Evaluating and Mitigating Introduction of Marine Non-Native Species Via Vessel Biofouling
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Marine Biofilms on Different Fouling Control Coating Types 3 Reveal Differences in Microbial Community Composition and 4 Abundance 5 6 Maria Papadatou 1 | Samuel C
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.11.443447; this version posted May 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2 Marine biofilms on different fouling control coating types 3 reveal differences in microbial community composition and 4 abundance 5 6 Maria Papadatou 1 | Samuel C. Robson 2,3 | Sergey Dobretsov 4,5 | Joy E.M. Watts 1,3 | Jennifer Longyear 6 | 7 Maria Salta 1 8 9 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 10 2 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 11 3 Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 12 4 Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman 13 5 Centre of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman 14 6 AkzoNobel/ International Paint Ltd, Felling, Gateshead, UK 15 16 Correspondence: Maria Salta, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK. Email: [email protected] 17 Funding Information: University of Portsmouth: 35030/SC00049BIOL 18 19 Abstract 20 Marine biofouling imposes serious environmental and economic impacts on marine applications, especially in 21 the shipping industry. To combat biofouling, protective coatings are applied on vessel hulls which are divided 22 into two major groups: biocidal and non-toxic fouling-release. The aim of the current study was to explore the 23 effect of coating type on microbial biofilm community profiles to better understand the differences between 24 the communities developed on fouling control biocidal antifouling and biocidal-free coatings. -
Success of Seeding Native Compared with Introduced Perennial Vegetation for Revegetating Medusahead-Invaded Sagebrush Rangeland
Success of Seeding Native Compared with Introduced Perennial Vegetation for Revegetating Medusahead-Invaded Sagebrush Rangeland Davies, K. W., Boyd, C. S., Johnson, D. D., Nafus, A. M., & Madsen, M. D. (2015). Success of seeding native compared with introduced perennial vegetation for revegetating medusahead-invaded sagebrush rangeland. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 68(3), 224-230. doi:10.1016/j.rama.2015.03.004 0.1016/j.rama.2015.03.004 Elsevier Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Rangeland Ecology & Management 68 (2015) 224–230 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Rangeland Ecology & Management journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rama Success of Seeding Native Compared with Introduced Perennial Vegetation for Revegetating Medusahead-Invaded Sagebrush Rangeland☆,☆☆ K.W. Davies a,⁎,C.S.Boyda,D.D.Johnsonb,A.M.Nafusc,M.D.Madsend a Rangeland Scientists, USDA—Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA 1 b Associate Professor, Oregon State University, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA c Research Associate, Oregon State University, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA d Ecologist, USDA—Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA 1 article info abstract Article history: Millions of hectares of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis Beetle Received 16 October 2014 &Young) rangeland have been invaded by medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski), an exot- Accepted 2 March 2015 ic annual grass that degrades wildlife habitat, reduces forage production, and decreases biodiversity. Reveg- etation of medusahead-invaded sagebrush plant communities is necessary to restore ecosystem services. -
Guide to Native Plants
- AA GUIDEGUIDE TOTO THETHE NATIVENATIVE PLANTS,PLANTS, NATURALNATURAL PLANTPLANT COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES ANDAND THETHE EXOTICEXOTIC ANDAND INVASIVEINVASIVE SPECIESSPECIES OFOF EASTEAST HAMPTONHAMPTON TOWNTOWN EAST HAMPTON TOWN Natural Resources Department TableTable ofof Contents:Contents: Spotted Beebalm (Monarda punctata) Narrative: Pages 1-17 Quick Reference Max Clearing Table: Page 18 Map: East Hampton Native Plant Habitats Map TABS: East Hampton Plant Habitats (1-12); Wetlands flora (13-15): 1. Outer Dunes Plant Spacing 2. Bay Bluffs 3. Amagansett Inner Dunes (AID) 4. Tidal Marsh (TM) Table: A 5. Montauk Mesic Forest (MMF) 6. Montauk Moorland (MM) guideline for the 7. North of Moraine Coastal Deciduous (NMCD) 8. Morainal Deciduous (MD) 9. Pine Barrens or Pitch Pine Oak Forest (PB) (PPO) number of 10. Montauk Grasslands (MG) 11. Northwest Woods (NWW) plants needed 12. Old Fields 13. Freshwater Wetlands 14. Brackish Wetlands and Buffer for an area: 15. East Hampton Wetland Flora by Type Page 19 Native Plants-Resistance to Deer Damage: Pages 20-21 Local Native Plant Landscapers, Arborists, Native Plant Growers and Suppliers: Pages 22-23 Exotic and Invasive Species: Pages 24-33 Native Wildflower Pictures: Pages 34-45 Samdplain Gerardia (Agalinas acuta) Introduction to our native landscape What is a native plant? Native plants are plants that are indigenous to a particular area or region. In North America we are referring to the flora that existed in an area or region before European settlement. Native plants occur within specific plant communities that vary in species composition depending on the habitat in which they are found. A few examples of habitats are tidal wetlands, woodlands, meadows and dunelands. -
I Biofouling in Salmon Aquaculture
Biofouling in Salmon Aquaculture: the effectiveness of alternative netting materials and coatings in coastal British Columbia by Courtney D. Edwards BSc. University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Geography © Courtney D. Edwards, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. i Biofouling in Salmon Aquaculture: the effectiveness of alternative netting materials and coatings in coastal British Columbia by Courtney D. Edwards BSc. University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Co-Supervisor Dr. S.F. Cross (Department of Geography) Co-Supervisor Dr. M. Flaherty (Department of Geography) ii Supervisory Committee Co-Supervisor Dr. S.F. Cross (Department of Geography) Co-Supervisor Dr. M. Flaherty (Department of Geography) Abstract Biofouling in salmon aquaculture is an important issue. The use of copper based antifoulants contributes to marine pollution and managing biofouling on untreated nets incurs a heavy cost on the industry. What is needed is an antifoulant coating that balances the needs of the industry with good environmental practices. This study describes the effectiveness of seven alternative netting treatments and two copper based treatments as compared to an untreated nylon net. Effectiveness was measured in terms of percent net occlusion, percent cover of major fouling groups and biomass. Following eight months immersion, results show that the alternative treatments did not out-perform the untreated nylon control, and that the two copper treatments significantly outperformed the control and all of the alternative treatments tested in this study. -
Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary
Glossary andChapter Acronyms 1 ©Kevin Fleming ©Kevin Horseshoe crab eggs Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary 40% Migratory Bird “If a refuge, or portion thereof, has been designated, acquired, reserved, or set Hunting Rule: apart as an inviolate sanctuary, we may only allow hunting of migratory game birds on no more than 40 percent of that refuge, or portion, at any one time unless we find that taking of any such species in more than 40 percent of such area would be beneficial to the species (16 U.S.C. 668dd(d)(1)(A), National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act; 16 U.S.C. 703-712, Migratory Bird Treaty Act; and 16 U.S.C. 715a-715r, Migratory Bird Conservation Act). Abiotic: Not biotic; often referring to the nonliving components of the ecosystem such as water, rocks, and mineral soil. Access: Reasonable availability of and opportunity to participate in quality wildlife- dependent recreation. Accessibility: The state or quality of being easily approached or entered, particularly as it relates to complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Accessible facilities: Structures accessible for most people with disabilities without assistance; facilities that meet Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards; Americans with Disabilities Act-accessible. [E.g., parking lots, trails, pathways, ramps, picnic and camping areas, restrooms, boating facilities (docks, piers, gangways), fishing facilities, playgrounds, amphitheaters, exhibits, audiovisual programs, and wayside sites.] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetycholine to choline and acetate. Acetylcholinesterase is secreted by nerve cells at synapses and by muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions. Organophosphorus insecticides act as anti- acetyl cholinesterases by inhibiting the action of cholinesterase thereby causing neurological damage in organisms. -
Monitoring of Biofouling Communities in a Portuguese Port Using a Combined Morphological and Metabarcoding Approach Joana Azevedo 1,2,3, Jorge T
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Monitoring of biofouling communities in a Portuguese port using a combined morphological and metabarcoding approach Joana Azevedo 1,2,3, Jorge T. Antunes1,2,3, André M. Machado 1, Vitor Vasconcelos1,2, Pedro N. Leão 1* & Elsa Froufe 1* Marine biofouling remains an unsolved problem with a serious economic impact on several marine associated industries and constitutes a major vector for the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS). The implementation of biofouling monitoring programs allows for better fouling management and also for the early identifcation of NIS. However, few monitoring studies have used recent methods, such as metabarcoding, that can signifcantly enhance the detection of those species. Here, we employed monthly monitoring of biofouling growth on stainless steel plates in the Atlantic Port of Leixões (Northern Portugal), over one year to test the efect of commercial anti-corrosion paint in the communities. Fouling organisms were identifed by combining morpho-taxonomy identifcation with community DNA metabarcoding using multiple markers (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and COI genes). The dominant colonizers found at this location were hard foulers, namely barnacles and mussels, while other groups of organisms such as cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians were also abundant. Regarding the temporal dynamics of the fouling communities, there was a progressive increase in the colonization of cyanobacteria, green algae, and red algae during the sampled period with the replacement of less abundant groups. The tested anticorrosion paint demonstrated to have a signifcant prevention efect against the biofouling community resulting in a biomass reduction. Our study also reports, for the frst time, 29 NIS in this port, substantiating the need for the implementation of recurring biofouling monitoring programs in ports and harbours. -
Harmful Fouling Communities on Fish Farms in the SW Mediterranean Sea: Composition, Growth and Reproductive Periods
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Harmful Fouling Communities on Fish Farms in the SW Mediterranean Sea: Composition, Growth and Reproductive Periods 1, 2 3 2, Mar Bosch-Belmar * , Agnés Escurriola , Giacomo Milisenda , Verónica L. Fuentes y and 1,4, , Stefano Piraino * y 1 Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain 3 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 90142 Palermo, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.B.-B.); [email protected] (S.P.) S.P. and V.L.F. are joint senior authors. y Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 22 August 2019; Published: 24 August 2019 Abstract: Biological fouling organisms on fish cages represent a major issue and costly factor in marine finfish aquaculture. Cnidarians have been identified as one of the most problematical groups, contributing significantly to the occlusion and structural stress of the cage nets, but also dramatically affecting farmed species health in aquaculture facilities worldwide. Recently, significant relationships were established in different Spanish aquaculture facilities between hydrozoans and juvenile fish affected by gill injuries and mortality episodes. Community composition, growth rate and reproductive potential of biofouling were monitored on fish cages over two seasonal periods of fry cages farming, located in southern Spain (SW Alboran Sea), with a special focus on cnidarians. Biomass and community composition of biofouling changed with time and between studied periods, with a marked seasonality in colonization periods and taxonomic composition, particularly for the colonial hydrozoans. -
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes and Diseases
Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes and Diseases The threat category ‘invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases’ (IUCN 8) includes both native and non-native plants, animals, pathogens, microbes, and genetic materials that have or are predicted to have harmful effects on biodiversity following their introduction, spread and/or increase in abundance. This definition encompasses a broad array of organisms, and the types of impacts to native species and habitats are equally variable. It includes invasive species that were not present in New Hampshire prior to European settlement, and have been directly or indirectly introduced and spread into the state by human activities. A variety of wildlife species are vulnerable to increased predation from both native and non-native animals. Many species are also affected by diseases and parasites, including white-nose syndrome in bats, fungal pathogens in reptiles, and ticks and nematodes in moose. Native and non-native insects act as forest pests, damaging or killing native tree species and causing significant changes to wildlife habitats. Native tree species can also be affected by non-native fungal pathogens. Invasive plants can compete with native species for nutrients, water and light, and can change the physical environment by altering soil chemistry. Risk Assessment Summary Invasive species affect all 24 habitats and 106 SGCN. This is second only to pollution in the number of species affected. The majority of threat assessment scores were ranked as low (n=116, 51%), followed by moderate (n = 83, 37%) and high (n = 26, 12%). Only the moderate and high-ranking threats are summarized for each category in Table 4-17. -
Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services
13 Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services Heather Charles and Jeffrey S. Dukes 13.1 Introduction The impacts of invasive species on ecosystem services have attracted world- wide attention. Despite the overwhelming evidence of these impacts and a growing appreciation for ecosystem services, however, researchers and poli- cymakers rarely directly address the connection between invasions and ecosystem services. Various attempts have been made to address the ecosys- tem processes that are affected by invasive species (e.g., Levine et al. 2003; Dukes and Mooney 2004), but the links between these mechanisms and ecosystem services are largely lacking in the literature. Assessments of the economic impacts of invasive species cover costs beyond those associated with ecosystem services (e.g., control costs), and generally do not differentiate by ecosystem service type. Additionally, while advances have been made in quantifying non-market-based ecosystem services, their loss or alteration by invasive species is often overlooked or underappreciated. Ecos ystem services are the benefits provided to human society by natural ecosystems, or more broadly put, the ecosystem processes by which human life is maintained. The concept of ecosystem services is not new, and there have been multiple attempts to list and/or categorize these services, especially as the existence of additional services has been recognized (e.g., Daily 1997; NRC 2005). For the purposes of this chapter, we address ecosystem services in the framework put forward by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). The services we list are primarily those enumerated in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), with minimal variation in wording, and inclu- sion of several additional services not explicitly stated in this assessment. -
Dune Ecology: Secondary Dunes and Beyond
Dune Ecology: Secondary Dunes and Beyond Secondary Dunes and Dune Swales Behind the first or primary dune in natural areas are panicgrass, pin-sedge (Carex grayii) , lichens (Cladonia usually a series of additional or secondary dunes. In spp.) (Hosier 2003), the occasional low-growing beach most coastal areas this and the nearby landward plum or baybush, and Eastern prickly pear cactus communities have been lost to human developments (Opuntia humifussa). such as boardwalks, homes, and roads. However, in the few remaining undeveloped areas, such as northern Little bluestem is a clump-forming grass found in a Sandy Hook, Island Beach State Park, Edwin B. number of habitats, including dunes. It produces Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge, North Brigantine abundant seeds that are an important food source for Natural Area, Stone Harbor Point, and Cape May songbirds, and its leaves form cover for ground birds National Wildlife Refuge, this zone is home to a wide and small mammals (Tober and Jensen 2013). Coastal variety of communities. Secondary dunes that are panicgrass is a tall grass species that only grows once relatively close to the dune front tend to have similar the sand has been stabilized by American beachgrass or vegetation to other species. Once established, it creates a fibrous root Sand spurge the primary system that further stabilizes the dune (USDA 2006b). dunes, e only cactus species native to New Jersey, the although the Eastern prickly pear, has virtually no leaves. Instead its beach grass stems are swollen into flat, green, fleshy pads that tends to be allow this plant to be extremely drought resistant. -
Science Priorities for Reducing the Threat of Invasive Species to Sustainable Forestry Elizabeth A
USDA Forest Service { National Agroforestry Center USDA Forest Service / UNL Faculty Publications University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 2005 Science Priorities for Reducing the Threat of Invasive Species to Sustainable Forestry Elizabeth A. Chornesky Ann M. Bartuska, US Department of Agriculture Gregory H. Aplet, Wilderness Society Kerry O. Britton, USDA Forest Service Jane Cummings-Carlson, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Frank W. Davis, University of California Jessica Eskow, International Paper Doria R. Gordon, University of Florida Kurt W. Gottschalk, USDA Forest Service Robert A. Haack, USDA Forest Service Andrew J. Hansen, ofMontana State University Richard N. Mack, Washington State University Frank J. Rahel, University of Wyoming Margaret A. Shannon, State University of New York Lisa A. Wainger, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science T. Bently Wigley, National Council for Air and Stream Improve- ment, Inc. This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdafsfacpub/86 Articles Science Priorities for Reducing the Threat of Invasive Species to Sustainable Forestry ELIZABETH A. CHORNESKY, ANN M. BARTUSKA, GREGORY H. APLET, KERRY O. BRITTON, JANE CUMMINGS- CARLSON, FRANK W. DAVIS, JESSICA ESKOW, DORIA R. GORDON, KURT W. GOTTSCHALK, ROBERT A. HAACK, ANDREW J. HANSEN, RICHARD N. MACK, FRANK J. RAHEL, MARGARET A. SHANNON, LISA A. WAINGER, AND T. BENTLY WIGLEY Invasive species pose a major, yet poorly addressed, threat to sustainable forestry. Here we set -
Invasive Species Management Environmental Assessment
United States Department of Agriculture Invasive Species Management Environmental Assessment Forest Service MAY 2011 Shawnee National Forest Alexander, Gallatin, Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Saline, Union and Williamson Counties, Illinois Responsible Official: Hurston A. Nicholas, Forest Supervisor Contact Person: Matthew Lechner, Natural Resources Program Manager Shawnee National Forest Supervisor’s Office 50 Highway 145 South, Harrisburg, IL 62946 (618) 253-7114, Fax (618) 253-1060 [email protected] This document and supporting documents can be found on our website: http://fs.usda.gov/goto/shawnee 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Purpose of and Need for Proposed Action ........................................ 3 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose of and Need for Action ....................................................................................................... 6 Proposed Action ............................................................................................................................... 6 Decision Framework ........................................................................................................................ 7 Public Involvement ........................................................................................................................... 7 Issues .............................................................................................................................................