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Analysis of Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Chrysanthemum Morifolium

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Analysis of Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Chrysanthemum Morifolium Page intentionally left blank. With exception of the aforementioned, self-refuting statement and the following quote, which handsomely sums up the thesis and the meaning of life: “As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications” Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection (1859) Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Dominique Van Der Straeten Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Dr. ir. Ellen De Keyser Department of Applied Genetics and Breeding, Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Belgium Dean: prof. dr. Herwig Dejonghe Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Faculty of Sciences Academic year 2016 – 2017 Shoot branching: analysis of axillary bud outgrowth in Chrysanthemum morifolium Robrecht Dierck Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Dutch translation of the title: Vertakking: analyse van de uitgroei van zijknoppen bij Chrysanthemum morifolium Please refer to this work as follows: Dierck R (2016) Shoot branching: analysis of axillary bud outgrowth in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium The author and the promotors give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subjected to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Acknowledgements With this dissertation, I am pleased to complete the capstone on four years of research. All this work reflects the boundless support, care and collaboration of other people, without whom none of this would have been possible. Accordingly, I would like to dedicate this part of the thesis to do them justice in our common language. In de eerste plaats wil ik mijn promotoren bedanken om steeds als leidende kracht de nodige dosissen raad en motivatie toe te dienen. Dominique heeft mij steeds op een bedachtzame manier kunnen aansporen om vooruit te gaan in het onderzoek en stond altijd paraat om mijn vele vragen en doorgestuurde teksten te voorzien van antwoorden, suggesties en verbeteringen. Zonder jouw optimisme was dit werk niet mogelijk geweest. Ellen verdient ook bijzondere dank voor de grote zorgvuldigheid en bezorgdheid waarmee zij steeds nauwlettend mijn werk heeft opgevolgd. Dankzij haar begeleiding werd ik steeds terug op het juiste spoor gebracht als ik even dreigde de focus te verliezen. Ook tot aan de laatste loodjes heb je me geholpen met alle verbeteringen en beslommeringen om de thesis tot een goed einde te brengen. Johan Van Huylenbroeck wil ik ook uitdrukkelijk bedanken. Bij hem kon ik altijd terecht voor de meest uiteenlopende zaken: goede raad, verbeteringen, “help de lichten van de LED- kamer zijn uitgevallen”. In al deze situaties heb je mij steeds verder geholpen zonder ooit de kalmte te verliezen. Jan De Riek verdient ook mijn dank voor zijn steun, begeleiding en goede inzicht bij het plannen uitwerken van experimenten. Ik wil ook zeker Emmy Dhooghe bedanken. Jouw samenwerking en steun waren zeer belangrijk en als bureaugenoot van Ellen was je er bijna even vaak om antwoorden te bieden als ik iets kwam vragen. Leen Leus bedank ik voor haar goede suggesties voor experimenten en het aanstekelijke enthousiasme. Magali Losschaert en Laurence Desmet wil ik bijzonder bedanken om mij steeds met veel zorg bij te staan in al het labowerk en om de talloze RT-qPCR analyses vakkundig uit te voeren. Magali heeft er altijd voor gezorgd dat mijn soms nogal chaotische proefopzetten steeds gestroomlijnd konden doorgevoerd worden en Laurence heeft mij met veel enthousiasme verschillende moleculaire technieken aangeleerd. Ook Veerle Buysens en Jorien Oomen wil ik bedanken om me steeds met allerhande zaken in het labo te helpen. Samen met Katrijn Van Laere en Evelien Calsyn zijn jullie ook bedankt om af en toe mij mee te helpen om enkele duizenden chrysantenstukjes te versnijden. Voor het stekken en verzorgen van al deze planten kon ik steeds op de hulp rekenen van Roger Dobbelaere, Dieter Coppens, Frederik Delbeke en Jo De Groote. Verder wil ik ook alle andere collega’s van Plant39 bedanken voor de fijne samenwerking en collegialiteit onder de goede leiding van Kristiaan Van Laecke. Ook de collega’s van de andere ILVO eenheden waar ik vaak op bezoek kwam en de collega’s UGent zijn bedankt. Speciale dank breng ik uit aan Gil Luypaert voor de fijne verstandhouding tijdens de drie jaar waarin we een bureau deelden. Omdat je één jaar verder zat in je doctoraat kon ik je steeds om goede raad vragen. Ook de nachtelijke mijtentellingen zal ik steeds meedragen als leuke herinneringen. Een dankwoord gaat ook uit naar het proefcentrum voor sierteelt (PCS) in Destelbergen voor de goede samenwerking. Annelies Christiaens wil ik daarbij zeker bedanken omdat ik bij haar steeds raad kon vragen over proeven en methodes. Liesbet Blindeman is ook bedankt voor het delen van haar kennis over chrysanten en het helpen bij proeven op het PCS. Voor het zorgvuldige naleeswerk en de verbeteringen bedank ik bijzonder de leden van de examencommissie Filip Vandenbussche, Marcus Linde, Els Prinsen, Emmy Dhooghe en Marie-Christine Van Labeke en de voorzitter Dominique Adriaens, die alles in goede banen heeft geleid. Buiten het academische wil ik zeker ook mijn vrienden en familie bedanken die er altijd waren voor de nodige steun. In en rond Lennik was er steeds een veilige haven om de nodige ontspanning op te zoeken. Mijn vriendin Ana wil ik bedanken om er altijd te zijn, obrigado por todo o apoio, consideração e amor. Ook mijn broer Arnaut bedank ik voor alle steun en vriendschap. Ten slotte kan ik mijn ouders niet genoeg bedanken voor hun onwankelbare steun en liefde en voor alle tijd en zorg die jullie in mij geïnvesteerd hebben. Robrecht Dierck, 15 december 2016, Gent Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................................1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................4 Samenvatting .....................................................................................................................................6 List of abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................8 Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13 Chrysanthemum in ornamental horticulture ................................................................................. 14 Shoot architecture as a quality trait in chrysanthemum................................................................. 15 Regulation of shoot branching ...................................................................................................... 16 Strigolactone regulation ................................................................................................................ 20 Strigolactone in horticultural crops and chrysanthemum .............................................................. 22 Strigolactone agonists ................................................................................................................... 24 Strigolactone antagonists .............................................................................................................. 24 Non-hormonal regulation of shoot branching................................................................................ 25 Sucrose ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Flowering .................................................................................................................................. 25 Light .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Temperature ............................................................................................................................. 27 Nutrients ................................................................................................................................... 27 Integration of branching regulation and the importance of shoot branching research ................... 28 References .................................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: Chrysanthemum shoot branching control by LED light ................................................... 37 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 38 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 40 Plant material ..........................................................................................................................
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