Pests and Diseases Affecting Potato Landraces and Bred Varieties Grown in Peru Under Indigenous Farming System W

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 19 (2): 29-41 ISSN: 1853-4961 http://www.papaslatinas.org/revista.html Pests and diseases affecting potato landraces and bred varieties grown in Peru under indigenous farming system W. Pérez Barrera1; M. Valverde Miraval2; M. Barreto Bravo3; J. Andrade-Piedra4; G. A. Forbes5 Received: 09/07/2015 Accepted: 10/08/2015 Accessible on line: December 2015 Summary The major pests and diseases were identified and quantified on thirteen potato landraces and three bred varieties cultivated in Peru. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was the primary biotic constraint affecting plants before flowering with an average severity of 24%. No other pathogens caused severe foliar disease, but black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) was relatively common on tubers of some genotypes with incidence ranging from 4.30 to 33.33%. The viruses most generally considered important in potato seed degeneration, PVY and PLRV, were extremely rare, with 1.11 and 0.12 % incidence, respectively. Other viruses considered mild, such as PVX and PVS, were more common, with incidence of 28.23 and 22.29 %, respectively. Potato flea beetle (Epitrix spp.), potato leaf beetle (Diabrotica spp.) and Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spp.) were common, with incidence of 28.14, 18.75 and 13.61%, respectively. Potato landraces known as Ishkupuru, Lengua de vaca, Chaulina, Chaulina Tajacaja and Negro cayash were identified as potentially resistant to P. infestans. Additional key words: Potato landraces, indigenous farming system, pests, resistance. Resumen Las principales plagas y enfermedades de papa en el Perú fueron identificadas y cuantificadas en trece variedades nativas y tres variedades mejoradas. El tizón tardío (Phytophthora infestans) fue la principal limitación biótica que afecta a las plantas antes de la floración con una intensidad promedio de 24%. No hay otros patógenos que causan severos daños foliares, pero la costra negra (Rhizoctonia solani) fue relativamente común en los tubérculos de algunos genotipos de papa con incidencias que oscilan entre 4.30% y 33.33%. Los virus generalmente considerados como los más importantes en la degeneración de semilla de papa, PVY y PLRV, fueron extremadamente raros, con una incidencia 1.11 y 0.12%, respectivamente. Otros virus considerados leves, como PVX y PVS, fueron más frecuentes, con una incidencia de 28.23 y 22.29%, respectivamente. La pulguilla de la papa (Epitrix spp.), el escarabajo de la hoja (Diabrotica spp.) y el gorgojo de los Andes (Premnotrypes spp.) fueron frecuentes, con una incidencia de 28.14, 18.75 y 13.61%, respectivamente. Las variedades nativas de papa conocidas como Ishkupuru, Lengua de Vaca, Chaulina, Chaulina Tajacaja y Negro cayash fueron identificados como fuentes potenciales de resistencia a P. infestans. * Contact author. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Senior Research Associate, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. 2 Bachelor, National University Herminio Valdizan, Huanuco, Peru. 3 Bachelor, National University Daniel Alcides Carrion, Cerro De Pasco, Peru. 4 Epidemiologist of Biotic constraints and potato specialist, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. 5 Strategic Program Leader- Agile Potato for Asia, International Potato Center, Heilongtan, China. 30 Vol 19 (2) 2015 Pests and diseases affecting potato landraces and bred varieties Palabras claves adicionales: Papas nativas, sistema tradicional de cultivo, plagas, resistencia. Introduction Fankhauser, 2000) , but these viruses are A landrace is considered as an indigenous generally not taken into account by farmers cultivated potato (Spooner et al., 2005) during cultivation, nor when selecting seed which has a high capacity to tolerate biotic (Urrea, 2011). In the Andean countries, and abiotic stress resulting in a high yield farmers generally select and store seed stability and an intermediate yield level in from one season to the next. Rarely, they a low input agricultural system (Zeven, may have a special seed plot, but more commonly they separate part of their 1998). harvest for seed (Thiele, 1999). There is Of the 3.500 potato landraces maintained evidence that producing seed at higher by the International Potato Center (CIP) at altitudes can reduce the level of viral its headquarters in Lima, Peru, almost infection (Thiele, 1999), but with climate 2.000 were collected in Peru (Huamán, change the incidence of virus vectors will 2001). Farmers in the departments of increase at higher altitudes, which may Huanuco, Junin, Pasco and Huancavelica diminish beneficial effects of high-altitude produce the greatest number of potato production on seed quality (Giraldo et al., landraces under an indigenous farming 2010; Salazar, 1995). Integrated Pest system called "'Chaqru" in the Quechua Management (IPM) technologies have language, which involves planting mixed been developed to control different pests stands of native bitter landraces for freeze- and diseases; however these technologies drying, or mixed stands of native floury have not been widely adopted by Andean landraces for fresh consumption, which farmers for many reasons, including too often contain various species with different few extension personnel, limited ploidy levels (de Haan et al., 2009; Zuñiga geographic coverage of extension systems, and Rojas, 2011). Through strategic insufficient training materials and poor alliances among public and private transportation infrastructure (Ortiz et al., institutions in the Andean region, potato 1999). Future efforts to design new landraces have been reassessed in the last extension interventions should be based on decade as a cultural heritage. Furthermore, a quantification of the pest and disease technical assistance in development problems facing Andean farmers at projects have enabled farmers in Peru to present. However, little is known of the - increase yields from 12 to close to 14 t ha incidence and severity of pests and 1 (Ordinola, 2010). Despite these efforts, diseases in this region, particularly in pests (arthropods) and pathogens, such as traditional landraces. The objective of the the Andean weevil (Premmnotrypes spp.) present work was to identify and catalogue and Phytophthora infestans, the cause of the main pests and diseases affecting late blight, appear to be increasing their potato grown under ancestral planting damage in potato landraces (Hofmaster, systems in Peru and estimate the severity 1979; Pellegrini, 2013; Zuñiga and Rojas, of the damage caused by these organisms, 2011). Other pathogens (mainly viruses) the following objective was to characterize affect tuber health status causing "seed the phenotypic expression of resistance to degeneration" (Bertschinger et al., 1990; P. infestans in potato landraces obtained Jeffries, 1998; Tsror et al., 1999; from subsistence farmers’ collections. 31 Pérez Barrera et al. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa Materials and Methods 2009). In this indigenous farming system, potato is planted after several years of Farmers’ fields sectorial rotation and fallow. The agro- Sampling was done in nine fields ecosystem in this region is known locally belonging to subsistence farmers located as “Suni”, and is characterized by cool between 3,718 and 4,090 m above sea conditions, where the average daily level, in the district of Yanacancha maximum temperature is about 15 °C, and (between 10° 37’ to 10°39 ° SL), which is rainy weather during the potato growing in the department of Pasco (Table 1). The season from October to April (Pulgar- surface areas of the selected plots ranged Vidal, 1996). Observations on incidence 2 between 193.20 and 1,482m . These farms and severity pests and pathogens were in the central highlands of Peru were made between November 2009 and May selected because they utilize the Chaqru 2010. indigenous farming system (de Haan, Table 1. Characteristics of plots in the Peruvian highlands were potato plants were assessed for incidence and severity of pests and diseases. Total area Altitude West Place Plot South Latitude by plot (masl) Longitude (m2) Quinua 1 3,894 10°37’ 19.90'' 76º 10’25.18'' 880.00 Quinua 2 3,900 10°37’ 20.46” 76 10’ 25.22'' 783.80 Quinua 3 3,718 10°37’ 21.22'' 76º 10’ 25.78'' 1747.30 Quinua 4 3,793 10°37’ 16.07” 76º 10’25.81'' 193.20 Quichas 5 4,007 10°38’ 10.66” 76º 10’21.78'' 663.40 Quichas 6 4,002 10º 39' 11.86” 76º 10’22.72'' 440.60 Quichas 7 3,972 10º 37' 10.68'' 76º 10’21.40'' 408.00 Quichas 8 3,975 10º 37’10.63'' 76º 10’21.14'' 1482.30 Candelaria 9 4,090 10º 36' 76.60'' 76º 10’24.56'' 1172.00 aAll fields were located in the district of Yanacancha, in the department of Pasco. Each plot was managed by a farmer using local production practices. Landraces and bred varieties Farmers had previously identified the maintained by the farmers from season to potato landraces and bred varieties planted season and the potato landraces identified in mixture in each plot. Hereafter we also in the plots had from 8 to 25 years of self- use the term genotype to refer to either a supply seed production, while the bred potato landrace or bred variety. In the varieties had 7- 8 years of self-supply Chaqru farming system seed tubers are (Table 2). 32 Vol 19 (2) 2015 Pests and diseases affecting potato landraces and bred varieties Table 2. Names of potato landraces and bred varieties assessed on farmers' fields in the Peruvian highlands for incidence and severity of pests and diseases and of those used in an on-farm evaluation of host plant resistance against the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora

Load more