DOCSLIB.ORG

Snails and Slugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Snails and Slugs SNAILS AND SLUGS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Snails and slugs are among the most Snails and slugs are most active at bothersome pests in many gardens and night and on cloudy or foggy days. On landscapes. The brown garden snail, Cor- sunny days they seek hiding places out nu aspersum (formerly Helix aspersa), is the of the heat and bright light. Often the most common snail causing problems in only clues to their presence are their California gardens (Fig. 1). It was intro- silvery trails and plant damage. In duced from France during the 1850s for areas with mild winters, such as south- use as food. Another troublesome snail is ern coastal locations, snails and slugs the white garden snail, Theba pisana (Fig. can be active throughout the year. 2). It currently is established only in San Diego County but has been found in Los During cold weather, snails and slugs Figure 1. Brown garden snail. Angeles and Orange counties as well. hibernate in the topsoil. During hot, dry periods or when it is cold, snails Several species of slugs also cause seal themselves off with a parchment- damage including the gray garden slug like membrane and often attach them- (Deroceras reticulatum, formerly Agrio- selves to tree trunks, fences, or walls. limax meticulatus) (Fig. 3), the banded slug (Lehmannia poirieri), the three-band DAMAGE garden slug (L. valentiana), the tawny Snails and slugs feed on a variety of liv- slug (Limacus flavus) (Fig. 4), and the ing plants and on decaying plant matter. greenhouse slug (Milax gagates). They chew irregular holes with smooth edges in leaves and flowers and can clip Figure 2. Adult white garden snail, Theba pisana. IDENTIFICATION AND succulent plant parts. They also can BIOLOGY chew fruit and young plant bark. Both snails and slugs are members of the mollusk phylum and are similar in Because they prefer succulent foliage or structure and biology, except slugs lack flowers, they primarily are pests of seed- the snail’s external, spiral shell. These lings and herbaceous plants, but they mollusks move by gliding along on a also are serious pests of ripening fruits muscular “foot.” This muscle constant- that are close to the ground such as ly secretes mucus, which facilitates strawberries, artichokes, and tomatoes. their movement and later dries to form They also will feed on foliage and fruit the silvery “slime trail” that signals the of some trees; citrus are especially sus- presence of either pest. ceptible to damage. Look for the silvery Figure 3. Gray garden slugs with chew- mucous trails to confirm slugs or snails ing damage and slime trails on leaves. All land slugs and snails are hermaph- caused the damage and not earwigs, rodites, so all have the potential to lay caterpillars, or other chewing insects. eggs. Adult brown garden snails lay an average of 80 spherical, pearly white MANAGEMENT eggs (Fig. 5) at a time into a hole in the A good snail and slug management pro- soil. They can lay eggs up to 6 times a gram relies on a combination of methods. year, and it takes about 2 years for snails The first step is to eliminate, as much as to mature. Slugs reach maturity after possible, all places where they can hide about 3 to 6 months, depending on the during the day. Boards, stones, debris, species, and lay clear, oval to round eggs weedy areas around tree trunks, leafy in batches of 3 to 40 beneath leaves, in branches growing close to the ground, Figure 4. Tawny slug, also called yellow soil cracks, and in other protected areas. and dense ground covers such as ivy are cellar slug. EST OTES Publication 7427 PUniversity of California N Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program Agriculture and Natural Resources November 2009 November 2009 Snails and Slugs ideal sheltering spots. It won’t be possible to potential hiding places. After the to eliminate some shelters such as low population has noticeably declined, a ledges on fences, the undersides of wood- weekly handpicking can be sufficient. en decks, and water meter boxes, so make a regular practice of trapping and remov- To draw out snails and slugs, water the ing snails and slugs from these areas. infested area in the late afternoon. After dark, search them out using a flashlight, Locate vegetable gardens or susceptible pick them up (rubber gloves are handy plants as far away from snail and slug when slugs are involved), place them in hiding places as possible. Reducing hid- a plastic bag, and dispose of them in the ing places allows fewer snails and slugs Figure 5. Snail eggs. trash. You also can put them in a bucket to survive. The survivors congregate in with soapy water and dispose of them the remaining shelters, where you can more easily locate and remove them. in your compost pile after they are dead. Alternatively, crush captured snails Switching from sprinkler irrigation to and slugs and leave them in the garden. drip irrigation will reduce humidity and Another option for killing slugs you moist surfaces, making the habitat less have collected is to spray them with a favorable for these pests. Choose snail- solution of household ammonia diluted proof plants, such as those listed below, to a 5 to 10% solution in water. for areas where snails and slugs are dense. Copper barriers can be useful for Traps Figure 6. This turned over board trap protecting especially susceptible plants. You can trap snails and slugs beneath reveals snails on its underside. Though baits can be part of a manage- boards or flower pots that you position ment program, it is better to use them in throughout the garden and landscape. conjunction with other habitat modifica- tion, especially in gardens that contain Inverted melon rinds also make good plenty of shelter, food, and moisture. traps. Construct wooden traps using 12- by 15-inch boards (or any easy-to-han- Plant selection can greatly affect how dle size) raised off the ground by 1-inch difficult your battle with snails and runners (Fig. 6). The runners make it slugs will be. Because snails and slugs easy for the pests to crawl underneath. favor seedlings and plants with succu- Scrape off the accumulated snails and lent foliage, you will need to vigilantly slugs daily and destroy them; crushing protect these. Some plants these pests is the most common method. Don’t use Figure 7. Copper barriers can keep snails will seriously damage include basil, salt to destroy snails and slugs, since it and slugs out of trees and raised beds. beans, cabbage, dahlia, delphinium, will increase soil salinity. hosta, lettuce, marigolds, strawberries, Barriers and many other vegetable plants. On the Some people use beer-baited traps Several types of barriers will keep other hand, many plants resist snail and buried at ground level to catch and snails and slugs out of planting beds. slug damage including begonias, Cali- drown slugs and snails that fall into The easiest to maintain are those made fornia poppy, fuchias, geraniums, impa- them. Because it is the fermented part with copper flashing and screen. It is tiens, lantana, nasturtiums, and purple of the product that attracts these pests, believed that copper barriers are effec- robe cup flower as well as many plants tive because the copper reacts with the with stiff leaves and highly scented foli- you also can use a sugar-water and yeast mixture instead of beer. However, slime that snails and slugs secrete, caus- age such as lavender, rosemary, and sage. ing a disruption in their nervous system these traps aren’t very effective for the Most ornamental, woody plants, and similar to an electric shock. When erect- labor involved. Beer traps attract slugs ornamental grasses also aren’t seriously ing vertical copper screens, it is best to and snails within an area of only a few affected. If you design your landscape use ones that are at least 4 inches tall, so using snail and slug resistant plants, you feet, and you must replenish the bait you can bury a portion of it a few inches are likely to have very limited damage. every few days to keep the level deep below the soil to prevent slugs from enough to drown the mollusks. Traps crawling beneath the barrier. Handpicking must have deep, vertical sides to keep Handpicking can be very effective if the snails and slugs from crawling out Copper foil (e.g. Snail-Barr) wrapped done thoroughly on a regular basis. and a top to reduce evaporation. You around planting boxes, headers, or trunks At first you should look for snails and can purchase this type of snail and (Fig. 7) will repel snails for several years. slugs daily, paying careful attention slug trap at garden supply stores. When banding trunks, wrap the copper ◆ 2 of 4 ◆ November 2009 Snails and Slugs foil around the trunk, tab side down, and problems. Be careful, though, as these cut it to allow an 8-inch overlap. Attach birds also can eat seedlings. one end or the middle of the band to the trunk with one staple oriented parallel to The predatory decollate snail, Rumina de- the trunk. Overlap and fasten the ends collata, (Fig. 9) has been released in South- with one or two large paper clips to al- ern California citrus orchards to control low the copper band to slide as the trunk young brown garden snails and is pro- grows. Bend the tabs out at a 90° angle viding very effective biological control. It from the trunk. If the bands tarnish, you feeds only on small snails, not full-sized can clean them with a vinegar solution.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • San Gabriel Chestnut ESA Petition
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR PETITION TO THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE TO PROTECT THE SAN GABRIEL CHESTNUT SNAIL UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT © James Bailey CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Notice of Petition Ryan Zinke, Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Greg Sheehan, Acting Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Paul Souza, Director Region 8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Southwest Region 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento, CA 95825 [email protected] Petitioner The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 1.3 million members and supporters dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org Failure to grant the requested petition will adversely affect the aesthetic, recreational, commercial, research, and scientific interests of the petitioning organization’s members and the people of the United States. Morally, aesthetically, recreationally, and commercially, the public shows increasing concern for wild ecosystems and for biodiversity in general. 1 November 13, 2017 Dear Mr. Zinke: Pursuant to Section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. §1533(b), Section 553(3) of the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e), and 50 C.F.R. §424.14(a), the Center for Biological Diversity and Tierra Curry hereby formally petition the Secretary of the Interior, through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”, “the Service”) to list the San Gabriel chestnut snail (Glyptostoma gabrielense) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act and to designate critical habitat concurrently with listing.
    [Show full text]
  • Slugs of Britain & Ireland
    TEST VERSION 2013 SLUGS OF BRITAIN & IRELAND (Short test version, pages 18-37 only) By Ben Rowson, James Turner, Roy Anderson & Bill Symondson PRODUCED BY FSC 2013. TEXT AND PHOTOS © NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES 2013 External features of slugs Tail Mantle Head Keel Tubercles Lateral bands Genital pore Identification of Slugs Identification Tentacles. Breathing pore (pneumostome) Keel Eyes Variations in lateral banding Mantle markings and ridges Broken lateral bands Mouth Solid lateral bands Sole (underside of foot) Mantle. Note texture and presence of grooves and ridges, as Tubercles. Note whether numerous and small/fine vs. few and well as any markings and banding. large/coarse. Pigment may be present in the grooves between tubercles. Tentacles. Note colour. Slugs may need to be handled or disturbed to extend tentacles. Keel (raised ridge). Note length and whether truncated at the tip of tail. Beware markings that may exaggerate or obscure the Breathing pore (pneumostome). length of keel. On right-hand side of body. Note whether rim is noticeably paler or darker than body sides. Sole (underside of foot). Note colour and any patterning. The sole in most slugs is tripartite i.e. there are three fields running Lateral bands. Note whether present on mantle and/or tail. in parallel the length of the animal. Is the central field a different Note also intensity, whether broad or narrow, and whether high shade from the lateral fields or low on body side. Shell Dorsal grooves. In Testacellidae, note wheth- Mucus pore. er the two grooves meet in front of the shell or Present only in Arionidae underneath it.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropods Alien to South Africa Cause Severe Environmental Harm in Their Global Alien Ranges Across Habitats
    Received: 18 December 2017 | Revised: 4 May 2018 | Accepted: 27 June 2018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4385 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Gastropods alien to South Africa cause severe environmental harm in their global alien ranges across habitats David Kesner1 | Sabrina Kumschick1,2 1Department of Botany & Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Abstract Matieland, South Africa Alien gastropods have caused extensive harm to biodiversity and socioeconomic sys- 2 Invasive Species Programme, South African tems like agriculture and horticulture worldwide. For conservation and management National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Claremont, purposes, information on impacts needs to be easily interpretable and comparable, South Africa and the factors that determine impacts understood. This study aimed to assess gas- Correspondence tropods alien to South Africa to compare impact severity between species and under- Sabrina Kumschick, Centre for Invasion stand how they vary between habitats and mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, relationship between environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and both impact South Africa. measures with life- history traits. We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Email: [email protected] Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Socio- Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) Funding information to assess impacts of 34 gastropods alien to South Africa including evidence of impact South African National Department of Environmental Affairs; National Research from their entire alien range. We tested for correlations between environmental and Foundation; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence socioeconomic impacts per species, and with fecundity and native latitude range for Invasion Biology; South African National Biodiversity Institute using Kendall’s tau tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Snail Against Snail
    Snail- aaainst~~ -- snail ---__-- - u- Theodore W. Fisher 0 Robert E. Orth 0 Stuart C. Swanson Thedecollate snail, Ruminu decollutu Lin- Agricultural Commissioners in four other neaus (Family Achatinidae, Subfamily Subu- counties. These well-established colonies im- lininae) attacks, kills, and consumes brown plied introduction perhaps as much as 10 garden snails, Helix uspersu Muller (Family years earlier. They included a citrus grove with Helicidae), especially those less than half a residence at Ojai (this property has never grown. This suggests the possibility that the had a brown garden snail population), and snail can be used as a biological control residential properties in Riverside, San Ber- The decollate snail against the brown garden snail, the most nardino, Rialto, La Habra, and San Diego. important pest land mollusk in California. Today on these properties brown garden feeds on brown garden Since 1972 the decollate snail has been snail is either absent or is present in low snail without harming observed in the laboratory and in outdoor numbers, and mature individuals dominate healthy plants or fruit. confinement cages, private gardens, citrus the size class distribution. Properties nearby groves, and freeway plantings. It displays but without the decollate snail generally have very little tendency to eat healthy leaves, high populations of brown garden snail re- ties. In March 1980 the decollate snail was flowers, or fruits still attached to the plant quiring bait applications for control. Proper- found in San Jose, Santa Clara County. but may vigorously feed on old leaves, ties that have had decollate snail for 15 or Neither the decollate snail nor brown gar- especially those in contact with the soil, and more years probably give a realistic sense of den snail prospers in natural (undisturbed) fallen bruised fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Slugs of Britain and Ireland: Undetected and Undescribed Species Increase a Well-Studied, Economically Important Fauna by More Than 20%
    The Slugs of Britain and Ireland: Undetected and Undescribed Species Increase a Well-Studied, Economically Important Fauna by More Than 20% Ben Rowson1*, Roy Anderson2, James A. Turner1, William O. C. Symondson3 1 National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, 2 Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, 3 Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom Abstract The slugs of Britain and Ireland form a well-studied fauna of economic importance. They include many widespread European species that are introduced elsewhere (at least half of the 36 currently recorded British species are established in North America, for example). To test the contention that the British and Irish fauna consists of 36 species, and to verify the identity of each, a species delimitation study was conducted based on a geographically wide survey. Comparisons between mitochondrial DNA (COI, 16S), nuclear DNA (ITS-1) and morphology were investigated with reference to interspecific hybridisation. Species delimitation of the fauna produced a primary species hypothesis of 47 putative species. This was refined to a secondary species hypothesis of 44 species by integration with morphological and other data. Thirty six of these correspond to the known fauna (two species in Arion subgenus Carinarion were scarcely distinct and Arion (Mesarion) subfuscus consisted of two near-cryptic species). However, by the same criteria a further eight previously undetected species (22% of the fauna) are established in Britain and/or Ireland. Although overlooked, none are strictly morphologically cryptic, and some appear previously undescribed. Most of the additional species are probably accidentally introduced, and several are already widespread in Britain and Ireland (and thus perhaps elsewhere).
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of Angiostrongylus Cantonensis/Mackerrasae Complex in Molluscs from the Sydney Region
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis/mackerrasae Complex in Molluscs from the Sydney Region Douglas Chan1,2*, Joel Barratt2,3, Tamalee Roberts1, Rogan Lee4, Michael Shea5, Deborah Marriott1, John Harkness1, Richard Malik6, Malcolm Jones7, Mahdis Aghazadeh7, John Ellis3, Damien Stark1 1 Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia, 2 i3 Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia, 3 School of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia, 4 Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 5 Malacology Department, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6 Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia, 7 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, a11111 Gatton, Queensland, Australia * [email protected] Abstract Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus mackerrasae are metastrongyloid nema- OPEN ACCESS todes that infect various rat species. Terrestrial and aquatic molluscs are intermediate hosts Citation: Chan D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Lee R, Shea of these worms while humans and dogs are accidental hosts. Angiostrongylus cantonensis M, Marriott D, et al. (2015) The Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis/mackerrasae Complex is the major cause of angiostrongyliasis, a disease characterised by eosinophilic meningitis. in Molluscs from the Sydney Region. PLoS ONE Although both A. cantonensis and A. mackerrasae are found in Australia, A. cantonensis ap- 10(5): e0128128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128128 pears to account for most infections in humans and animals. Due to the occurrence of sev- Academic Editor: Henk D. F. H. Schallig, Royal eral severe clinical cases in Sydney and Brisbane, the need for epidemiological studies on Tropical Institute, NETHERLANDS angiostrongyliasis in this region has become apparent.
    [Show full text]
  • (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf
    Zootaxa 4758 (3): 501–531 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F2B0734-03E2-4D94-A72D-9E43A132D1DE Description of a new Peronia species (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Onchidiidae) from Iran, Persian Gulf FATEMEH MANIEI1,3, MARIANNE ESPELAND1, MOHAMMAD MOVAHEDI2 & HEIKE WÄGELE1 1Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFRO), 1588733111, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 3Corresponding author Abstract Peronia J. Fleming, 1822 is an eupulmonate slug genus with a wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Currently, nine species are considered as valid. However, molecular data indicate cryptic speciation and more species involved. Here, we present results on a new species found in the Persian Gulf, a subtropical region with harsh conditions such as elevated salinity and high temperature compared to the Indian Ocean. Peronia persiae sp. nov. is described based on molecular, histological, anatomical, micro-computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy data. ABGD, GMYC and bPTP analyses based on 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences of Peronia confirm the delimitation of the new species. Moreover, our 14 specimens were carefully compared with available information of other described Peronia species. Peronia persiae sp. nov. is distinct in a combination of characters, including differences in the genital (ampulla, prostate, penial hooks, penial needle) and digestive systems (lack of pharyngeal wall teeth, tooth shape in radula, intestine of type II).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Distribution and Food Preferences of Arion Subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805)
    Vol. 16(2): 61–67 ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD PREFERENCES OF ARION SUBFUSCUS (DRAPARNAUD, 1805) JAN KOZ£OWSKI Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, W³adys³awa Wêgorka 20, 60-318 Poznañ, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: In recent years Arion subfuscus (Drap.) is increasingly often observed in agricultural crops. Its abun- dance and effect on winter oilseed rape crops were studied. Its abundance was found to be much lower than that of Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müll.). Preferences of A. subfuscus to oilseed rape and 19 other herbaceous plants were determined based on multiple choice tests in the laboratory. Indices of acceptance (A.I.), palat- ability (P.I.) and consumption (C.I.) were calculated for the studied plant species; accepted and not accepted plant species were identified. A. subfuscus was found to prefer seedlings of Brassica napus, while Chelidonium maius, Euphorbia helioscopia and Plantago lanceolata were not accepted. KEY WORDS: Arion subfuscus, abundance, oilseed rape seedlings, herbaceous plants, acceptance of plants INTRODUCTION Pulmonate slugs are seroius pests of plants culti- common (RIEDEL 1988, WIKTOR 2004). It lives in low- vated in Poland and in other parts of western and cen- land and montane forests, shrubs, on meadows, tral Europe (GLEN et al. 1993, MESCH 1996, FRANK montane glades and sometimes even in peat bogs. Re- 1998, MOENS &GLEN 2002, PORT &ESTER 2002, cently it has been observed to occur synanthropically KOZ£OWSKI 2003). The most important pest species in such habitats as ruins, parks, cemeteries, gardens include Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774), and and margins of cultivated fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropods = Slugs + Snails
    Slug and snail pests in urban areas and the development of novel tools for their management Rory Mc Donnell DepartmentGastropods of Crop and Soil =Science, Slugs Oregon + Snails State University, Corvallis Our relationship with slugs and snails Traditionally a repulsive organism . Slug phobias – American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis Shell-less snails! Slug = snail minus an external shell! Advantages of no shell: – Squeeze through very tight spaces – Live in environments that snails cannot – Move more quickly i.e. top speed 0.025mph! Slug Body Plan Keel Ocular tentacles Pneumostome Mantle Aydin Orstan Sensory tentacles Caudal mucus pore Tubercle Slugs and snails as pests . Direct pests of agriculture, suburban, urban, natural areas, and interface of these systems Purdue Extension Choke disease – Jay Pscheidt . Vector human pathogens – e.g. Escherichia coli . Aesthetic damage e.g. mucus and faeces Pest species in Oregon What species are causing the damage? Invasive slugs and snails Predominantly from Europe European Brown Garden Snail - Helix aspersa © Lynn Ketchum, OSU Gray Garden Slug - Deroceras reticulatum Josua Vlach, ODA White-soled Slug - Arion circumscriptus © Evergreen State College Marsh Slug – Deroceras laeve European Red Slug - Arion rufus Cellar Slug - Limacus flavus Shelled Slug - Testacella haliotidea Roy Anderson - MolluscIreland Future threats What species should we be worried about showing up here in the future? Cuban Slug - Veronicella cubensis Cuban Slug Should Oregon be concerned? Collected on the mainland in 2006 Angiostrongylus cantonensis Potentially fatal in humans Giant African Snail - Lissachatina fulica Robert Pearce Giant African Snail Giant African Snail James Smith and Glenn Fowler – USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST Urban Infestation in Miami 1966 infestation in Miami – Seven years – 18,000 snails – $1 million New infestation – 8 September 2011 Miami Infestation Miami Dade Co.
    [Show full text]
  • (5 Classes) Polyplacophora – Many Plates on a Foot Cephalopoda – Head Foot Gastropoda – Stomach Scaphopoda – Tusk Shell Bivalvia – Hatchet Foot
    Policemen Phylum Censor Gals in Scant Mollusca Bikinis! (5 Classes) Polyplacophora – Many plates on a foot Cephalopoda – Head foot Gastropoda – Stomach Scaphopoda – Tusk shell Bivalvia – Hatchet foot foot Typical questions for Mollusca •How many of these specimens posses a radula? •Which ones are filter feeders? •Which have undergone torsion? Detorsion? •Name the main function of the mantle? •Name a class used for currency •Which specimens have lungs? (Just have think of which live on land vs. in water……) •Name the oldest part of a univalve shell? Bivalve? Answers…maybe • Gastropods, Cephalopoda, Mono-, A- & Polyplacophora • Bivalvia (Scaphopoda….have a captacula) • Gastropods Opisthobranchia (sea hares & sea slugs) and the land slugs of the Pulmonata • Mantle secretes the shell • Scaphopoda • Pulmonata – their name gives this away • Apex for Univalve, Umbo for bivalve but often the terms are used interchangeably Anus Gills in Mantle mantle cavity Radula Head in mouth Chitons radula, 8 plates Class Polyplacophora Tentacles (2) & arms are all derived from the gastropod foot Class Cephalopoda - Octopuses, Squid, Nautilus, Cuttlefish…beak, pen, ink sac, chromatophores, jet propulsion……….dissection. Subclass Prosobranchia Aquatic –marine. Generally having thick Apex pointed shells, spines, & many have opercula. Gastropoda WORDS TO KNOW: snails, conchs, torsion, coiling, radula, operculum & egg sac Subclass Pulmonata Aquatic – freshwater. Shells are thin, rounded, with no spines, ridges or opercula. Subclass Pulmonata Slug Detorsion… If something looks strange, chances are…. …….it is Subclass Opisthobranchia something from Class Gastropoda Nudibranch (…or your roommate!) Class Gastropoda Sinistral Dextral ‘POP’ Subclass Prosobranchia - Aquatic snails (“shells”) -Have gills Subclass Opisthobranchia - Marine - Have gills - Nudibranchs / Sea slugs / Sea hares - Mantle cavity & shell reduced or absent Subclass Pulmonata - Terrestrial Slugs and terrestrial snails - Have lungs Class Scaphopoda - “tusk shells” Wampum Indian currency.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats
    CARPATHIAN RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS AND SPECIES CARPATHIAN LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (DRAFT) PUBLISHED BY THE STATE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 2014 zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 1 227.8.20147.8.2014 222:36:052:36:05 © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, 2014 Editor: Ján Kadlečík Available from: Štátna ochrana prírody SR Tajovského 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia ISBN 978-80-89310-81-4 Program švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika This publication was elaborated within BioREGIO Carpathians project supported by South East Europe Programme and was fi nanced by a Swiss-Slovak project supported by the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and Carpathian Wetlands Initiative. zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 2 115.9.20145.9.2014 223:10:123:10:12 Table of contents Draft Red Lists of Threatened Carpathian Habitats and Species and Carpathian List of Invasive Alien Species . 5 Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats . 20 Red List of Vascular Plants of the Carpathians . 44 Draft Carpathian Red List of Molluscs (Mollusca) . 106 Red List of Spiders (Araneae) of the Carpathian Mts. 118 Draft Red List of Dragonfl ies (Odonata) of the Carpathians . 172 Red List of Grasshoppers, Bush-crickets and Crickets (Orthoptera) of the Carpathian Mountains . 186 Draft Red List of Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Carpathian Mts. 200 Draft Carpathian Red List of Fish and Lamprey Species . 203 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Amphibians (Lissamphibia) . 209 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Reptiles (Reptilia) . 214 Draft Carpathian Red List of Birds (Aves). 217 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Mammals (Mammalia) .
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)1 John L
    EENY-494 Terrestrial Slugs of Florida (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)1 John L. Capinera2 Introduction Florida has only a few terrestrial slug species that are native (indigenous), but some non-native (nonindigenous) species have successfully established here. Many interceptions of slugs are made by quarantine inspectors (Robinson 1999), including species not yet found in the United States or restricted to areas of North America other than Florida. In addition to the many potential invasive slugs originating in temperate climates such as Europe, the traditional source of invasive molluscs for the US, Florida is also quite susceptible to invasion by slugs from warmer climates. Indeed, most of the invaders that have established here are warm-weather or tropical species. Following is a discus- sion of the situation in Florida, including problems with Figure 1. Lateral view of slug showing the breathing pore (pneumostome) open. When closed, the pore can be difficult to locate. slug identification and taxonomy, as well as the behavior, Note that there are two pairs of tentacles, with the larger, upper pair ecology, and management of slugs. bearing visual organs. Credits: Lyle J. Buss, UF/IFAS Biology as nocturnal activity and dwelling mostly in sheltered Slugs are snails without a visible shell (some have an environments. Slugs also reduce water loss by opening their internal shell and a few have a greatly reduced external breathing pore (pneumostome) only periodically instead of shell). The slug life-form (with a reduced or invisible shell) having it open continuously. Slugs produce mucus (slime), has evolved a number of times in different snail families, which allows them to adhere to the substrate and provides but this shell-free body form has imparted similar behavior some protection against abrasion, but some mucus also and physiology in all species of slugs.
    [Show full text]