Community Seed Banks in Nepal Past, Present, Future Proceedings of a National Workshop, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
COMMUNITY SEED BANKS IN NEPAL PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE Proceedings of a National Workshop, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal Pitambar Shrestha, Ronnie Vernooy and Pashupati Chaudhary, Editors COMMUNITY SEED BANKS IN NEPAL PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE Proceedings of a National Workshop, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal Pitambar Shrestha1, Ronnie Vernooy2 and Pashupati Chaudhary1, Editors 1Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) P.O. Box: 324, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal Tel: +977-61-526834/535357 Fax: +977-61-539956 E mail: [email protected] Web: www.libird.org 2Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy Tel: +39-06-61181 Fax: +39-06-61979661 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bioversityinternational.org Citation: Shrestha P., R. Vernooy and P. Chaudhary. 2013. Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future. Proceedings of a National Workshop, LI-BIRD/USC Canada Asia/Oxfam/The Development Fund/IFAD/Bioversity International, 14-15 June 2012, Pokhara, Nepal. Published by: Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) P.O. Box 324, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal Tel +977-61-535357, 526834 Fax +977-61-539956 E-mail [email protected] Web www.libird.org Copyright © Publisher First Edition, 2013 Editors : Pitambar Shrestha, Ronnie Vernooy and Pashupati Chaudhary Concept, Design and Layout : Mahesh Shrestha/LI-BIRD Design and Layout : Dilip Kumar Maharjan/WPS Cover Photos : Oxfam (top), Ronnie Vernooy (1 and 3 from bottom left) Photos : LI-BIRD photo bank, unless stated otherwise ISBN : 978-9937-8145-4-6 Participatns of the national workshop on community seed banks Table of Contents Acknowledgement vii General Introduction 1 Ronnie Vernooy, Pitambar Shrestha and Pashupati Chaudhary In the Hands of Many: A Review of Community Gene/ Seed Banks Around the World 3 Ronnie Vernooy Emerging Theory and Practice: Community Seed Banks, Seed System Resilience and Food Security 16 Bhuwon Sthapit A Brief Overview of Community Seed Bank Initiatives in Nepal 41 Bal Krishna Joshi Establishment and Present Status of Dalchoki Community Seed Bank in Lalitpur, Nepal 47 Bharat Bhandari, Mohan Hamal, Jitbal Rai, Dhurba Sapkota, Krishna Sangel, Bal Krishna Joshi and Pratap Shrestha Community Seed Banks: A Local Solution to Increase Access to Quality and Diversity of Seeds 61 Pitambar Shrestha, Sajal Sthapit and Indra Paudel Agrobiodiversity Resource Centre: The Cooperative Managed Community Seed Bank of Ranibas, Sindhuli 76 Dinesh Shrestha, Yadav Khanal, Mohan Khatiwada and Ram Prasad Baral The Story of Establishment and Management of a Community Seed Bank in Kachorwa Village of Bara District in Central Terai Nepal 87 Ramekwal Yadav Oxfam’s Experiences with Supporting Community Seed Banks to Enhance Local Seed Security 94 Sudha Khadka, Safal A. Subba, Mahendra N. Mahato, Raj K. Adhikari and Heema Khadka Policies and Procedures for Implementing Community Seed Banks in Nepal 101 Suroj Pokhrel and Priyambada Joshi The Story of Establishment and Management of the Sindhu Community Seed Bank in Thumpakhar Village of Sindhupalchok District 112 D.B. Bhandari The National Genebank, the Multilateral System and Community Seed Banks for the Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Genetic Resources in Nepal 120 Madan R. Bhatta, Bal K. Joshi and Devendra Gauchan Banking Seeds by Smallholders in Nepal: Workshop Synthesis 130 Pashupati Chaudhary Appendix National Workshop on Community Seed Banks: Workshop Summary Report 141 Workshop participants 149 Acknowledgement This publication is an output of a national workshop co-organized by organizations directly involved in supporting and facilitating the process of establishing and strengthening community seed banks in Nepal. We are thankful to Dr. Ram Bahadur Rana, Technical Advisor of LI-BIRD and Dr. Bhuwon Sthapit, In situ Conservation Specialist of Bioversity International, for initiating the preliminary discussion and developing consensus among the workshop organizers. The workshop was hosted by LI-BIRD in association with USC Canada Asia, Pokhara, Nepal, Oxfam Nepal, Kathmandu and Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Partial funding for the workshop and publication was provided by the Community-based Biodiversity Management South Asia programme of LI-BIRD, supported by the Development Fund of Norway, the Neglected and Under-utilized Species project supported by the International Fund for Agriculture Development through Bioversity International, and by the Strengthening capacities to implement the ITPGRFA project, also through Bioversity International. We gratefully acknowledge financial as well as technical support provided by these organizations. We express our sincere thanks to all authors, coauthors and contributors of the chapters. We are thankful to all the presenters and participants from government organizations, non- governmental organizations and farming communities. We extend our thanks to all the collaborating farmers and groups who are involved in managing community seed banks in Nepal and around the world. Finally, we are thankful to Pratima Rana, LI-BIRD, for publication assistance, Mahesh Shrestha, LI-BIRD, for design and layout, and Claire Willey for language editing. The Editors vii Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future General Introduction RONNIE VERNOOY, PITAMBAR SHRESTHA AND PASHUPATI CHAUDHARY Community gene and seed banks have a history of about 30 years. They emerged in different parts of the world in response to concerns about the loss of agricultural biological diversity, the total loss of seeds caused by natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes, the impact of climate change, declining access to quality seeds, and demand from farmers to participate in locally driven biodiversity management strategies. They can be found around the world under different names, and are diverse in terms of size, form and function. Some countries, including Nepal, have more than one hundred community gene and seed banks at present time. Other countries have only a few nascent ones, such as Bhutan, Burkina Faso, China, Guatemala, Rwanda and Uganda. Although in different countries they are known by different names, e.g., seed wealth centre, community seed reserve and seed exchange network, all community seed banks have in common that they are maintaining varieties of seeds for local use in farming systems for the direct benefit of a “community.” Community in this sense often has a specific geographic delimitation, such as ward, village, hamlet or district, but sometimes encompasses a much broader geographical area. Community seed banks can best be seen as examples of local level institutions created to address issues of seed conservation, particularly of farmer varieties, and in more recent years, also of seed selection, production, improvement and marketing. In addition, community seed banks have the potential to pool resources in the face of climate calamities through sharing of accessions among community seed banks at the regional or national level as well as between community seed banks and national and international genebanks. Some organizations, including Bioversity International, have started to explore this potential. In Nepal, community seed banks have a long and rich history. Supported in particular by a number of non-government organizations and more recently, also by government agencies, they can now be found across the country from the terai to the high hill areas and from east to west. The latest account puts the number of active community seed banks at 115 (June 2012). However, detailed documentation of activities and results is not always available and is subject to change as time passes. Exchanges among staff of organizations working with community seed banks revealed that there is a poor common understanding about community seed banks in terms of definition, goals, functions, approaches, and forms of governance among practitioners and among members of community seed banks. In different parts of the country, the practices followed by different organizations vary significantly. One of the consequences has been difficulty developing a national strategy to strengthen community seed banks. In light of these challenges, LI-BIRD, together with national and international partners, organized a two-day national workshop in Pokhara, Nepal in June 2012. The workshop brought together 40 participants representing farmers, researchers, community seed 1 Community Seed Banks in Nepal: Past, Present, Future bank practitioners, extension workers and national and international policy makers. The objective of the workshop, which, as far as we know, was the first national workshop of its kind anywhere in the world, was to seek answers to the following questions: y How do we define a community seed bank? y What are the key components, main characteristics, principles, approaches and working modalities of community seed banks? y Can a useful typology be developed to bring consistency in understanding and practice? y What policies are required to promote and sustain the role of farmers as custodians of agricultural biodiversity? y What are key challenges and opportunities of community seed banks? y How can community seed banks contribute to national and international biodiversity conservation strategies? y What policy and practices are needed to make community seed banks sustainable in conserving and maintaining agricultural biodiversity? These proceedings bring together knowledge of the contributions of community