Exploring a White Supremacist Community on 4Chan and Perceptions of White Supremacy at the University of Pittsburgh
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Title Page Title Page “The System is Rigged Against Me:” Exploring a White Supremacist Community on 4Chan and Perceptions of White Supremacy at the University of Pittsburgh by Aryssa Lynne Shultz BPhil Anthropology; BA Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies; University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Undergraduate Faculty of University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Membership Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH UNIVERSITY HONORS COLLEGE This thesis was presented by Aryssa Lynne Shultz It was defended on March 28, 2019 and approved by Kathleen Blee, PhD, Dean, University of Pittsburgh Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences Brenton Malin, PhD, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communication Matthew Hughey, PhD, Associate Professor, University of Connecticut Department of Sociology Thesis Advisor and Chair: Gabby Yearwood, PhD, Lecturer and Director of Undergraduate Studies, University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology ii Copyright © by Aryssa Lynne Shultz 2019 iii Abstract “The System is Rigged Against Me:” Exploring a White Supremacist Community on 4Chan and Perceptions of White Supremacy at the University of Pittsburgh Aryssa Lynne Shultz, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Digital technologies have provided people with new tools to interact and build community. With the rise of the internet in the 1960s, and the World Wide Web in the 1990s, people with access to the internet have communicated across large distances at faster speeds than ever before. In the present digital era, people form meaningful communities in chat rooms, online games, and through social media. The web has also provided tools for racially-based communities to grow and thrive. This study examines one such online community: the white supremacist message board “Politically Incorrect” on the website 4Chan.org. I conducted Participant Observation in this community to understand how this community defines membership and belonging, and I analyzed one discursive symbol that is important to them: the “redpill.” This symbol represents community members’ belief in white genocide, and the way they cope with the negative emotions that are intertwined with this belief. Through my analysis of the redpill symbol, I explore the complex and emotional nature of ideology, and how it works to build our identities and sense of community, while also empowering us to act. This research exemplifies one way that white people are making sense of their whiteness online, especially whiteness centered around white supremacy. The online portion of my research is supplemented with interviews conducted at the University of Pittsburgh. I interviewed five students and two administrators to gain a sense of how those in my community are thinking about and dealing with white supremacy in their own lives, as well as how the University handles discrimination. I then compare the ways Left-leaning iv students and people against white supremacy think about and discuss dealing with white supremacy, with the feelings of social isolation expressed by those on “Politically Incorrect.” Through my analysis, I show that the immediate backlash to white supremacy may be fueling the emotions that lead white people to build community through white supremacy. This study concludes with suggestions for future research inquiries in the name of understanding, and ultimately decreasing, white supremacy, as well as an analysis of my own emotional experiences in conducting this research. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Theoretical Standpoint ................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Contemporary White Supremacist Action in America ............................................. 16 2.0 Doing Methodology Online .................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 Feminist Research ........................................................................................................ 23 2.3 Emotional Affect and Research ................................................................................... 24 2.4 Participant Observation and Data Collection Online ............................................... 27 2.5 Politically Incorrect ...................................................................................................... 30 3.0 Doing Methodology at the University of Pittsburgh .......................................................... 33 4.0 Field Site: “Politically Incorrect” (4Chan.org/pol) ............................................................ 37 5.0 Analysis: The Redpill ............................................................................................................ 48 6.0 Analysis: Interviews at the University of Pittsburgh ......................................................... 67 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 67 6.2 What do the words “white supremacy” mean to you? .............................................. 69 6.3 Where do you think white supremacy comes from? ................................................. 73 6.4 Where did you first encounter white supremacy in your life? ................................. 74 6.5 Where do you encounter white supremacy online? ................................................... 77 6.6 Where do you encounter white supremacy in your life? .......................................... 80 vi 6.7 How do you personally deal with white supremacy? How do you think we should deal with white supremacy? .............................................................................................. 83 6.8 If you could attribute one emotion to white supremacy, what would it be? ........... 85 6.9 Administrative interviews ............................................................................................ 85 6.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 88 7.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 90 8.0 Personal Reflections .............................................................................................................. 95 Appendix A - Interview Schedule for Students (Used After First Interview) ....................... 97 Appendix B - Interview Schedule for Students (Original) .................................................... 100 Appendix C - Interview Schedules for Administrators ......................................................... 102 C.1 Interview Schedule for Administrator One ............................................................. 102 C.2 Interview Schedule for Administrator Two ............................................................ 103 Appendix D - Information Passed Out at Student Organization Meetings ......................... 105 Notes ........................................................................................................................................... 107 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 109 vii List of Tables Table 1: Student Responses to “What do the Words ‘White Supremacy’ mean to you?” ........... 69 viii List of Figures Figure 1: Photo of 4Chan.org/pol Catalogue of Posts .................................................................. 39 Figure 2: Example thread, posted on August 17, 2018 ................................................................. 40 Figure 3: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: “Define White” ..................................... 42 Figure 4: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Define White" ..................................... 42 Figure 5: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Define White" ..................................... 43 Figure 6Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Define White" ....................................... 43 Figure 7: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Define White" ..................................... 43 Figure 8: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Part Jew Here. Could /pol/ Explain How I’m Not White?" ............................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 9: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Part Jew Here. Could /pol/ Explain How I’m Not White?" ............................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 10: Posted on September 11, 2018. Thread Title: "Part Jew Here. Could /pol/ Explain How I’m Not White?" ............................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 11: Posted on September 16, 2018. Thread Title: "Would a World with No Nations Really be that Bad?" ................................................................................................................................