L'aménagement Des Berges De La Chao Phraya

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L'aménagement Des Berges De La Chao Phraya L’aménagement des berges de la Chao Phraya : analyse du jeu d’acteur autour d’un projet urbain Master 2 de Socio-Anthropologies Appliquées au Développement Local Université Lumière Lyon 2 UFR d’Anthropologie, de Sociologie et de Sciences Politiques Année 2017-2018 Mémoire réalisé par Thanawat Bremard Tuteur de stage : François Molle Directeur de mémoire : Florian Charvolin Jury de soutenance : Olivier Givre Remerciements : Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier l’IRD d’avoir financé mon stage et ma mission en Thaïlande, toute l’équipe du G-EAU pour l’accueil au sein du centre de recherche, particulièrement son directeur Olivier Barreteau, Christine Legrand pour toute l’aide logistique qu’elle m’a apporté et François Molle pour l’encadrement de la recherche. Je remercie également Marie et Brice, deux doctorants du G-EAU qui m’ont si gentiment reçu. Je remercie aussi principalement l’Université Lumière Lyon 2 au sein de laquelle j’ai effectué ma formation universitaire depuis la License et actuellement mon Master de Socio- Anthropologies Appliquées au Développement Local, Florian Charvolin, mon directeur de mémoire, Loïc Bonneval, le directeur de formation, Alexis Laurent, l’aimable gestionnaire de scolarité et Béatrice Maurines qui est la première à m’avoir incité à suivre ce Master SADL. Je remercie également le CSDS de m’avoir accueilli dans ses bureaux durant ma mission en Thaïlande et plus particulièrement Carl Middleton, Ajarn Keerati, Ajarn Jakkrit Sangkhamanee, Ajarn Naruemon et Oraphan Pratomlek. Je tiens à remercier Clément et Benoît pour le soutien apporter durant la rédaction du mémoire, la promotion de SADL pour l’enquête collective, les sahaja yogis de Lyon, Bangkok et Montpellier avec qui j’ai médité hebdomadairement, Alexandre mon frère, mon père et ma mère qui m’ont guidé jusque-là. Un grand merci également à Dominique, Guillaume, Mathieu et Kevin pour les relectures apportées au mémoire. Finalement je tiens à remercier tous les acteurs avec qui j’ai travaillé cette année : Pong et Antoine Lassus, Khun Yossapol, Khun Niramon, Pi Jan, Khun Pongswat, Pi Hansa, Pi Pakorn, Pi Pla de Pan Muang, Pi Athit de CODI, Pi Kae, Pi Num et Lung Rad de Ban Pune, Pa Tim de Wat Devaraj, Pi Eat de Mittakham 2, le président de communauté et Pa Sophi de Mittakham 1, Khun Nipon, Ajarn Mann, et Ajarn Kai. 1 Avant-propos : Ce mémoire est un travail au sein duquel j’ai suivi l’élaboration du projet d’aménagement des berges de la Chao Phraya ainsi que les intérêts qui ont gravité autour de celui-ci jusqu’en 2018. J’ai documenté l’analyse à partir du projet tel qu’il paraît publiquement dans les médias ainsi qu’à partir de points de vue d’insiders dans les coulisses de ce projet de développement urbain. J’espère que ce mémoire constituera une ressource accessible pour des personnes qui s’intéressent aux projets urbains dans Bangkok, à l’histoire des cours d’eau dans la capitale ainsi qu’au rapport qu’entretiennent les humains et les environnements dans une relation qui les redéfinissent sans cesse mutuellement. Ce mémoire rend compte de certains débats polémiques, aussi bien de nature politique qu’environnementale. Quelques rumeurs et soupçons sont mentionnés. Je tiens à préciser que les propos pouvant porter atteinte à la réputation d’une personne contenu dans ce mémoire ne représentent aucunement mon opinion personnelle, les soupçons de corruption et les critiques ne sont mentionnés que dans le but d’étudier ce que ces propos provoquent socialement. Il ne s’agit donc nullement d’accusations ou de propos diffamatoires. A la demande de certains des acteurs que j’ai rencontrés, quelques noms ont été anonymisés via des formulations reflétant le statut ou la fonction de la personne. Aucuns des noms dans ce mémoire n’est un pseudonyme. 2 Table des matières Remerciements : ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Avant-propos : ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Table des matières .................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction : .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Présentation du stage, de la commande, du terrain et de la problématique .................................... 5 Cadrage théorique .............................................................................................................................. 7 Méthodologie.................................................................................................................................... 11 I : Avoir un projet urbain pour terrain d’enquête ................................................................................. 13 A – Quand le cadre du stage pré-existe à la commande de stage : .................................................. 13 1 – Les enjeux autour du mémoire de M2 SADL ........................................................................... 13 2 – Environnement de travail et positionnalité personnelle ........................................................ 20 3 – La commande de stage à l’intersection d’un processus itératif et de la définition de ma posture de chercheur .................................................................................................................... 28 B – De la petite histoire du projet à la Grande Histoire de la rivière : .............................................. 34 1 – De la route à la promenade .................................................................................................... 34 2 – La Grande Histoire de l’aménagement des berges de la Chao Phraya ................................... 56 3 – Le sens de la hiérarchie en Thaïlande ..................................................................................... 64 II : Du problème de l’aménagement des rives de la Chao Phraya ........................................................ 69 A – Comment gouverner la Chao Phraya ? ....................................................................................... 69 1 – La rivière Chao Phraya, un bien du domaine public ................................................................ 69 2 – Aux interstices de l’ordre : les bidonvilles et les bords de rive .......................................... 77 3 – La participation du public dans l’aménagement des berges de la Chao Phraya ............... 86 B – Dialogue avec la société civile ................................................................................................... 100 1 – Les points de controverses............................................................................................... 100 2 – Alternatives et contre-études de la part de FOR .................................................................. 108 3 – Le numérique comme support de controverse : l’interaction porteurs-contestataires ....... 111 Partie III : La rivière et ses gens : quel jeu d’acteur sur le territoire métropolitain ? ......................... 120 A – Promenade comme catalyseur du jeu d’acteur préexistant à l’assemblage CPA .................... 120 1 – Un territoire traversé par une idée : portraits des communautés ....................................... 120 2 – La promenade comme créatrice d’opportunité .................................................................... 132 B – Porter le combat au-delà des berges : ...................................................................................... 137 1 – Le combat pour l’espace public ............................................................................................ 137 2 – La lutte politique au-delà du combat contre les porteurs du projet : ............................. 144 3 Conclusion : ......................................................................................................................................... 149 Bibliographie ....................................................................................................................................... 149 Annexe ................................................................................................................................................ 156 Table des signes : ................................................................................................................................ 187 Lexique : .............................................................................................................................................. 189 4 Introduction : Présentation du stage, de la commande, du terrain et de la problématique Le présent mémoire est le résultat d’une étude du projet de développement des berges de la Chao Phraya à Bangkok en Thaïlande. Cette étude a été menée au cours d’un stage de six mois à l’IRD au sein de l’UMR G-EAU entre février et août 2018, période durant laquelle un travail de terrain a été effectué durant une mission de trois mois en Thaïlande entre avril et juillet. Cette recherche a été financée par l’IRD et encadrée par François Molle. Florian Charvolin a dirigé ce mémoire réalisé dans le cadre d’un Master de Socio-Anthropologies Appliquées au Développement Local à l’Université Lumière Lyon 2. Le but de cette recherche a été d’apporter un regard extérieur sur le jeu d’acteur et les conflits d’intérêts encastrés dans ce projet urbain afin de restituer sous forme
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