Engineered Transparency Glass in Architecture and Structural Engineering

Wood Auditorium, Avery Hall GSAPP, Columbia University

September 26, 27 + 28, 2007

Convened by Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), Columbia University

Mark Wigley, Dean

Michael Bell, Professor, Conference Chair

Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University

Christian Meyer, Chair and Professor

Institute of Building Construction, Technische Universität Dresden

Bernhard Weller, Director and Professor

The conference will be accompanied by the exhibition Through Glass Curated by Rosana Rubio-Hernandez On display in Avery Hall, 200 level September 24 — October 12 After its role in the last century’s call to a radical new architecture and urban life, glass architecture is today more ubiquitous than ever. A highly engineered product, glass has emerged in a new light as an apparently culturally accepted material in design and construction. Its new incarnation, however, reveals a virtually new product replacing the glass used even twenty years ago. The innovations are observable and have direct use. Offering new modes of visual pleasure and spatial experience to building occupants—glass has also been the beneficiary of major advances in engineering that are decidedly less visible—structural innovations, new control and design engineering at the level of optics, thermal properties, and expanded fabrication limits as well as installation methods have quietly reconfigured the extent and reach of glass applications. We are so continually surrounded by such discretely functioning glass that we do not even see it. This interdisciplinary conference aims to bring an ordinarily extraordinary material back before our eyes.

 Wednesday September 26

6:30–8:00 PM

Welcoming Remarks and Introduction Mark Wigley Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University

Welcoming Remarks from Oldcastle Glass

Keynote Lecture Kazuyo Sejima Architect, SANAA, Tokyo THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 27

10:00–10:30 AM 10:30 AM–12:00 PM 12:00–1:30 PM 1:30–3:00 PM 3:15–5:00 PM 5:00–6:00 PM

Introductions Is Glass Still Glass? Break Connections: Visual and Mechanical Glass at the Limits The Near and Far Futures of Glass Mark Wigley Moderator: Michael Bell Moderator: Kenneth Frampton Moderator: Antoine Picon Moderator: Mark Wigley Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Ware Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Professor of the History of Architecture Dean, GSAPP, Columbia University Michael Bell Columbia University Columbia University and Technology, Graduate School of Design, Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Harvard University The technical limits of glass seem to have Columbia University In its early 20th-century appearances, Evolutions in the fabrication of glass and reached a new plateau: is it still possible Christian Meyer glass architecture—in designs by Walter its mechanical components—framing In an era of ubiquitous and inexpensive to consider glass architecture a frontier Chair and Professor, Gropius or Mies van der Rohe, or writings systems, gaskets, adhesives, sealants, as global communications and increasingly project for the new generation of architects Department of Civil Engineering by Paul Scheerbart—was both fact and well as assembly procedures and poten- expensive energy costs, what are the and engineers? Or do its ultimate material and Engineering Mechanics, metaphor. A signal of cultural and material tials—have re-written the curtain wall and critical implications for glass in building over limits; in bending, stress and strain, cost, Columbia University production in major upheaval, it promised its application in building. In the course the next decade? Will energy issues force energy loss, modularity, and seeming stand- Bernhard Weller a new if not radically altered interior world of doing so there has been a steadily a major change in transparent architecture? ardization require a new mode of seeing Director and Professor, and a new relation to production. revised but open-ended discussion about Have concepts of transparency, so fully glass architecture as inevitably embedded Institute of Building Construction, Does glass architecture still signify the cultural aspects of the transparent embedded in architectural theory and in a new stratum of capital-intensive and Techische Universität Dresden cultural transition; do the depth of engineer- building. What are the new connections history, been dislocated to new modes ubiquitous building materials? Is glass now ing and the control of risk in new work in glass architecture—both visual and of transparency? Have newly mobilized a fully conventional material? reduce or enlarge the cultural project of mechanical—that have allowed this new forms of mathematics unlocked programs How have the roles material plays in glass today? Is glass still glass? reach for architecture and how do they of information transparency, self-generated design changed and to what extent can Typically associated with either the affect your work? and navigated forms of media, new forms we consider any material extraordinary architectural innovations of the 1920s of community made architectural trans- today, when we extended the capability or the recent technical and decidedly James Carpenter parency. Does architecture have a chance to engineer material performance and to global innovations tied to energy is- Architect, James Carpenter Design to affect these conditions? reduce risk? sues, new coatings, and new adhesion Associates, What are the new limits of glass—as techniques, glass architecture has—like Guy Nordenson technical instrument or social and Steven Holl many aspects of high-end, capital-in- Professor of Structural Engineering, political metaphor? Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, tensive building products—ceased to School of Architecture, Columbia University be as anything less than inevitable. New Princeton University Beatriz Colomina Werner Sobek work in architecture and engineering is François Roche Professor, School of Architecture, Engineer, Werner Sobek Engineering by now seemingly expected to conflate Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Princeton University and Design, aesthetic aims with engineering goals. Columbia University Elizabeth Diller Professor of Architecture, Has the very understanding of glass Architect, R&Sie(n), Paris Architect, Diller, Scofidio + Renfro, changed from a politically radical material Hans Schober New York to a financially conventional building Engineer, Shlaich Bergermann Matthias Schuler Reception product? and Partner, Stuttgart Engineer, TRANSSOLAR, Stuttgart Bernhard Weller Roberto Bicchiarelli Director and Professor, Executive Vice President, Permasteelisa Institute of Building Construction, Cladding Technologies, LP Technische Universität Dresden Laurie Hawkinson Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Columbia University Reinhold Martin Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Columbia University Detlef Mertins Professor and Chair, Department of Architecture, University of Pennsylvania

  FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 28

9:30–11:00 AM 11:15 AM–12:30 PM 12:30 PM–2:00 PM 2:00–3:15 PM 3:30–5:00 PM

Structural Glass, Structure and Glass Optics and Climate Engineering Break New Materials/Conversion of Light Security, Safety, and Blast Loading would have us re-write glass as an act of Moderator: Richard L. Tomasetti Moderator: Joan Ockman Moderator: Scott Marble Moderator: Michael Bell securing stability rather than up-ending it. Engineer, Thornton Tomasetti, Inc., Director, Temple Hoyne Buell Center for Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, What are the new means of increas- New York the Study of American Architecture at Columbia University Columbia University ing—or sustaining—glass applications in GSAPP, Columbia University security situations? How do we evaluate Conventional goals for installation of glass During the early 1990s a shift in direction Moderator: Christian Meyer these in the context of the historical have isolated and maintained the brittle The economic impact of recent environ- occurred in architectural design that Chair and Professor, Department of Civil themes of glass as brittle and indeed material in conditions that assure minimal mental energy savings laws has usually began to place greater emphasis on Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, fragile? intrusion of stress and strain. Today, new been understood for overt if not linear the performance capabilities of building Columbia University means of testing and modeling loading, decreases in energy consumption. Yet the materials—indeed the performance capa- Albrecht Burmeister and of verifying the effects of the be- emergence of a new standard of climate bilities of architecture in its widest sense. Impact loadings have been a concern of Engineer, DELTA-X, Stuttgart havior of integral systems on each other engineering also has produced architec- Decades of academic work that relied the engineering community for decades, H. Scott Norville have allowed more dynamic interaction of tures that are efficient but not decidedly on theories of meaning often taken from in particular in those geographic regions Professor and Chair, Department of comprehensive ensembles of structure, driven to reducing consumption so much linguistic criticism have been increasingly that regularly experience hurricanes and Civil and Environmental Engineering, glass, and framing systems. This panel as allowing for a new type of architectural displaced as the dominant method in tornadoes. Blast loadings were added Texas Tech University examines the role of structural engineer- experience. both architectural education and building to the set of loads on a large scale with Robert Smilowitz ing in glass architecture and in particular Glass architecture has been the design. As an overall catch phrase, “new the first attacks on U.S. embassies Engineer, Applied Sciences Division, new means of testing and projecting the recipient of many of these engineering materials” has indicated a wide range of abroad, without really entering the public Weidlinger Associates, New York behavior of systems. advances and its visual qualities regis- meanings, but in general it has indicated consciousness, because those attacks ter against and sustain a history of early materials that will by their very nature happened at a distance. Today, all land- Closing Remarks Ulrich Knaak glass projects. But the visual aspects of change what we design—and possibly for mark and important structures need to be Professor of Architecture, Technical glass have also been transferred from the whom we design. re-engineered under a new set of design University, Delft experience of the user to a wider ex- What are potentialities that lie within criteria. How do these new demands Nina Rappaport amination of material performance. The the term “new materials” for glass ap- affect the glass installations as defined in Publications Director, School of Architec- optic project is one of discrete examina- plications today? How are new glass earlier sessions of this conference? How ture, Yale University tion and calculation of a finer gradient of materials re-writing what we do with does the engineering community respond Jens Schneider affects. A finer visualization of the prop- glass and for whom we work? to this challenge? Professor of Engineering, University of erties of glass as material and what these no realm of technical research outside Applied Sciences, properties can allow architecturally raises Graham Dodd of blast loading and security in glass the expectations for climate engineer- Engineer, ARUP, applications seems so at odds with what ing, building design, and ultimately for Susanne Rexroth we have historically expected of glass energy studies in architectural design. Researcher, Institute of Building architecture. A construction possessed Construction, Technische Universität of a delicacy supplied by transparency— Michelle Addington Dresden essentially fragile even as it has often Associate Professor, Thomas Richardson been presented as anything but, in terms School of Architecture, Yale University Material scientist, Lawrence Berkeley of social or political effect—glass archi- Robert Heintges National Laboratory, tecture has routinely been understood Professor of Architecture, GSAPP, University of California, Berkeley as causing a re-evaluation of social or Columbia University Stefan Röschert political hegemony. This tenuous quality Wilfried Laufs Architect, Diller Scofidio + Renfro has been a metaphor for the breaking Engineer, Werner Sobek, New York of social relations within which the work Toshihiro Oki situates itself. Architect, SANAA, Tokyo yet blast loading and security issues suggest that the limits we have placed on glass to sustain impact have been ex- panded—and indeed glass architecture’s continued presence, even acceleration in contested sites in an era of security risks

10 11

MICHELLE ADDINGTON Chang and Steven Holl, of the urbanism ALBRECHT BURMEISTER the author of Domesticity at War (ACTAR projects for ARUP. His early experience ROBERT HEINTGES journal 32. Bell has taught at the and MIT Press, 2007), Doble exposición: with varied industries has resulted in An Associate Professor at Yale University of California, Berkeley; Rice Since 1988, Albrecht Burmeister has Arquitectura a través del arte (Akal, knowledge of a wide range of materials, Robert Heintges is principal of Heintges University’s School of Architecture, University; and Harvard University’s been a partner and Managing Director of 2006), and Privacy and Publicity: Modern manufacturing, and product-design & Associates, an international consulting Michelle Addington also taught at Graduate School of Design. In 2000–02 DELTA-X GmbH, an engineering firm Architecture as Mass Media (MIT Press, processes. Dodd has worked in the field firm that provides a wide range of Harvard University for ten years and he led a team of architects to provide based in Stuttgart, that 1994), and the editor of Architecture of glass structures and design since services to architects and building before that at Temple University and research, planning, and design for 2,100 specializes in lightweight steel struc- Production (Princeton Architectural 1988. owners for the design and implementa- Philadelphia University. Her background units of housing on a 100-acre parcel of tures, structural glazing, structural Press [PAP], 1988), Sexuality and Space tion of curtain walls, cladding, and includes work at NASA/Goddard Space oceanfront land owned by the city of New dynamics, and the use of finite element (PAP, 1992), and Cold War Hot Houses: specialty glazing. Since its inception in Flight Center, where she developed York. The work was funded to assist in the method (FEM) in the engineering design Inventing Postwar Culture from Cockpit KENNETH FRAMPTON 1989, the firm has consulted on more structural data for composite materials city’s future planning and development process. He previously worked on bridge to Playboy (PAP, 2004). Colomina has than 30 million square feet of facades and designed components for unmanned goals. Bell also founded “16 Houses,” a projects at the Ed. Züblin AG headquar- organized the exhibition Clip/Stamp/Fold: Kenneth Frampton is the Ware Professor throughout the world, including many spacecraft. Addington subsequently low-income housing design program in ters and as a scientific assistant at the The Radical Architecture of Little of Architecture at the Graduate School of high-profile and award-winning projects. spent a decade as a process-design and Houston, Texas. Bell’s recently completed Institute of Structural Mechanics at the Magazines 196X-197X at the Architecture, Planning and Preservation Heintges is also an Adjunct Professor at power-plant engineer as well as a Binocular House will be included in University of Stuttgart, from which he Storefront for Art and Architecture in at Columbia University. He trained as an the Graduate School of Architecture manufacturing supervisor at DuPont, and Kenneth Frampton’s Rizzoli publication received a civil engineering degree. His New York and the Canadian Centre for architect at the Architectural Association Planning and Preservation at Columbia after studying architecture, she was an American Masterworks. dissertation was awarded the Professor- Architecture in Montreal. The exhibition School of Architecture, London, and has University, where he has taught since architectural associate at a firm based in Fritz-Peter-Müller-Foundation Prize in will travel to several cities in the United worked as an architect and architectural 1990. He currently teaches an advanced Philadelphia. She conducts research on 1987 by the University of Karlsruhe (TH), States, Europe, and Asia, starting with historian and critic in England, Israel, and seminar and technical studio on the discrete systems and technology ROBERTO BICCHIARELLI where he is an Assistant Professor of Documenta 12 and the Architectural the United States. He is the author of curtain wall. transfer and serves as an adviser on structural dynamics. He is also on the Association in London. Colomina is such distinguished books as Modern energy and sustainability for many Roberto Bicchiarelli is Executive Vice engineering faculty of the University of currently working on her next research Architecture: a Critical History (1980), organizations, including the Department President of Permasteelisa Cladding Applied Science, Rosenheim. Burmeister project, “X-Ray Architecture: Illness Modern Architecture and the Critical STEVEN HOLL of Energy and the AIA. Her writings on Technologies, LP, based in Windsor, is a member of the standardization as Metaphor.” Present (1980), Studies in Tectonic energy, environmental systems, lighting, Connecticut. Bicchiarelli oversees sales committee that oversees design and Culture (1995), American Masterworks Steven Holl has realized cultural, civic, and materials have appeared in many and estimating for the company—a application regulations for the use of (1995), Le Corbusier (2002), and Labor, university, and residential projects both in books and journals; she is a co-author, division of the worldwide Permasteelisa glass in buildings and civil engineering ELIZABETH DILLER Work and Architecture (2002). An the United States and internationally. In with Daniel Schodek, of Smart Materials Group—which specializes in the design, projects and directs the working group updated and expanded fourth edition of 1976 he founded Steven Holl Architects, and Technologies for the Architecture fabrication, and installation of facades for Bomb-Blast-Resistant Design Architect Elizabeth Diller is a principal in Modern Architecture: A Critical History which currently operates offices in New and Design Professions (Architectural monumental buildings, in particular, (Fachverband Konstruktiver Glasbau). the collaborative interdisciplinary design was released in the summer of 2007. York and Beijing. The firm has been Press, 2004). innovative curtain walls and metal studio Diller Scofidio + Renfro, based in recognized around the world with claddings. Among the firm’s projects in New York City. Among the firm’s current numerous awards and accolades, and its the United States and Europe are the JAMES CARPENTER projects are the Juilliard School, Alice LAURIE HAWKINSON work has been widely published and MICHAEL BELL headquarters of Goldman Sachs and the Tully Hall, and the School of American exhibited. In June 2007, Steven Holl Hearst Building, New York City; A leading architect in the development of Ballet, for Lincoln Center; a park situated Laurie Hawkinson is a partner of Smith- Architects opened the highly acclaimed Michael Bell is a Professor at Columbia Connecticut Center for Science and new and emerging glass and material on the High Line, an obsolete railway Miller + Hawkinson Architects—a New Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (Kansas University’s Graduate School of Exploration, Hartford; Millennium Bridge, technologies, James Carpenter heads running through the Chelsea neighbor- York City-based architecture and urban City, Missouri). Currently under construc- Architecture, Planning and Preservation, ; and new terminals for the Rome James Carpenter Design Associates, hood; and the Kopp Townhouse, a private planning firm. The firm’s projects include tion are the Linked Hybrid mixed-use where he is Director of the Core Design Airport. As a graduate student in which has advanced architectural design residence in NoLIta. Diller Scofidio + the expansion of the Corning Museum of complex (Beijing, China), Nanjing Museum Studios. He is the founder of Michael Bell architecture at the University of Rome, by focusing on the integration of natural Renfro’s new building for the Boston Glass, Corning, New York; the Museum of of Art and Architecture (Nanjing, China), Architecture, based in New York City. His Bicchiarelli began working for one of the light into the structure and design of Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) Women’s History and the Wall Street Vanke Center (Shenzhen, China), Herning design work has been shown at The Permasteelisa Group’s Italian companies, large buildings. The firm specializes in opened in December 2006. Ferry Terminal at Pier 11, both in New Center of the Arts (Herning, Denmark), Museum of Modern Art, New York; the where he ultimately became a Director developing enclosure systems, glass York City; and the Outdoor Cinema and and facilities for New York University’s Venice Biennale; Yale University’s School and a Partner. Between 1995 and 1997 structures, skylights, and building skins Amphitheater at the North Carolina Department of Philosophy (New York of Architecture; the University Art he established and managed operations for major projects, which have included GRAHAM DODD Museum of Art in Raleigh. The firm was a City). Recent international design Museum, University of California, for his own company in Germany. After World Trade Center Tower 7, Time Warner finalist for the Olympic Village Design competitions won include the Cité du Berkeley; and Archi-Lab, . Bell has Permasteelisa Cladding Technologies had Jazz@Lincoln Center, and the new MTA As a mechanical and facade engineer at Competition sponsored by the NYC Surf et de l’Océan (Biarritz, France), Sail received four Progressive Architecture been created in 1998, Bicchiarelli joined Transit Center at Fulton Street, all in New ARUP, based in London, Graham Dodd 2012 Olympic Committee. Among its Hybrid (Knokke-Heist, Belgium), and Awards, and his work is included in the the operations in the United States to York City; as well as Gucci Tokyo. specializes in the design, manufacture, current projects are the U.S. Land Ports Meander (Helsinki, Finland). Holl studied collection of the San Francisco Museum contribute as a liaison between the and construction of structural glass and of Entry at Champlain and Massena, New architecture at the University of of Modern Art. Books by Bell, published Permasteelisa Group companies and the facade systems. He has led teams of York, for the General Services Washington, Seattle, and later in Rome, by The Monacelli Press, include 16 recently established U.S.-based office. In BEATRIZ COLOMINA facade engineers involved in all aspects Administration. Hawkinson is also a Italy, in 1970; in 1976 he undertook Houses: Designing the Public’s Private addition to giving lectures and presenta- of glazing design and contracting activity Professor of Architecture at Columbia post-graduate work at the Architectural House (2000), Michael Bell: Space tions, Bicchiarelli has led seminars for Beatriz Colomina is a Professor at the for projects in Europe, Asia, and North University’s Graduate School of Association in London. An accomplished Replaces Us: Essays and Projects on the architecture students at the University of School of Architecture and Founding America. His expertise has developed the Architecture, Planning and Preservation. author, he is also a Professor of City (2000), and Slow Space (1998). He Pennsylvania, University of Virginia, and Director of the Program in Media and firm’s knowledge of the structural use of Architecture at Columbia University’s is a founding editor, along with Yung Ho Georgia Tech University. Modernity at Princeton University. She is glass and Dodd has contributed his Graduate School of Architecture, specialist skills to numerous innovative Planning and Preservation.

14 15 ULRICH KNAACK 2005 and again in 2007, Marble Giedion and the Prehistory of Associate at the Princeton University H. SCOTT NORVILLE has edited, her award-winning book Fairbanks was selected as one of 24 Architectural Modernity (Princeton Center for Human Values. After studying Architecture Culture 1943–1968: A Ulrich Knaack completed his architec- firms to participate in the NYC University, 1996); “The Enticing and at MIT and the University of California, H. Scott Norville, a registered profes- Documentary Anthology, originally ture studies at RWTH Aachen. He went Department of Design and Construction’s Threatening Face of Prehistory: Walter Berkeley, he began his career as a sional engineer in the state of Texas, published in 1993, is in its fourth edition. on to lecture in structural design and Design Excellence Program and is Benjamin and the Utopia of Glass,” in draftsman in the joint studio of R. serves as Professor and Chair in the Her most recent publication is glass construction at the university, and currently working on several projects in Assemblage 29 (1996); “Walter Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi in Department of Civil and Environmental Architourism: Authentic, Exotic, in 2000 joined the architectural firm New York, including a new public library Benjamin and the Tectonic Unconscious,” Long Island City in 1976. Nordenson has Engineering at Texas Tech University, Escapist, Spectacular, which appeared RKW– Architektur und Städtebau, based for Queens. Marble Fairbanks: in ANY 14 (1996); and “Transparency: worked as a structural engineer in San which he joined in 1981. He received his in 2005. In 2003 she was honored by in Düsseldorf, where he was responsible Bootstrapping, featuring recent projects Autonomy and Relationality,” in AA Files Francisco and New York. He established BS Degree in Civil Engineering from the the American Institute of Architects for for the design and planning of numerous along with critical essays on the firm’s 32 (1997). He recently authored “Same the New York office of Ove Arup & University of Toledo in 1974, and MS and distinguished achievement. She holds a large-scale and fast-track projects. He work, was published in 2006 by the Difference,” in Foreign Office Architects, Partners in 1987 and was its director PhD degrees from Purdue University in professional degree in architecture from has taught at the University of Applied University of Michigan Press. Phylogenesis: FOA’s Arc (Actar, 2004); until 1997, when he began his own 1976 and 1981, respectively. Shortly the Cooper Union School of Sciences, Detmold, and in 2005 was “Bioconstructivism,” in Lars Spuybroek, practice, Guy Nordenson and Associates after arriving at Texas Tech, he began Architecture and formerly worked in the appointed Professor of Structural Design NOX: Machining Architecture (Thames & Structural Engineers, LLP. In 1993–94 conducting research on the strength of architectural offices of Richard Meier at the School of Architecture/TU REINHOLD MARTIN Hudson, 2004); and “Where Biology and he was a Loeb Fellow at Harvard architectural glass and its behavior under and Peter Eisenman. (Technical University) Delft. Knaack’s Architecture Meet,” in Interact or Die! University. In 2003 he was the first extreme loadings. In conjunction with his main areas of focus and research are Reinhold Martin is Associate Professor of (NAi, 2007). recipient of the new American Academy research, he spearheaded the use of facades, new materials, and industrial Architecture in the Graduate School of of Arts and Letters Academy Award in rational approaches in determining TOSHIHIRO OKI building methods. Architecture, Planning and Preservation Architecture for contributions to reasonable design load resistance values at Columbia University, where he directs CHRISTIAN MEYER architecture by a non-architect. He was for laminated architectural glass. Norville Toshihiro Oki is a licensed architect who the PhD program in Architecture, and the appointed Commissioner of the NYC Art serves currently as co-chair of ASTM worked in New York City for seven years WILLFRIED LAUFS MS program in Advanced Architectural Christian Meyer is Professor and Chair of Commission in 2006 by Mayor Michael Task Group E06.51.13 on glass strength, before joining the firm SANAA, in Tokyo, in Design. He is a founding co-editor of the the Department of Civil Engineering and Bloomberg and the NYC City Council, the chair of ASTM Task Group F12.15 on 2003. He is currently based in New York Wilfried Laufs studied structural journal Grey Room, a partner in the firm Engineering Mechanics at Columbia first engineer appointed since the Art blast-resistant glazing, and as a member for SANAA and oversaw the Toledo engineering and architecture at RWTH of Martin/Baxi Architects, and has University. His areas of research include Commission was established in 1898. of several other committees related to Museum of Art Glass Pavilion to Aachen, Germany, where he obtained a published widely on the history and analysis and design of concrete nordenson was the structural engineer glass design. He also consults on blast- completion in 2006. He is currently PhD in the field of steel-and-glass theory of modern and contemporary structures, concrete material science and for the Museum of Modern Art expansion resistant glazing design. Norville played working on the design for the New structures in 2000, and continued his architecture. Martin is the author of The technology, structural engineering, in New York, the Jubilee Church in Rome, an instrumental role in the formulation Museum of Contemporary Art in New research with grants in Lausanne, Organizational Complex: Architecture, earthquake engineering and structural dy- the Simmons Residence Hall at MIT in and implementation of the windborne York City, which is scheduled to be Barcelona, and London, before joining Media, and Corporate Space (MIT Press, namics, and computer analysis of Massachusetts, the Disneyland Parking debris impact standards currently in completed at the end of 2007. Oki Werner Sobek Engineering and Design in 2003) and co-author, with Kadambari structures. Meyer has consulted for Structure in California, the Santa Fe place for hurricane-prone regions. He is received a BArch degree from Carnegie Stuttgart to work on the Baxi, of Entropia (Black Dog, 2001) and organizations such as the California Opera House, and more than 100 other the author or co-author of numerous Mellon University. International Airport project in . Multi-National City: Architectural Department of Transportation; Stone and projects. Recently completed or current papers and reports addressing architec- Since 2005, as Executive Vice Itineraries (ACTAR: 2007). He is Webster Engineering Corp. in Boston; projects include The Nelson-Atkins tural glass strength and behavior as well President, he has headed the New York currently working on a book that re- Weidlinger Associates in New York, Auton Museum of Art in Kansas City, the New as blast-resistant glazing performance ANTOINE PICON City branch of the firm, Werner Sobek theorizes postmodernism. Computing Corp. in Edison, New Jersey; Museum of Contemporary Art in New and design. He is also a co-author of New York (WSNY), which focuses the U.S. Army Armament Research and York, the World Trade Center Memorial computer programs that facilitate Antoine Picon is Professor of the History primarily on glass in high-end facades Development Command in Dover, New Museum Slurry Wall bracing structure, architectural glass design, blast-resistant of Architecture and Technology at and landmark structures. DETLEF MERTINS Jersey; the New York City DEP; and the and five major pedestrian bridges in glazing design, and determination of Harvard University’s Graduate School of MTA Bridges and Tunnels in New York Manhattan. Nordenson is active in wind loads. Design where he is also serving as Detlef Mertins is Professor and Chair of City. His published work includes more earthquake engineering, including code Director of Doctoral Programs. He has SCOTT MARBLE the Department of Architecture at the than 160 technical papers and reports on development, technology transfer, long- published extensively on the relationship University of Pennsylvania. From 1991 to various topics in structural and concrete range planning for FEMA and the USGS, JOAN OCKMAN between architecture, urban design, Scott Marble is a founding partner of 2003 he taught at the University of engineering, including a textbook on the and research. He initiated and led the science, and technology, with a special Marble Fairbanks, based in in New York Toronto where he held the Canada design of reinforced concrete structures. development of the New York City Joan Ockman is the Director of the focus on construction history and theory. City, and a Professor of Architecture at Research Chair and directed the graduate Meyer received a Vordiplom from the Seismic Code from 1984 to its Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study Among other publications, he is the Columbia University where he is the program. He is a contributing author of Technische Universität , and MS enactment into law in 1995. In 1996 he of American Architecture at Columbia author of French Architects and director of the Avery Digital Fabrication Zaha Hadid (Guggenheim Museum, and PhD degrees from the University of co-founded the Structural Engineers University’s Graduate School of Engineers in the Age of the Research Lab. The work of Marble 2006), Mies in America (Canadian Centre California, Berkeley. He is a registered Association of New York. He was co- Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Enlightenment (1988; English trans. Fairbanks has been published and for Architecture, 2001), Mies in Berlin professional engineer in Massachusetts, curator, with Terence Riley, of the where she has taught history, theory, and Cambridge University Press, 1992), exhibited around the world and is in the (The Museum of Modern Art, 2001), and New Jersey, and New York exhibition Tall Buildings held at MoMA design of architecture since 1985. This Claude Perrault (1613–1688) ou la permanent collection of The Museum of the English edition of Walter Curt QNS in 2004. His drawings and models year she also held guest teaching curiosité d’un classique (Picard, 1988), Modern Art in New York and the Nara Behrendt’s The Victory of the New GUY NORDENSON for the 2003 World Trade Center Tower 1 appointments at the Berlage Institute, L’Invention de l’ingénieur moderne Prefectural Museum in Japan. The firm Building Style (Getty Trust Publications, design are now in the collection of The Rotterdam, where she taught a master (Presses de l’Ecole Nationale des Ponts has won numerous AIA Design Awards, 2000). His publications related to glass Guy Nordenson is a structural engineer Museum of Modern Art. class as part of the Rotterdam Biennale; et Chaussées,1992), La ville territoire American Architecture Awards, a and transparency include The Presence and Professor of Structural Engineering and the State University of New York, des cyborgs (Editions de l’imprimeur, Progressive Architecture Award, and, of Mies (1994); his PhD dissertation, at Princeton University’s School of Buffalo, where she was Clarkson Visiting 1998), and Les Saint-Simoniens: Raison, most recently, an ID Magazine Award. In Transparencies Yet to Come: Sigfried Architecture. He is also a Faculty Chair. Among the many publications she Imaginaire et Utopie (Belin, 2003). In

16 17 1997 he edited a dictionary of the with a focus on historic buildings. She architectural “scenarios” of cartographic specializing in structural engineering. He Schober’s professional affiliations Switzerland; Vitra Factory Building, in Weil history of engineering for the Centre currently teaches at the Institute of distortion, substitution, and genetic was previously an engineering consultant include VDI (Verein Deutscher am Rhein, Germany; House for China Georges Pompidou, L’Art de l’Ingénieur: Building Construction,Technische territorial mutations. R&Sie(n)’s projects at Schlaich Bergermann und Partner in Ingenieure), VBI (Verband Beratender International Practical Exhibition of Constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur. In Universität Dresden. have been exhibited at the Tate Modern, Stuttgart, specializing in glass structures, Ingenieure), AISC (American Institute of Architecture in Nanjing, China; and the ex- 2003 Picon edited, with Alessandra London; Columbia University; University and a scientific assistant at Darmstadt Steel Construction), AIA (American pansion of the Institut Valencià d’Art Ponte, Architecture and the Sciences: of California, Los Angeles; ICA, London; University of Technology, Institute for Institute of Architects), and ASCE Modern (IVAM) in Spain. The firm has Exchanging Metaphors (Princeton THOMAS RICHARDSON Mori Art Museum, Tokyo; Centre Georges Structural Analysis, Department of Civil (American Society of Civil Engineers). realized many major works in Japan, such Architectural Press, 2003). He recently Pompidou, Paris; Musee d’Art Moderne, Engineering. Schneider holds a PhD in as S-House in Okayama, N-Museum in completed a monograph on the work of Thomas Richardson earned a BS degree Paris; Pavillon de l’Arsenal, Paris; Orléans/ structural engineering from Darmstadt Wakayama, M-House in Tokyo, K-Building the architect and engineer Marc Mimram. in Chemical Physics at Michigan State ArchiLab International Architectural University of Technology and is the author MATTHIAS SCHULER and Koga Park Café in Ibaraki, O-Museum University and a PhD in Inorganic Conference; and the Venice Biennale. of more than 30 publications on glass. He in Nagano, and the 21st Century Museum Chemistry at the University of California, Roche has taught at the Bartlett School, is a Professor of Engineering at the Matthias Schuler is a Managing Director of Contemporary Art in Kanazawa, as well NINA RAPPAPORT Berkeley. He leads a materials research London; TU, Vienna; ESARQ, Barcelona; University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, of TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik in as stores for Issey Miyake and Christian team for the Windows and Daylighting ESA, Paris; and the University of and has been a lecturer on steel Stuttgart. Trained as a mechanical Dior, both in Tokyo. Nina Rappaport is an architectural critic, Group, Building Technologies, Pennsylvania’s Department of structures at the Institute for Structural engineer at the University of Stuttgart, as SANAA’s work was included in the curator, and educator. She is publications Department of Environmental Energy Architecture. He is currently a Visiting Engineering and Structural Mechanics at a scientific assistant at the university he exhibition City of Girls in the Japanese director at Yale University’s School of Technologies Division at Lawrence Assistant Professor at Columbia the university. He was also a lecturer on participated in international research Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2000 Architecture and editor of the biannual Berkeley National Laboratory (University University’s Graduate School of Glass Structure in Construction projects on low-energy commercial and in the Garden Café at the 7th publication Constructs as well as of a of California, Berkeley). He also heads a Architecture, Planning and Preservation Engineering at the Hochschule für buildings. In 1992, based on this work, he International Istanbul Biennale, in Turkey. series of books on studio work at Yale. group of chemists developing lithium where he teaches an advanced studio. Technik (HT) Stuttgart. founded the company TRANSSOLAR, a In addition, the firm’s work has been She is the author of Support and Resist: batteries for the U.S. Department of climate-engineering consulting firm, exhibited in Tokyo, New York, Vienna, Structural Engineers and Design Energy’s Batteries for Advanced whose aim is to ensure in buildings the Essen, and Valencia. SANAA was Innovation (The Monacelli Press, Transportation Technologies (BATT) STEFAN RÖSCHERT HANS SCHOBER highest possible comfort at the lowest awarded the Golden Lion at the 9th forthcoming 2007), for which she program and another pursuing lightweight possible environmental impact. The firm International Architecture Exhibition at received NYSCA and Graham Foundation hydrogen storage solutions for fuel cell Born in Geneva, Stefan Röschert worked Hans Schober has been the President of today has offices in Stuttgart, , the Venice Biennale in 2004, and the grants. Her essay “Deep Decoration” cars. His work in the field of electro- with Ateliers Jean Nouvel, in Paris, and Schlaich Bergermann and Partner (SBP) and New York, and Schuler has worked on 46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award appeared in 30/60/90 (Fall 2006). chromic windows has concentrated on Skidmore Owings & Merrill, in New York, LP, since 2005. Schlaich Bergermann, a national and international projects with (Architecture Category) in 2005. Rappaport has contributed essays to dynamic reflecting coatings that act as before joining the architectural firm Diller leader in glass construction, has realized architects such as Kazuyo Sejima, Frank Sejima is also a Professor at Keio Architecture, Architectural Record, switchable mirrors in both the visible and Scofidio + Renfro. He has worked various projects in Germany, the United O. Gehry, Steven Holl, Ben van Berkel, and University, Tokyo. Praxis, Future Anterior, and Tec21. She near infrared regions of the solar extensively in the area of branding as a States, Hong Kong, Singapore, Saudi Helmut Jahn. Schuler, a co-author of has taught seminars on the post- spectrum. These windows have the strategist, consultant, and designer for Arabia, Spain, England, China, and Italy. Glasatlas (Birkhäuser, 1999,) is also industrial factory and on innovative potential to reduce energy consumption several New York- and Paris-based The firm’s work includes the design and currently a Visiting Professor in ROBERT SMILOWITZ engineers at New York City College and for heating, cooling, and lighting of companies, and in1999 founded his own detailing of pedestrian bridges, glass Architecture at Harvard University’s Yale, and is currently an Adjunct Professor commercial and residential buildings firm in Berlin (with subsequent offices roofs, glass facades (including cable-net Graduate School of Design. Robert Smilowitz is a Principal in the at Parsons School of Design. She was a while at the same time improving user added in Tokyo and New York), urbanau- facades), bridges for high-speed railways, Applied Sciences Division of Weidlinger Design Trust for Public Space Fellow and comfort and productivity. Richardson tics, conceived with a broad focus on and rail terminals. In addition, the firm is Associates, based in New York, and co-authored Long Island City: Connecting won an R&D 100 Award in 2004 for private clients in architecture, consulting, responsible for the design and develop- KAZUYO SEJIMA Adjunct Professor of Engineering at the the Arts (Episode Books, 2006). this technology. and design as well as on European ment of the unique free-form glass Cooper Union. He earned a PhD degree competitions and theory. Röschert structures (scale-trans-surface) for the Kazuyo Sejima founded the architectural from the University of Illinois at received his Diplom-Ingenieur in Berlin Zoo’s Hippo House; the Museum of firm SANAA, with Ryue Nishizawa, in Champaign-Urbana. Smilowitz has more SUSANNE REXROTH FRANÇOIS ROCHE Architecture with distinction from the Tolerance, Jerusalem; DZ Bank Berlin; Tokyo in 1995, after establishing Kazuyo than thirty years of experience partici- Technische Universität Berlin. He earned and the New Trade Fair Milan; and Sejima & Associates in 1987. Previously, pating in the protective design and Prior to her training in architecture, François Roche is a licensed architect his MS degree in Architecture at developments in the design and Sejima, who holds an MArch degree from vulnerability studies of numerous federal Susanne Rexroth completed MA studies (DPLG) in France and holds a diploma Columbia University in 2001. He has manufacture of high-performance steel Japan Women’s University, had worked for courthouses, federal office buildings, in German Literature, History, and 1987 Versailles, U.P.A. no. 3. In 1989 he been the recipient of numerous prizes, castings for highway and railway bridges. Toyo Ito & Associates. Among SANAA’s embassy structures, airline terminals, and European Ethnicity at Albert-Ludwigs- founded R&Sie(n) with Stéphanie Lavaux including the Briand-Stresemann Most recently, SBP, New York, designed recently completed projects are the commercial properties. He analyzed the Universität Freiburg, Germany. After and Jean Navarro, based in Paris. The Scholarship and the Erwin Stephan glass roofs and walls for the Time Warner Theater for the Almere Cultural Arts World Trade Center underground parking receiving an architecture degree from the organic, oppositional architectural Award, as well as the German Academic Center and Moynihan Station as well as Center in the Netherlands; Toledo garage slabs in response to the 1993 Technische Universität Berlin, Rexroth projects of the firm explore the bond Exchange Service (DAAD) and Rotary the antenna structure and glass walls for Museum of Art Glass Pavilion in Ohio; bombing; analyzed the Khobar Towers, in worked as an architect in the planning between building, context, and human International Foundation scholarships. Freedom Tower. Schober was a Partner Zollverein School of Management and Saudi Arabia, in response to a terrorist office Löhnert & Ludewig and at relations. R&Sie(n) considers architec- with SBP, Stuttgart from 1992 to 2005 Design in Essen, Germany; Novartis vehicle bomb attack; served as a member Langeheinecke & Claussen, both in Berlin. tural identity to be an unstable concept, and prior to that a structural engineer Campus Building in Basel, Switzerland; of the ASCE/FEMA World Trade Center She served as a researcher in the School defined through temporary forms in which JENS SCHNEIDER with Contractors Philipp Holzmann AG, and Naoshima Ferry Terminal in Japan. Building Performance Study; and of Architecture and Design at the the vegetal and biological become a Frankfurt. He received a PhD from the Current projects include the New developed protective design retrofits of Universität der Künste in Berlin, where dynamic element. The firm is currently Jens Schneider is an engineering University of Stuttgart, where he served Museum of Contemporary Art, in New the Pentagon facade related to the she also earned a doctorate for her work undertaking a critical experiment with consultant at Goldschmidt Fischer und as a scientific assistant and lecturer at York; Louvre-Lens in Lens, France; aircraft impact of September 11, 2001. on the design potential of solar panels, new warping technologies to prompt Partner, Heusenstamm, Germany, the Institute for Concrete Structures. Learning Center EPFL in Lausanne, Smilowitz also has participated in the

18 19 explosive testing of full-scale curtain- Engineering Mechanics at Columbia Drawing: Situationist Architectures From wall systems and is a principal developer University and at New York University. Constant’s New Babylon to Beyond (MIT Organizing Institutions of analysis software for evaluating He is also an active author, lecturer, and Press, 2001) and is one of the founding curtain-wall response to an explosive recognized investigator of structures editors of Volume magazine. terrorist threat. He is GSA National Peer in distress. Professional, a National Associate of the National Academies, and a registered professional engineer in New York and BERNHARD WELLER California. The Graduate School of Architecture, anics, hydrogeology, continuum Bernhard Weller is a Professor of Civil Planning and Preservation at Columbia mechanics,finite element methods, Engineering and Director of the Institute University (GSAPP) offers six master’s computational mechanics, experimental WERNER SOBEK of Building Construction at the degree programs: Master of Architecture, mechanics, acoustics, vibrations and Technische Universität Dresden. His Master of Science Advanced Architectural dynamics, and earthquake engineering, Trained as both an architect and as a areas of expertise include the design and Design, Architecture and Urban Design, or any com-bination thereof, such as structural engineer, Werner Sobek has testing of glass structures and building Urban Planning, Historic Preservation, fluid-structure interaction. been a Professor at the University of skins. A main focus of his research is the and Real Estate Development. With an www.civil.columbia.edu Stuttgart since 1995. He has headed the structural use of glass and glass bonding. enrollment of 650 students from some University’s Institute for Lightweight After earning a degree in civil engineering 55 countries, the School serves as a The Institute of Building Construction at Structures and Conceptual Design since at RWTH Aachen, Weller worked as an leading laboratory for testing new ideas Technische Universität Dresden is 2000, succeeding . He is also engineering consultant in structural about the environmental designer’s role in devoted to both research and teaching in the founder of Werner Sobek Engineering design, after which he was appointed a global society. It cultivates an atmos- all areas of building construction. Re- and Design, one of the leading engi- Professor of Building Construction at the phere in which all of the disciplines search and development activities are neering consultancies worldwide. The Technische Universität Dresden. In 2005 devoted to the built environment are carried out in close collaboration with firm, established in 1992, currently has he was a Visiting Professor at Columbia invited to think differently, to move industrial and institutional partners and offices in Stuttgart, Frankfurt, , University in New York. beyond the highest level of professional thus reflect and address the current and and New York. Sobek holds a PhD in training, opening a creative space within future demands of the building industry. structural engineering from the University which the disci-plines can re-think The main fields of research at the Institute of Stuttgart and previously worked at MARK WIGLEY themselves in order to find new settings are the use of glass in construc-tion and Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner in and new forms of professional, scholarly, the energy-efficient performance of Stuttgart. In 2004 his work was the Since 2004, Mark Wigley has served as technical, and ethical practice. building envelopes. Important topics are subject of an exhibition entitled Show Me Dean of Columbia University’s Graduate www.arch.columbia.edu the structural use of glass, the use of the Future, held at the Pinakothek der School of Architecture, Planning and composite construction materials, and Moderne Museum in Munich. Preservation. Prior to joining Columbia in The Department of Civil Engineering and the structural bonding of glass elements, 2000 as Director of Advanced Studios, Engineering Mechanics is one of nine especially the use of adhesive bonding. In Wigley taught from 1987 to 1999 at departments in the Fu Foundation School the field of energy efficiency in relation to RICHARD L. TOMASETTI Princeton University. He received both his of Engineering and Applied Science at building envelopes, the aesthetic and BArch (1979) and PhD (1987) degrees Columbia University. Offering undergrad- structural design of photovoltaic elements Richard Tomasetti is Chairman of from the University of Auckland, New uate programs in civil engineering and and the building physics of facades are Thornton Tomasetti, Inc., based in New Zealand. Wigley has also served as guest engineering mechanics, it provides subjects of current interest. York, an international engineering firm curator for exhibitions at The Museum of students with a firm technical basis while www.bauko.bau.tu-dresden.de that has provided structural engineering Modern Art, New York; The Drawing nurturing decision-making and leadership for the world’s two tallest buildings in the Center, New York; Canadian Centre for potential. The civil engineering program, world— the Petronas Towers in Kuala Architecture, Montreal; and Witte de With accredited by ABET, has four concentra- Lumpur and Taipei 101 in Taiwan—as well Center for Contemporary Art, Rotterdam. tions: structural engineering; geotechnical as for the recently completed New York An accomplished scholar and design engineering; construction engineering and Times Building in New York City. Many of teacher, he has written extensively on the management; and water resources and his firm’s projects include innovative uses theory and practice of architecture, and is environmental engineering. On the grad- of glass for aquariums, winter gardens, the author of The Architecture of uate level, the department offers pro- atriums, curtain walls, and protective Deconstruction: Derrida’s Haunt (MIT grams leading to the MS degree, the design. Among his numerous honors and Press, 1993); White Walls, Designer professional degrees of Civil Engineer or awards are election to the National Dresses: The Fashioning of Modern Mechanics Engineer, and the Doctor of Academy of Engineering, the 2006 AIA Architecture (MIT Press, 1995); and Engineering Science (EngScD) and NY Chapter Award, and the New York Constant’s New Babylon: The Hyper- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees. Association of Consulting Engineers’ Architecture of Desire (Uitgeverij 010, These programs are flexible and allow for 2002 Engineer of the Year Award. 1998). In addition to numerous essays on concentrations in structures, construc- Tomasetti is an Adjunct Professor in the art and architecture, he co-edited, with tion engineering, reliability and random Department of Civil Engineering and Catherine de Zegher, The Activist processes, soil mechanics, fluid mech-

20 21 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Engineered Transparency confer- For information about this and future ence would not have been possible GSAPP events, please contact Benjamin without the energy, good will and Prosky, Director of Special Events, at intellectual rigor of the conference chair, 212 854-9248; [email protected] Michael Bell, who has been supported by a group of dedicated advisors and collaborators including: Christian Meyer and Bernhard Weller; Edwin B. Hathaway and Susan Trimble; Diana Darling and William Menking; and Phillip Anzalone, Mehmet Bozatli, Anne Burt, Luke Bulman, Cory Clarke, Josh Draper, Lou Fernandez and the GSAPP AV crew, Heather Hatch, Jeannie Kim, Reinhold Martin, Detlef Mertins, Joan Ockman, Benjamin Prosky, Devon Ercolano Provan, John Ramahlo, Stephanie Salomon, Mark Taylor, Bernard Tschumi, Melissa Cowley Wolf and Jieun Yang.

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