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George W. Bush and Barack Obama: the Dichotomy of Religious Influence in American Policy

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George W. Bush and Barack Obama: the Dichotomy of Religious Influence in American Policy Himalayan Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Open Access Review Article George W. Bush and Barack Obama: The Dichotomy of Religious Influence in American Policy Birane Sene American and Caribbean Studies Laboratory Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal Abstract: The United States has become a secular Republic after its foundation by religious *Corresponding Author dissidents called puritans. Despite that shift, America is still struggling to get out of the Birane Sene bondage of the religion into which it has locked itself. American leaders and citizens do not have the same conception of the separation between religion and politics. America has Article History always mixed religion and politics in a way that is not appreciated by the proponents of Received: 10.03.2021 absolute separation. Even today, this overlapping exists between church and State. This Accepted: 20.04.2021 separation is thus based on a fragile compromise, especially since the competing political Published: 30.04.2021 parties regularly resort to it for ideological purposes. Many politicians are grappling with the implementation of this balancing game. The cases of President George W. Bush and Citations: Barack Obama are very telling examples that should be studied very closely given the Birane Sene (2021); George W. Bush and political context that was prevailing. Barack Obama: The Dichotomy of Religious Influence in American Policy; Keywords: Administration; Bush; Influence; Obama; Policy; Religion; United States Hmlyn J Human Cul Stud, 2(2) 46-51 INTRODUCTION The influence of religion on American politics is not a new phenomenon but there is one fact that has remarkably exacerbated the relationship between religion and politics in recent decades. This fact is the election of George W. Bush as president of the United States of America in 2000 and his case is interesting for at least two reasons. The first is that it is arguably one of the presidents who have shown the most zeal in matter of faith. He also did not hesitate to publicly display his beliefs which earned him the nickname Ayatollah of America. The second is that under his presidency, religious-sounding events such as the attacks of 9/11, the war against Afghanistan and Iraq marked popular consciousness. After President Bush‟s terms of office, America was in a serious need of a new lease of life and, above all, to restore its image on the international stage. The Americans had clearly expressed their desire to break with this clerical system by choosing the democratic candidate Barack Obama. The question was whether Obama would be able to decipher the message of several Americans for whom the apostolic administration of President Bush was at the origin of the anti- American sentiment that was spreading throughout the world. The politico-religious relations could not therefore be the same anymore because Obama‟s religious background contrasts singularly with that of Bush and the political context obliges him to a rupture too. To understand this implies not only to better understand Obama‟s personal relatio nship to God but also to take into account the profound changes in American society under the Bush presidency. Today Americans are less and less attached to religion, and the questions which crossed American society forced President Obama to exercise a balancing game contrasting with President Bush attitude regarding religion. This article‟s purpose is to study the relations of President George W. Bush and Obama with religion with regard to their policies. To bring light on that important issue, the analysis will be conducted with two main parts. The first one will be devoted to the influence of religion in Bush administration policy. The second will go through Obama administration's relationship with religion. Their historical background and the way they see religion in society could provide a clear understanding of their breaking lines about the role of religion in the political field which is still under debate. Religion in George W. Bush Administration Policy The 9/11 events have opened a new page in the political history of the United States with a new world order that casts the shadow of religion over geopolitics. Even if it has to be said again that President Bush was not the only one with this 46 Birane Sene; Hmlyn J Human Cul Stud; Vol-2, Iss- 2 (March-April, 2021): 46-51 mindset, but many others leaders before him have shared this messianic ideology. The difference is that Bush has translated this ideology into concrete action and to use the words of his detractors, President Bush is the one who brought religion into the bedrooms of Americans. In this section dedicated to his policy, we attempt to evoke his “He first decreed on the day he entered the White personal, political and spiritual development as an House a national day of prayer to place his mandate interesting element in the analysis of American politics under the reign of faith. He then said “the under the angle of the religious influence fact. An responsibilities I have to take on will be better if I analysis will be done on certain constants which am guided by something greater. I am calling for emerged from his speeches on foreign policy, speeches help from God. "(Ben Barka, 2006:12) which provide us with elements of appreciation as to the place and the role of the United States in the current In addition to Billy Graham, Pat Robertson and his world. Deciphering these elements will allow us to see a "Christian coalition", 1 million members and who had set of words that bear a certain religiosity which are distributed 70 million guides to voters urging them to currently used by the president and his team. vote Bush, as well as Jerry Falwell and the "Moral Majority" which claimed 40 million members but It should first be noted that between 1932 and 1968, reached millions of people through its television and the Republicans conquered the White House only once, radio programs to name only the most famous had in 1952, with Eisenhower, national hero, educated in a supported George W. Bush. Once elected, the latter had family of Jehovah's Witnesses and has become to thank his friends. Presbyterian, escaping to partisan labels. His policy of fight against communism led him to modify the national Thus the White House was full of evangelists symbols "One nation under God", "In God we trust" but starting with John Ashcroft, Minister of Justice, the son also to take decisions favorable to the black movement of a Pentecostal pastor who was a staunch opponent of (the protection by the army of black students of Little abortion, a supporter of the death penalty and author in Rock in 1957). In 1960, the election of John. F. 1996 of a bill by the famous “Faith based program.” Kennedy raised concern among conservative Don Evans, pastor and friend of Bush, with whom he Protestants. He deceives them by leading a very liberal enrolled in the Bible reading circle, which had given policy pursued by his successor Lyndon Johnson. him a Bible cut out into 365 parts, one per day, and who Meanwhile, some Supreme Court rulings questioning would be appointed Minister of Commerce. There was the politico-religious beliefs of the Republican Party, also the Secretary of State for Health Tommy Thomson combined with the end of segregation, will shock who, upon his appointment announced that he "wished conservative Christians. This will have the effect of to ban the abortion pill" (Fath, 2005:19) and worked to allowing the Republican Party to get their votes back financially suffocate the campaigns for the wearing of again. President Richard Nixon first and then Ronald condoms and information on the right to abortion. The Reagan will benefit from this Republican awakening. Secretary of State Gale Norton opposes gay rights, affirmative action, and defended the death penalty. Ronald Reagan was indifferent to religion in his General William G. Baykyn, Pentecostal and Assistant private life but enjoyed the support of conservative under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, Christians of the "Moral Majority", a movement formed distinguished himself by saying “We are a Christian to fight against the abolition by Jimmy Carter of tax nation. Bush is in the White House because God put exemptions granted to Christian academies, private him there. (Graham, 2003: 24) Michael Gerson, close to schools reserved for whites. The Republicans therefore the "Christian Coalition" editor of the president's had a loyal electoral bloc, representing around 14% of speeches and responsible for all biblical and religious the country's total electorate and systematically rhetoric. We owe him the expression "Axis of evil" targeting its candidates. Bill Clinton, southerner and (Ben Barka, 2006:13) moderate evangelical interrupted the winning streak of the Republicans (Reagan and Bush Sr.) but he won only There is no wonder, then that since George W. Bush 4 of the 11 southern states. In 1998, at the time of the came to power, the White House had been hosting Lewinski affair, the president surrounded himself with many more prayers and Bible study meetings. hundreds of ministers of religion in the White House According to Bradley Graham, “The Bible was read and confessed to them that he had sinned and asked for daily and each cabinet meeting began with a prayer. their forgiveness. A year later he says he was deeply Religious meetings and services were regularly touched by the sheer power of grace. The new cycle of organized by one or other of the members of the presidential religiosity reached its peak with the government. "(Graham, 2003: 26) In short, the Bush election of the Republican George W.
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