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Fouling Community of the Snow Crab Chionoecetes Opilio in Sydney

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Fouling Community of the Snow Crab Chionoecetes Opilio in Sydney Cah. Biol. Mar. (2007) 48 : 347-359 Fouling community of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio in Sydney Bight, Canada: preliminary observations in relation to sampling period and depth/geographical location Luc SAVOIE1, Gilles MIRON2 and Michel BIRON1* (1) Centre des pêches du Golfe, Pêches et Océans Canada, C. P. 5030, Moncton, Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada E1C 9B6. * Corresponding author Gilles Miron: [email protected] (2) Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada E1A 3E9 Fax : +1 (506) 858-4542 Abstract: We examined the foulers on the exoskeleton of 498 male snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) sampled off the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island (Sydney Bight). A total of sixteen sessile invertebrate families were identified. The most dominant families belonged to the bryozoans (Alcyonididae and Hippothoidae), the cirripeds (Balanidae) and the polychaetes (Spirorbidae). Crabs hosted different fouling communities in relation to depth/geographical locations and sampling periods. These differences were confirmed by multivariate analyses (e.g., MDS plot, ANOSIM and SIMPER analyses). The fouling communities observed on crabs sampled at depth > 150 m significantly differed from those from < 150 m. These differences were mainly caused by the presence of the bivalve Anomia sp. (Anomiidae) and cocoons from the Hirudinae Johanssonia artica (Piscicolidae) over 150 m. The fouling communities sampled in September 2001 and October 2002 were significantly different than those sampled during the other periods. The similar fouling communities observed in the Sydney Bight at depths < 150 m may be related to the mobility of the snow crabs in the top 150 m. Résumé : Communauté d’épibiontes du crabe des neiges Chionoecetes opilio au large de Sydney Bight, Canada : observa- tions préliminaires en fonction de la période d’échantillonnage et de la profondeur/région géographique. Nous avons examiné les épibiontes retrouvés sur l’exosquelette de 498 crabes des neiges (Chionoecetes opilio) mâles échantillonnés au large des côtes de l’Île-du-Cap Breton (Sydney Bight). Seize familles d’invertébrés sessiles ont été identifiées. Les familles les plus importantes appartenaient aux bryozoaires (Alcyonididae et Hippothoidae), cirripèdes (Balanidae) et polychètes (Spirorbidae). La communauté d’épibiontes observée sur les crabes variait en fonction de la profondeur et de la période d’échantillonnage. Ces variations sont confirmées par des analyses multivariées (e.g. analyses MDS, ANOSIM et SIMPER). La communauté d’épibiontes observée sur les crabes échantillonnés à plus de 150 m était significativement différente de celle des crabes échan- tillonnés à moins de 150 m. Ces variations étaient principalement causées par la présence du bivalve Anomia sp. (Anomidae) et de cocons de l’Hirudinae Johanssonia artica (Piscicolidae) à des profondeurs supérieures à 150 m. Les communautés d’épibiontes observées en septembre 2001 et en octobre 2002 étaient significativement différentes de celles observées lors des autres périodes d’échantillonnage. La similarité des communautés observées dans Sydney Bight aux profondeurs inférieures à 150 m peut être attribuée à la mobilité des crabes dans les premiers 150 m de profondeur. Keywords: Snow crab l Chionoecetes opilio l Fouling community l Distribution l Variability l Atlantic Canada Reçu le 14 mars 2007 ; accepté après révision le 20 août 2007. Received 14 March 2007; accepted in revised form 20 August 2007. 348 FOULING COMMUNITY OF THE SNOW CRAB CHIONOECETES OPILIO Introduction hardness, and the general abundance of epibionts (Moriyasu et al., 1998). The snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788), is Epibiosis is a common life-history strategy observed a subarctic species found in the Atlantic Ocean from among marine organisms (Wahl, 1989). It involves mutual Northern Labrador to the Gulf of Maine and in the Pacific and commensal relationships between a fouling species and Ocean (Powles, 1968; Tremblay, 1997). Individuals from its host with the most critical factor being the availability of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (SGSL) bearing a a suitable substratum (Moldonado & Uriz, 1992; Parapar et carapace width > 40 mm generally molt once a year and are al., 1997) and the presence of various chemical, physical characterized by a terminal molt (Moriyasu et al., 1987; and biological parameters (Wahl, 1989). Decapod Conan et al., 1988). The adult males generally prefer crustaceans may provide such a suitable substratum for muddy habitats over a broad range of depths (20 to 400 m) settlers, and although they may not show a high degree of where low temperatures are observed (-1 to 3°C) (Chassé et colonization, most of them support many invertebrates al., 2004). The snow crab is considered as a sedentary (Parapar et al., 1997; Fernandez et al., 1998). The exoskele- species (Watson, 1970) but may exhibit seasonal migrations ton of snow crabs, once the terminal molt has been in some areas for molting and mating (Ennis et al., 1990; completed, offers a microhabitat for epibiotic organisms. Sainte-Marie & Hazel, 1992). The fouling community may vary in time and geo- The snow crab fishery relies, in part, on the age structure graphically. Results from Dick et al. (1998) and Savoie et of the stock to define fishery management strategies. Age is al. (2007), for instance, showed that the structure of the estimated from a carapace stage chart that is based on fouling community differed between regions for two crab carapace condition. This classification was developed for species of the genus Chionoecetes. The fouling community the SGSL and considers factors such as color, wear, may thus represent a habitat signature depending on the Figure 1. Location of study site. Figure 1. Localisation du site d’étude. L. SAVOIE, G. MIRON, M. BIRON 349 amount of time a crab spends under a given set of environ- Bight is characterized by a rocky shallow shelf near the mental parameters (e.g., depth, temperature) (Key et al., coast and an offshore muddy bottom. It is bordered on the 1997). The colonization of a substratum depends on the east by a 500 m deep trench, the Laurentian Channel. It is abundance of settling larvae, which in turn is a function of an area where cold, muddy substrates occur over a broad the habitat selection behaviour and the season. The range of depths. evolution of the fouling community also depends on the fouling history and the presence/absence of a dominant Sampling species (Osman, 1977). Crabs were collected with a Bigouden Nephrops trawl The aim of this study was to describe the variability of (Conan et al., 1994) hauled by a 20 m stern-trawler the fouling community observed on the exoskeleton of chartered by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans snow crabs in relation to the sampling periods and (DFO) for the annual assessment of the snow crab stocks depths/geographical locations and provide a comparative (Biron et al., 2002 & 2003). The fouling community was data set of foulers to fishery stakeholders. described using the exoskeleton of 498 adult male snow crabs. Only male crabs were used since the fishery relies on Material and Methods carapace information from males. Crabs were collected in September 2001 (S1) and May (S2), July (S3) and October 2002 (S4). Thirty stations were sampled per sampling Study area period with a maximum of 6 adult crabs (when available) randomly collected per station (Fig. 2). The location of the Snow crabs were collected from the Sydney Bight off the trawl station within each 10 minute latitude/longitude grid eastern coast of Cape Breton Island (Fig. 1). The Sydney Figure 2. Location of sampling stations for each sampling period (I < 75 m; G 75-150 m; L > 150 m). Figure 2. Répartition des sites d’échantillonnage lors de chaque période d’échantillonnage (I < 75 m ; G 75-150 m ; L > 150 m). ) 5 7 8 7 5 5 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 0 . 4 . 7 1 0 1 7 2 2 0 0 0 0 8 8 3 0 4 0 0 3 4 7 9 3 6 = D N ( ) 7 3 3 5 0 5 2 8 0 7 5 0 2 0 8 0 5 8 8 . 2 2 3 3 7 7 5 4 7 = 0 D 8 3 0 1 8 0 1 8 3 9 1 7 1 1 8 N ( ) 6 0 5 3 2 2 8 9 3 6 . 2 0 0 7 1 0 0 7 7 . 0 1 2 6 6 0 6 2 4 = 0 0 D 7 0 7 7 0 0 1 9 4 9 3 7 4 3 1 N ( ) r 7 e 0 2 8 2 3 5 8 2 6 8 0 b 9 0 1 0 5 0 8 5 . 0 . o 7 2 8 3 6 8 0 7 5 0 t 1 0 7 0 2 6 = 0 c 1 8 3 9 1 6 2 1 8 2 N O ( 350 FOULINGCOMMUNITYTHE SNOW OF CRAB Table 1. ) Occurrence of foulers (%) on the exoskeleton of Chionoecetes opilio for each sampling period and depth/geographical location in the Sydney Bight area. 8 2 7 6 1 1 7 9 3 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 . Tableau 1. Fréq. uence d’apparition des épibiontes (%) sur l’exosquelette du Chionoecetes opilio pour chaque période de prélèvement et profondeur/région géographique dans = 5 8 2 2 0 2 4 0 0 D 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 3 7 3 8 1 4 1 5 N les environs( du Sydney Bight. ) 9 5 6 4 4 6 1 9 7 2 0 0 5 0 7 4 7 1 1 . = 8 6 5 6 6 1 9 D 8 0 1 3 1 5 5 0 0 1 8 2 9 6 1 7 N ( ) 0 0 0 3 3 .
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