DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc.Typification of the Production System of Snuff (Nicotiana Tabacum) in the Guanenta Province, Santander Department, Colom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc.Typification of the Production System of Snuff (Nicotiana Tabacum) in the Guanenta Province, Santander Department, Colom Agronomía Colombiana ISSN: 0120-9965 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia Jiménez C., Jennifer; Aranda C., Yesid; Darghan, Enrique Typification of the production system of snuff (Nicotiana tabacum) in the Guanenta province, Santander department, Colombia Agronomía Colombiana, vol. 35, núm. 2, 2017, pp. 247-255 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=180353882015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Typification of the production system of snuff (Nicotiana tabacum) in the Guanenta province, Santander department, Colombia Tipificación de un sistema de producción de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Guanentá, departamento de Santander, Colombia Jennifer Jiménez C.1, Yesid Aranda C.2, and Enrique Darghan3 ABSTRACT RESUMEN In the province of Guanenta (Santander), lack of technical as- En la provincia Guanentá (Santander), la asistencia técnica sistance received by producers is one of the main obstacles to productiva es uno de los principales obstáculos para la produc- the production of snuff. The objective of this research was to ción de tabaco. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar characterize the snuff production systems in the province, con- los sistemas de producción de tabaco en la provincia, se indagó sidering technical, socioeconomic and environmental variables. acerca de variables técnicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales. The sample was determined from census by producers supplied La muestra se determinó a partir del censo de los productores by Coltabaco, using stratified random sampling; the data were suministrados por Coltabaco, por medio de muestreo alea- processed by multiple correspondence analysis. The results are torio estratificado; los datos se procesaron mediante análisis shown as discriminant variables: type of snuff, the percentage de correspondencias múltiples. Los resultados muestran como of sharecropping, type of leaf curing, implementation of irriga- variables discriminantes: tipo de tabaco, el porcentaje de apar- tion system, development of alternative crops, crops rotation cería, tipo de curación, implementación de sistema de riego, and membership of producers to associations. Four types of desarrollo de cultivos alternativos y la rotación, y la pertenencia production systems were found: i) conventional - snuff type de productores a asociaciones gremiales. Se encontraron cuatro burley, ii) technified - snuff type burley, iii) conventional alter- tipos de sistemas de producción: i) convencional - Tipo de native - snuff type burley, iv) conventional - snuff type black. tabaco burley, ii) tecnificado - Tipo de tabaco burley, iii) alter- Finally and aiming improve the production of snuff, this study nativa convencional - Tipo de tabaco burley, iv) convencional propose improvement actions for technical assistance programs - Tipo de tabaco negro. Para mejorar la producción de tabaco received by producers, alternatives for access improvement and se proponen acciones de mejora a los programas de asistencia availability of water. técnica que reciben los productores, y mejorar el acceso y la disponibilidad de agua. Key words: technification, sharecropping, contract agriculture, Palabras clave: tecnificación, aparcería, agricultura por multivariate analysis. contrato, análisis multivariado. Introduction USA (3%) (FAOSTAT, 2016). The European Union stands as the largest importer of crude snuff, followed by Russia, The production of snuff (Nicotiana tabacum) stands out the United States and Japan (Traub, 2009). worldwide, because the profitability of snuff production turns out to be high, compared to other agricultural prod- According to official statistics, for 2014 in Colombia the ucts (Peña and Rivera, 2011). Commercially, prices are blond snuff harvested area reached 6.336 ha with a produc- stable to the producer, and depend mainly on the quality tion of 11.757 t, registering an increase of 56% and 50.2% in of snuff produced, the tobacco types are Virginia, Black, planted area and crop production respectively, compared Burley and Oriental, the last two are the most marketed as to 2013 in which were harvested 4,061 ha with a produc- this types are employed for cigarettes production (Castel- tion of 7,825 t (Agronet, 2016). Despite the increase, area lanos and Montanez, 2006;Castellanos et al., 2009). and production of snuff in Colombia does not reach the By 2013 the country with the highest production of snuff levels presented for this product in 2005 when 10,892 ha was China (29%), followed by India (9%), Brazil (8%) and produced 20,925 t of tobacco. Received for publication: 04 October, 2016. Accepted for publication: 20 July, 2017 Doi: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v35n2.63972 1 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogota (Colombia). 2 Department of Rural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogota (Colombia). [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogota (Colombia). Agronomía Colombiana 35(2), 247-255, 2017 Between the 2005 - 2015 period the decline in harvested the most important economic lines in agriculture (Mojica area is explained by the problems of performance and and Paredes, 2005); its production is concentrated in 35 quality of the regions where domestic production tobacco municipalities. By 2014 about 5,400 ha were cultivated, rep- is located, Nowadays farmers are replacing snuff produc- resenting 56% of the national area, reaching a production tion areas by other crops. The tobacco production in the amount of about 7,555 t of snuff leaf (Fig. 1), with average country is concentrated in the departments of Santander, yields of 1.68 t ha-1 (MADR, 2015) and an average acreage Norte de Santander, Huila, Guajira, Boyacá, Cauca, Valle, per farmer of 1.7 ha. In Santander farmers cultivate two Tolima, Cesar and Quindio (Castellanos et al., 2009). types of snuff mainly: blond type tobacco and black type, performing 56.7 and 43.2%, respectively. Farmers produce In recent years the snuff production in Colombia has mainly burley snuff in the first half of the year, because reached 1.3% in the agricultural GDP and 0.53% of manu- the high environmental availability of water and higher facturing GDP. In the first quarter of 2016 the performance purchase prices versus the black type snuff, but black typo of the national agricultural industry shows an increase of snuff is considered complementary, because the tobacco 0.7% over the same period of 2015, particularly unpro- production is a tradition in some municipalities of the cessed snuff increased its production by 40.7% (DANE, department. Among the benefits some of the major difficul- 2016). The national tobacco industry has been highlighted ties facing the production of snuff in the department are in the national economy by creating jobs (CNCPT, 2010), the training for technical improvement of the system and it is estimated that the sector generated 17,000 jobs in the high production costs (Gobernación de Santander, 2010). production phase and 8,000 jobs in the industrial phase; it is also an important source for income generation for In the province of Guanenta (municipalities of San Gil, the departments through taxes and foreign exchange, Aratoca, Barichara, Jordan, Curiti and Villanueva), the pro- generated by exports of raw and processed snuff products duction of snuff is mainly related to rural economy systems (Agrocadenas, 2005). with an average of 2.5 ha per production unit (Castellanos et al., 2009), production is related to smallholdings, intensive Regarding the sector competitiveness, the trade balance family labor and sharecropping arrangements, where the for 2014 reports that imports of snuff and its derivative owner offers the land and, as return, receives a percentage products amounted USD $66’340 million, while exports of gross production (Quintero, 2001). In the province the reached USD $54’155 million, showing a negative balance major constraints facing the producer of snuff are related, of 19%; usual trend since 2012 (SIEX, 2016). This reflects among others, to the low adoption of technologies by some a loss of competitiveness of the tobacco industry regarding farmers, land not suitable for cultivation, limited access its performance in the past decade, since the 2002-2009 to irrigation water, low use of inputs. This condition itself period showed a positive balance for the country. generate low yields and low product quality (Mojica and Paredes, 2005). The production of snuff is performed by Santander department is located in the Andean region of contracted farming systems, with the presence of two com- Colombia, Locally the snuff production is considered one of panies i) Coltabaco and ii) British American Tobacco; Production of Santander Santander harvested area National production National harvested area 50 30 45 40 25 35 20 30 25 15 20 15 10 Production (1,000 t) 10 5 Harvested area (1,000 ha) 5 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 FIGURE 1. Harvested area and tobacco production, national and participation of the department of Santander. Source: The authors, based on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quaternary Activity of the Bucaramanga Fault in the Depart- Ments of Santander and Cesar
    Volume 4 Quaternary Chapter 13 Neogene https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.38.2019.13 Quaternary Activity of the Bucaramanga Fault Published online 27 November 2020 in the Departments of Santander and Cesar Paleogene Hans DIEDERIX1* , Olga Patricia BOHÓRQUEZ2 , Héctor MORA–PÁEZ3 , 4 5 6 Juan Ramón PELÁEZ , Leonardo CARDONA , Yuli CORCHUELO , 1 [email protected] 7 8 Jaír RAMÍREZ , and Fredy DÍAZ–MILA Consultant geologist Servicio Geológico Colombiano Dirección de Geoamenazas Abstract The 350 km long Bucaramanga Fault is the southern and most prominent Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas Cretaceous Espaciales (GeoRED) segment of the 550 km long Santa Marta–Bucaramanga Fault that is a NNW striking left Dirección de Geociencias Básicas Grupo de Trabajo Tectónica lateral strike–slip fault system. It is the most visible tectonic feature north of latitude Paul Krugerstraat 9, 1521 EH Wormerveer, 6.5° N in the northern Andes of Colombia and constitutes the western boundary of the The Netherlands 2 [email protected] Maracaibo Tectonic Block or microplate, the southeastern boundary of the block being Servicio Geológico Colombiano Jurassic Dirección de Geoamenazas the right lateral strike–slip Boconó Fault in Venezuela. The Bucaramanga Fault has Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas Espaciales (GeoRED) been subjected in recent years to neotectonic, paleoseismologic, and paleomagnetic Diagonal 53 n.° 34–53 studies that have quantitatively confirmed the Quaternary activity of the fault, with Bogotá, Colombia 3 [email protected] eight seismic events during the Holocene that have yielded a slip rate in the order of Servicio Geológico Colombiano Triassic Dirección de Geoamenazas 2.5 mm/y, whereas a paleomagnetic study in sediments of the Bucaramanga alluvial Grupo de Trabajo Investigaciones Geodésicas fan have yielded a similar slip rate of 3 mm/y.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Barremian - Lower Albian Stratigraphy of Colombia
    On the Barremian - lower Albian stratigraphy of Colombia Philip J. Hoedemaeker Hoedemaeker, Ph.J. 2004. On the Barremian-lower Albian stratigraphy of Colombia. Scripta Geologica, 128: 3-15, 3 figs., Leiden, December 2004. Ph.J. Hoedemaeker, Department of Palaeontology, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Key words – stratigraphy, Barremian, Aptian, depositional sequences, Colombia. The biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Barremian deposits, and the biostratigraphy of the Aptian deposits in the Villa de Leyva area in Colombia are briefly described. Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Barremian ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Barremian sequence stratigraphy ............................................................................................................ 6 Aptian ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Lowermost Albian ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Adventure Tour for Women
    COLOMBIA Whitewater, Fine Foods, and Antiquities October 12 - 22, 2018 adventurewomen 14 mount auburn street, watertown ma 02472 t: (617) 544-9393 t: (800) 804-8686 www.adventurewomen.com 1 COLOMBIA Whitewater, Fine Foods, and Antiquities October 12 - 22, 2018 TRIP HIGHLIGHTS ` Photograph monkeys, butterflies, orchids, cloud forests, birds, birds, and more birds ` View almost 34,000 gold artifacts preserved from the past ` Get outdoors and get active with mountain biking, hiking, and white-water river rafting (Class II and III, beginners welcome!) ` Tour a family-owned coffee plantation and taste fresh Colombian coffee ` Enjoy feasting on sumptuous Latin American specialties and local cuisine QUICK VIEW ITINERARY Day 1: Arrive Bogotá, welcome dinner Day 2: Walk through the Candelaria, visit the Gold Museum, drive to Villa de Leyva Day 3: Hike in the cloud forest of Iguaque National Park, cooking class Day 4: Visit a fossil museum, drive to Barichara, bike into town for sunset drinks Day 5: Hike the royal road of Guane, hands-on traditional wall-building workshop Day 6: Hiking and whitewater rafting in the Chicamocha canyon Day 7: Walk through a coffee plantation, sample coffees, fly to Tayrona National Park Day 8: Hike to the Pueblito Chairama stone city, enjoy stunning beaches Day 9: Drive to Cartagena, take a street food tour of the city Day 10: Visit San Felipe fortress, explore the gastronomy of Cartagena, farewell dinner Day 11: Depart for the US TRIP PRICE Main Trip: $4,590 Optional Single Accommodations: $800 Internal Air: $240 adventurewomen 14 mount auburn street, watertown ma 02472 t: (617) 544-9393 t: (800) 804-8686 www.adventurewomen.com 2 COLOMBIA Whitewater, Fine Foods, and Antiquities October 12 - 22, 2018 is this trip We rate this trip as moderate.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordenamiento Territorial Del Departamento De Santander
    Lineamientos y Directrices de Ordenamiento Territorial del Departamento de Santander Actualización de Lineamientos y Directrices de Ordenamiento Territorial del Departamento de Santander Richard Alfonso Aguilar Villa Comité Interinstitucional GOBERNADOR Gobernación de Santander – Universidad Santo Tomás Departamento de Santander Sergio Isnardo Muñoz Villarreal Sergio Isnardo Muñoz Villarreal Secretario de Planeación Departamental Secretario de Planeación Departamental fr. Samuel E. Forero Buitrago, O.P. Gabinete Departamental Rector Universidad Santo Tomás, Seccional Bucaramanga Yaneth Mojica Arango Secretaria de Interior fr. Rubén Darío López García, O.P. Vicerrector Administrativo y Financiero, Seccional Carlos Arturo Ibáñez Muñoz Bucaramanga Secretario de Vivienda y Hábitat Sustentable Coordinador Ejecutivo del proyecto Margarita Escamilla Rojas Néstor José Rueda Gómez Secretaria de Hacienda Director Científico del Proyecto Claudia Yaneth Toledo Margarita María Ayala Cárdenas Secretario de Infraestructura Directora Centro de Proyección Social, Supervisora del proyecto, USTA, Seccional Gladys Helena Higuera Sierra Bucaramanga Secretaria General Carlos Andrés Pinzón Serpa Maritza Prada Holguín Coordinador Administrativo Secretaria de Cultura y Turismo Claudia Patricia Uribe Rodríguez John Abiud Ramírez Barrientos Decana Facultad Arquitectura Secretario Desarrollo John Manuel Delgado Nivia Alberto Chávez Suárez Director Prospectiva Territorial de Santander Secretario de Educación Juan José Rey Serrano Edwin Fernando Mendoza Beltrán, Secretario Salud Supervisor del proyecto, Gobernación Omar Lengerke Pérez Directivos Universidad Santo Tomás, Seccional Secretario de las TIC Bucaramanga Ludwing Enrique Ortero Ardila fr. Samuel E. Forero Buitrago, O.P. Secretario de Agricultura Rector Universidad Santo Tomás, Seccional Bucaramanga Honorables Miembros de la Asamblea Departamental Luis Fernando Peña Riaño fr. Mauricio Cortés Gallego, O.P. Carlos Alberto Morales Delgado Vicerrector Académico USTA Yolanda Blanco Arango José Ángel Ibáñez Almeida fr.
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Trade Adventures
    Peru · Costa Rica · Colombia Enriching small group tours to unique destinations INDEX 7 Peru 12 DAYS | DEPARTS APRIL 22nd 11 Costa Rica 12 DAYS | DEPARTS MAY 14th 15 Colombia 12 DAYS | DEPARTS AUG 20th 19 Northern Peru 14 DAYS | DEPARTS SEPT 16th From coffee and chocolate to wine and clothes, fair trade products are now ubiquitous on any given high street. Although incredibly diverse, what all these products represent is a commitment to paying fair prices for raw materials and supporting the producers and their communities. Therefore, we are now thrilled to welcome Set-up by pioneering fair trade company you to Fair Trade Adventures: personal, Cafedirect, CPF works closely with a network experience-rich and rewarding travel of 38 fair trade farming cooperatives across experiences that have a positive impact Latin America and Africa. Smallholder farmers on destinations. Fair Trade Adventures are produce nearly 70% of the world’s food supply brought to you by Cafédirect Producers’ but they face numerous challenges, such as Foundation (CPF) in collaboration with climate change and pests, which can seriously Sumak Travel, a UK based social enterprise threaten their livelihoods. CPF is led by the specialising in Latin American ecotourism. needs of the 280,000 smallholders in their network and helps them develop These Fair Trade Adventures offer them to implement sustainable, innovative ways to combat these authentic, affordable and exciting long-lasting solutions to the challenges. holidays to discerning travellers – problems they face. small group tours that also have The community-based approach a positive impact on the local Furthermore, 10% of the price championed by Sumak Travel communities and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • On Birds of Santander-Bio Expeditions, Quantifying The
    Facultad de Ciencias ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA Departamento de Biología http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol Sede Bogotá ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN / RESEARCH ARTICLE ZOOLOGÍA ON BIRDS OF SANTANDER-BIO EXPEDITIONS, QUANTIFYING THE COST OF COLLECTING VOUCHER SPECIMENS IN COLOMBIA Sobre las aves de las expediciones Santander-Bio, cuantificando el costo de colectar especímenes en Colombia Enrique ARBELÁEZ-CORTÉS1 *, Daniela VILLAMIZAR-ESCALANTE1 , Fernando RONDÓN-GONZÁLEZ2 1Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia. 2Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia. *For correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23th January 2019, Returned for revision: 26th March 2019, Accepted: 06th May 2019. Associate Editor: Diego Santiago-Alarcón. Citation/Citar este artículo como: Arbeláez-Cortés E, Villamizar-Escalante D, and Rondón-González F. On birds of Santander-Bio Expeditions, quantifying the cost of collecting voucher specimens in Colombia. Acta biol. Colomb. 2020;25(1):37-60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc. v25n1.77442 ABSTRACT Several scientific reasons support continuing bird collection in Colombia, a megadiverse country with modest science financing. Despite the recognized value of biological collections for the rigorous study of biodiversity, there is scarce information on the monetary costs of specimens. We present results for three expeditions conducted in Santander (municipalities of Cimitarra, El Carmen de Chucurí, and Santa Barbara), Colombia, during 2018 to collect bird voucher specimens, quantifying the costs of obtaining such material. After a sampling effort of 1290 mist net hours and occasional collection using an airgun, we collected 300 bird voucher specimens, representing 117 species from 30 families.
    [Show full text]
  • 04 Donegan & Avendaño-C.2008
    24 Ornitología Colombiana No.6 (2008):24-65 NOTES ON TAPACULOS (PASSERIFORMES: RHINOCRYPTIDAE) OF THE EASTERN ANDES OF COLOMBIA AND THE VENEZUELAN ANDES, WITH A NEW SUBSPECIES OF SCYTALOPUS GRISEICOLLIS FROM COLOMBIA Notas sobre tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia y los Andes venezolanos, con una nueva subespecie de Scytalopus griseicollis de Colombia Thomas M. Donegan ProAves Foundation, Caversham, Reading, UK. [email protected], [email protected] Jorge Enrique Avendaño-C. 1 Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia [email protected] ABSTRACT We analysed biometrics, plumage and voice and inspected specimens to study the taxonomy of various high elevation tapaculos Scytalopus of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Mérida Andes of Venezuela. In light of a lack of any diagnostic vocal, plumage or biometric character, we propose treating S. infasciatus as a subjective junior synonym of S. griseicollis . S. fuscicauda and S. meridanus are indistinguishable by morphology, but we propose treating S. fuscicauda as a subspecies of S. meridanus in light of small observed differences in introductions to songs, which require further investigation. As the names were published contemporaneously, we propose priority for S. meridanus over S. fuscicauda . S. meridanus and S. griseicollis as redefined are each diagnosable vocally, supporting species rank for both of them. S. griseicollis gilesi subsp. nov. is described from the Yariguíes mountains. The new subspecies differs from S. griseicollis in its darker plumage, lower acoustic frequency scolds and longer tail. The recently discovered Eastern Andes population of S. spillmanni differs from Ecuadorian populations in its shorter tarsus length and slower song, meeting the requirements for some, but not all, subspecies concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • 02186714 Colombia Finalrepo
    2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Project partners & Collaborators ...................................................................................................................................... 3 SECTION 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Project members ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 SECTION 2 .....................................................................................................................................................................10 Aim and objectives ......................................................................................................................................................10 Changes to original project plan ...............................................................................................................................10 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Realidad Fiscal De Los Municipios Del Departamento De Santander, En El
    Apuntes Cenes Vol. 34, Nº. 59, ISSN 0120-3053 Enero - Junio 2014, Págs. 15-38 Artículo de Investigación Apuntes del CENES ISSN 0120-3053 Volumen 34 - Nº. 60 julio - diciembre 2015 Págs. 181-214 5HDOLGDG¿VFDOGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGHO departamento de Santander, en el marco GHOSURFHVRGHGHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ¿VFDOHQ Colombia, 2004-2012 Fiscal reality of the municipalities of the Santander Department in the framework of the process of the ¿VFDOGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQLQ&RORPELD 5HDOLGDGH¿VFDOGRVPXQLFtSLRVGR6DQWDQGHUQR FRQWH[WRGDGHVFHQWUDOL]DomR¿VFDOQD&RO{PELD 2004-2012 Jorge Enrique Asela Molina * Fecha de recepción: 12 de septiembre de 2014 Concepto de evaluación: 13 de enero de 2015 Fecha de aprobación: 13 de enerode 2015 __________ * Economista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS). Consultor en políticas de desarrollo territorial. Bucaramanga. &RORPELD&RUUHRSRVWDO$YHQLGDHO7HMDU8UEDQL]DFLyQ)iWLPDFDVD&%XFDUDPDQJD6DQWDQGHU&RORPELD Correo electrónico: [email protected] 181 5HDOLGDG¿VFDOGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH6DQWDQGHUHQHO -RUJH(QULTXH$VHOD0ROLQD Resumen Este documento explora el proceso de descentralización en Colombia desde su PDUFRQRUPDWLYR\VXUHODFLyQFRQODV¿QDQ]DVS~EOLFDVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGHO GHSDUWDPHQWRGH6DQWDQGHUSRUPHGLRGHODQiOLVLVGHODVLWXDFLyQ¿VFDOGHORV entes territoriales del departamento durante 2004-2012. Para este ejercicio se toman como referencia los indicadores de dependencia intergubernamentales \ HVIXHU]R ¿VFDO SODQWHDGRV SRU HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR 1DFLRQDO GH 3ODQHDFLyQ (DNP). Se evidencian, en la mayoría de los casos, problemas
    [Show full text]
  • National Administrative Department of Statistics
    NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS Methodology for the Codification of the Political- Administrative Division of Colombia -DIVIPOLA- 0 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS JORGE BUSTAMANTE ROLDÁN Director CHRISTIAN JARAMILLO HERRERA Deputy Director MARIO CHAMIE MAZZILLO General Secretary Technical Directors NELCY ARAQUE GARCIA Regulation, Planning, Standardization and Normalization EDUARDO EFRAÍN FREIRE DELGADO Methodology and Statistical Production LILIANA ACEVEDO ARENAS Census and Demography MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics ANA VICTORIA VEGA ACEVEDO Synthesis and National Accounts CAROLINA GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ Diffusion, Marketing and Statistical Culture National Administrative Department of Statistics – DANE MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics Division Geostatistical Research and Development Coordination (DIG) DANE Cesar Alberto Maldonado Maya Olga Marina López Salinas Proofreading in Spanish: Alba Lucía Núñez Benítez Translation: Juan Belisario González Sánchez Proofreading in English: Ximena Díaz Gómez CONTENTS Page PRESENTATION 6 INTRODUCTION 7 1. BACKGROUND 8 1.1. Evolution of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 8 1.2. Evolution of the Codification of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 12 2. DESIGN OF DIVIPOLA 15 2.1. Thematic/methodological design 15 2.1.1. Information needs 15 2.1.2. Objectives 15 2.1.3. Scope 15 2.1.4. Reference framework 16 2.1.5. Nomenclatures and Classifications used 22 2.1.6. Methodology 24 2.2 DIVIPOLA elaboration design 27 2.2.1. Collection or compilation of information 28 2.3. IT Design 28 2.3.1. DIVIPOLA Administration Module 28 2.4. Design of Quality Control Methods and Mechanisms 32 2.4.1. Quality Control Mechanism 32 2.5. Products Delivery and Diffusion 33 2.5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
    Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the European Country of Origin Information Network website. Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 13 May 2020 COL200220.E Colombia: The socio-economic situation, including demographics, employment rates, and economic sectors, particularly in Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and Ibagué (2017- May 2020) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 1. National Overview According to sources, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, DANE) reported, after conducting the 2018 census, that the population of Colombia was 45.5 million (Vellejo Zamudio 2 July 2019, 11; EIU 15 Nov. 2018). The same sources state that the results of the 2018 census, the first since 2005, were criticized due to the discrepancy between DANE's population projection and the census, with the projection calculating a population of 50 million (Vellejo Zamudio 2 July 2019, 11; EIU 15 Nov. 2018). According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) [1], DANE stated that the discrepancy stems from inaccuracy in the population projection and not the census (EIU 15 Nov. 2018). The 2019 Economic Survey of Colombia by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports that Colombia had a population of 48.3 million in 2018 (OECD Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Viajearqueológico Yculturala Colombia:Elsecretomejorguardado
    X - PLORE VIAJE ARQUEOLÓGICO Y CULTURAL A E XPEDI CIONES COLOMBIA: EL SECRETO MEJOR GUARDADO PRIMAVERA – VERANO 2020 16 días ¡ Creamos y vivimos aventuras! X - PLORE EXPEDICIONES X - PLORE GROUP COLOMBIA: EL SECRETO MEJOR GUARDADO INTRODUCCIÓN Colombia es el cuarto país más grande de América del Sur y el tercer país con mayores recursos hídricos del mundo. Aunque sólo representa un 0.7% de la superficie terrestre, cerca del 14% de la flora y fauna del planeta y el 7 % de la selva amazónica se encuentr an en territorio colombiano. En Colombia hay 1.860 variedades de aves registradas que representan el 19% de todas las especies del mundo y 60% de las existentes en Sudamérica. Además ocupa el segundo lugar entre los países que exhiben la mayor diversidad de mariposas del mundo (3.000 familias y 14 especies). Y por si esto fuera poco , tiene la particularidad de estar bañada por los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico y atravesada por la espec tacular cordillera de los Andes . En 2006 la prestigiosa Lonely Planet escogió Colombia como uno de los destinos top 10 mundiales. En febrero de 2010, Colombia fue reconocida como «el mejor destino» del mundo en la feria turística más prestigiosa de Europa - «Times Destinations Travel Show» de Londres. Según el New York Times, Colombia quedó clasificada en segundo lugar después de Estambul, y entre 1.700 destinos turísticos, en la lista de los sitios más interesantes para visitar en el 2011. Y a pesar de el lo, Colombia sigue siendo un destino poco turístico (exceptuando las áreas del Caribe y del Eje Cafetero), emergente, desconocido y muy atractivo, con una gran diversidad multicultural y étnica (tiene 84 etnias indígenas), una naturaleza salvaje y abrumado ra, ciudades coloniales ancladas en el pasado y yacimientos arqueológicos precolombinos que son Patrimonio de la Humanidad por UNESCO.
    [Show full text]