The Andean Potato Weevil Premnotrypes Suturicallus
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The Andean potato weevil Premnotrypes suturicallus Ecology and interactions with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Magnus Kühne geboren in Frankfurt am Main Göttingen, Juli 2007 D 7 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. S. Vidal 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. H.-M. Poehling Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. Juli 2007 für Rocío 4 El Gorgojo de los Andes Había una vez, en la provincia de Chimbivilcas, un agricultor muy poderoso, sus campos eran los mejores y los más grandes, sus cosechas de papa eran tan grandes que nadie podía igualarlo y esto se repetía todos los años. Producía mucha papa, y toda esta papa la vendía o la cambiaba con otros productos, pero sus hijos nunca comieron esta papa; ellos solo veían cómo su poderoso padre producía más y más papa, pero ellos nunca pudieron comerla. Y esto se repetía año tras año, y este poderoso agricultor cada vez tenía más papa, pero sus hijos nunca conocieron el sabor de esta papa, nunca disfrutaron del trabajo de su poderoso padre. Hasta que una vez, sus hijos desaparecieron; y el padre los buscaba por todos sus terrenos y fuera de ellos, desesperadamente por que los quería mucho, los llamaba inútilmente, los hacía buscar con los demás agricultores, pero no los pudo encontrar. Y el tiempo pasó, y llegó el momento de la siembra, y el agricultor preparó sus terrenos, llorando por la pérdida de sus hijos, pero tenía que producir más papa, por que esa era su vida, y preparó el estiércol, y dejó el campo listo para recibir la excelente semilla que él mismo producía. Y abrió el almacén para sacar la semilla que tanto quería y encontró a sus hijos, y vio que sus hijos se habían comido la papa que él producía con desesperación, pero que jamás les hizo comer, y descubrió que sus hijos se habían convertido en … el gorgojo de los Andes. Oral tradition recorded by Luis Chacón in the community of Colquepata, province De Santo Tomás (Chumbivilcas). Taken from Yábar Landa, 1994. Translation: The Andean Potato Weevil Once upon the time, in the province of Chimbivilcas, there has been a powerful farmer, his fields have been the bests and biggest, the harvests of his potatoes have been so good, that no one could equal him and this happened every year. He produced a lot of potatoes, and he sold all these potatoes or changed them for other products, but his sons never ate potato; they have only seen how their powerful father produced always more and more potato, but they never could eat them. And this happened every year again, and this powerful farmer had each year more potatoes, but his sons never knew the taste of potato, never enjoyed the work of their powerful father. Until once, when his sons disappeared; and the father searched for them all around his lands and further away, desperately because he liked them a lot, he called them in vain, he made the other farmers looking for them, but they could not find them. And the time passed, and then came the time for planting, and the farmer prepared his fields, crying for the lost of his sons, but he also had to produce potatoes, for this was his life, and he prepared the manure, left the field ready to receive the excellent seed potatoes that he himself produced. And he opened the store to take out the seeds that he liked so much and there he found his sons, and he saw that his sons had eaten the potatoes that he produced so desperately, but that he never had given them to eat, and y realized that his sons have been converted into ... the Andean potato weevil. Table of contents 5 Table of Content El Gorgojo de los Andes ................................................................................................4 Table of Content.............................................................................................................5 Summary.........................................................................................................................8 General Introduction .....................................................................................................9 References cited.....................................................................................................12 Part one: APW - A baseline..............................................................................................15 Chapter 1. Biology and management of the Andean potato weevil - A review 16 Abstract..................................................................................................................16 Introduction............................................................................................................16 Taxonomy ..............................................................................................................18 Morphology............................................................................................................20 Geographical distribution.......................................................................................21 Biology, behaviour and ecology ............................................................................23 Adults .................................................................................................................24 Oviposition.........................................................................................................24 First instar larvae ..............................................................................................25 Larval stages and pupation................................................................................25 Emergence of adults...........................................................................................26 Migration of adults and attractants ...................................................................27 Development time...............................................................................................28 Rearing...............................................................................................................31 Host plants .........................................................................................................32 Physiology..........................................................................................................33 Economic relevance...............................................................................................35 Control ...................................................................................................................38 Monitoring .........................................................................................................38 Chemical control................................................................................................38 Biological control ..............................................................................................39 Plant resistance..................................................................................................41 Natural enemies .................................................................................................42 Agricultural control strategies...........................................................................43 Conclusions............................................................................................................47 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................48 References cited.....................................................................................................48 Chapter 2. A survey on the incidence of the Andean potato weevil and its control in the Peruvian Andes 62 Abstract..................................................................................................................62 Introduction............................................................................................................62 Material and method ..............................................................................................64 Survey 1..............................................................................................................64 Survey 2..............................................................................................................65 Results....................................................................................................................66 Survey 1..............................................................................................................66 Survey 2..............................................................................................................67 Discussion..............................................................................................................73 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................75 Table of contents 6 References cited.....................................................................................................75 Part two: APW - Ecology..................................................................................................77 Chapter 3. Temperature depending development of the cold adapted Andean potato weevil Premnotrypes suturicallus 78 Abstract..................................................................................................................78 Introduction............................................................................................................78 Methods..................................................................................................................80