional capacities to his work - the seems suggest some type of reductionism of life to divine watchmaker (God). information, but biology respectively chemistry or physics Basically, this argument holds that, just as a clock are not reductionist, contrary to what seems to be before being built, we can assume the existence of an suggested by the analogy between life and information. intelligent being who built it in a certain order, also for the world, we can assume the existence of an intelligent being who built it according with a specific purpose, given the Keywords: analogy, pattern, recognition, reductionism, similarities between a watch and the world. While in the life, information. first case the most plausible hypothesis for the builder of the clock would be a human watchmaker, in the second case the most plausible hypothesis for the builder of the 1 Introduction world would be a "divine watchmaker" because only this The analogy between life and information - for could be capable of such a work. example, pattern recognition, with hierarchical structure This argument is an analogy, but, as we shall see and suitable weightings for constituent features [5] - seems below, raises several problems. to be central to the effect that artificial mind may Consider: it is obvious that the world is complex, has represents an expected advance in the life evolution in an order and natural events have a regularity, yet the Universe, since information (namely, pattern recognition) analogy with the watch is fragile, remote and reductive. is supposed to be the essence of mind and all information (namely, pattern recognition) is implemented by the same basic neural mechanisms. And since we can replicated 1.2 The classic watchmaker analogy is these mechanisms in a machine, there is nothing to prevent fragile, remote and reductive us from set up an artificial mind—we just need to install the right pattern recognizers. (To create a mind, as argue Firstly, it is fragile, because while the clock is a perfect by [5], we need to create a machine that recognizes machine, the world is a "machine" full of imperfections patterns, such as letters and words. Consider: translate a and irregularities that go beyond their usual order or paper. In despite the best efforts to develop artificial regularity. universal translators, we are still very far from being able Secondly, it is remote, because any similarities between to dispense the human correction of what we write in the watch and the world can only be regarded as very another language.) distant similarities, only in some aspects - one can not say However, this analogy is of the same kind of analogy with certainty that the world order is similar to the order of involved in, for example, the argument from design. the clock, because while we are sure, by experience, that the clock and their order were created according to a end, we have no certainty, for not having had any experience of 1.1 The classic watchmaker analogy this, that the world and its order were even created, much less that there are also in accordance with a end (that The design argument presented and criticized, for would be divine) and not just the natural accident (the example, by Hume in his Dialogues concerning natural latter explanation is, moreover, the scientific explanation). Thirdly, it is a reductive analogy, because while the information (argue for by authors such as [1], [2], [3] [4], clock is a machine with a limited complexity to its small [5], [6]). dimensions, the world is a "machine" not comparable to At the same time, as Hume says, if we are prepared to the dimensions of the watch, so that its complexity can not admit (though we should not do) this method of reasoning also be compared with the clock. as valid, why then choose the part of nature that says more Now, an analogy can be established from an example about us, and not another? that is similar in a relevant aspect - in the case of the Or, as I says, why then choose the part of mental life that watchmaker analogy, the example would be the clock and says more about perceptual cases and not emotion, the relevant aspect would be the complexity of the clock imagination, reasoning, willing, intending, calculating, comparable to the complexity of the world - and we have silently talking to oneself, feeling pain and pleasure, itches, seen that the watchmaker analogy does not fulfil these and moods—the full life of the mind? Certainly they are conditions, we conclude that the analogy is not valid, so nothing like the perceptual cases on which the analogy the argument is invalid and should not be considered as a between life and information rest. good proof of the existence of God. According to science, were natural events that, in a The analogy between mental life and information is of succession of chances (without any special or divine plan), the same kind of analogy involved in the argument from although according to the "laws of nature", led to the design. creation of the world and existence as we know it. From the fact that there are mental operations as thought Thus, even before being able to dream even with and intention in some parts of nature, particularly in Darwinian theories and how they revolutionized scientific humans and other animals, it does not follow that this may knowledge, Hume, through his character Philo, already had be the rule of the whole that is the nature that far exceeds an objection to the argument from design that he could not parts as humans and other animals. imagine be one of scientific basis of the most devastating The analogy between life and information takes a part effects against such an argument from design - namely the (information) by the whole (life). watchmaker analogy. The idea that a natural biological function of the brain is Indeed, the hypothesis of Hume of a succession of processing information has not been established chances, besides being more logical and plausible than the empirically by cognitive neuroscience, is a metaphor. The theistic hypothesis, is the that most closely matches concepts of "processing" and "information" are concepts Darwinian theories of evolution by natural selection, which of folk psychology that seems scientifically rigorous, but would arise a century later (century XIX), as well as are not scientifically rigorous. Concepts as ―pattern approaches all subsequent scientific discoveries, not only recognition‖ does not exhaust all mental activity: if any of biology, but also of chemistry, and physics, regarding mental activity falls under the concept of ―pattern the possible certainties we can have about the creation of recognition‖, is only part of the activity of the mind. the Universe. In what way does thinking co-occur with a stimulus and categorizing it? When I am thinking about Las Vegas while in Lisbon I am not recognizing any presented 2 The analogy between life and stimulus as Las Vegas —since I am not perceiving Las Vegas with my senses. There is no perceptual recognition information seems suggest some going on at all in thinking about an absent object. So type of reductionism concepts as ―pattern recognition‖, although some part of what there is to say about the nature of thought – as, when The analogy between life and information, if we are I am perceiving Las Vegas with my senses - is far from prepared to admit (suppose you do not agree with the 1 all there is to say about the nature of thought . previous section 1.) this method of reasoning as valid Reach to the explanation of the whole (nature, as in the (though we should not do), seems suggest some type of discussion of the argument from design by Hume; life, as reductionism of life to information. in the discussion of the analogy between life and However, biology respectively chemistry or physics is information by authors such as [1], [2], [3] [4], [5], [6]) not reductionist, contrary to what seems to be suggested by starting with just one part (humans and other animals, as in the analogy between life and information. the discussion of the argument from design by Hume; information, as in the discussion of the analogy between life and information), without more, makes any of the 2.1 Biological level arguments very weak: On the biological level, for example, molecular to the effect of the existence of God (criticized by genetics cannot provide a derivation base for evolutionary Hume); to the effect of the analogy between life and biology ([8]; [9]) or even for classical genetics ([10]).
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