The TRINITY Is God Three-In-One?
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Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: the Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 5-6-2021 Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State Keeley Harris University of Richmond Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Part of the Political Science Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Keeley, "Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State" (2021). Honors Theses. 1577. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/1577 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State By Keeley Harris Honors Thesis Submitted to: Jepson School of Leadership Studies University of Richmond Richmond, VA May 6, 2021 Advisor: Dr. Kristin M. S. Bezio Harris 1 Abstract Religious Tolerance and Anti-Trinitarianism: The Influence of Socinianism on English and American Leaders and the Separation of Church and State Keeley Harris Committee members: Dr. Kristin M. S. Bezio, Dr. George R. Goethals and Dr. Douglas L. Winiarski This research focuses on a sect of Christian thinkers who originated in mid-16th century Poland called Socinians. They had radical Christian views built upon ideas from humanism and the Protestant Reformation, including Anti-Trinitarianism and rejecting the divinity of Christ. -
ABSTRACT the Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories Of
ABSTRACT The Apostolic Tradition in the Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret Scott A. Rushing, Ph.D. Mentor: Daniel H. Williams, Ph.D. This dissertation analyzes the transposition of the apostolic tradition in the fifth-century ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. In the early patristic era, the apostolic tradition was defined as the transmission of the apostles’ teachings through the forms of Scripture, the rule of faith, and episcopal succession. Early Christians, e.g., Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Origen, believed that these channels preserved the original apostolic doctrines, and that the Church had faithfully handed them to successive generations. The Greek historians located the quintessence of the apostolic tradition through these traditional channels. However, the content of the tradition became transposed as a result of three historical movements during the fourth century: (1) Constantine inaugurated an era of Christian emperors, (2) the Council of Nicaea promulgated a creed in 325 A.D., and (3) monasticism emerged as a counter-cultural movement. Due to the confluence of these sweeping historical developments, the historians assumed the Nicene creed, the monastics, and Christian emperors into their taxonomy of the apostolic tradition. For reasons that crystallize long after Nicaea, the historians concluded that pro-Nicene theology epitomized the apostolic message. They accepted the introduction of new vocabulary, e.g. homoousios, as the standard of orthodoxy. In addition, the historians commended the pro- Nicene monastics and emperors as orthodox exemplars responsible for defending the apostolic tradition against the attacks of heretical enemies. The second chapter of this dissertation surveys the development of the apostolic tradition. -
The Art of the Icon: a Theology of Beauty, Illustrated
THE ART OF THE ICON A Theology of Beauty by Paul Evdokimov translated by Fr. Steven Bigham Oakwood Publications Pasadena, California Table of Contents SECTION I: BEAUTY I. The Biblical Vision of Beauty II. The Theology of Beauty in the Fathers III. From Æsthetic to Religious Experience IV. The Word and the Image V. The Ambiguity of Beauty VI. Culture, Art, and Their Charisms VII. Modern Art in the Light of the Icon SECTION II: THE SACRED I. The Biblical and Patristic Cosmology II. The Sacred III. Sacred Time IV. Sacred Space V. The Church Building SECTION III: THE THEOLOGY OF THE ICON I. Historical Preliminaries II. The Passage from Signs to Symbols III. The Icon and the Liturgy IV. The Theology of Presence V. The Theology of the Glory-Light VI. The Biblical Foundation of the Icon VII. Iconoclasm VIII. The Dogmatic Foundation of the Icon IX. The Canons and Creative Liberty X. The Divine Art XI. Apophaticism SECTION IV: A THEOLOGY OF VISION I. Andrei Rublev’s Icon of the Holy Trinity II. The Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir III. The Icon of the Nativity of Christ IV. The Icon of the Lord’s Baptism V. The Icon of the Lord’s Transfiguration VI. The Crucifixion Icon VII. The Icons of Christ’s Resurrection VIII. The Ascension Icon IX. The Pentecost Icon X. The Icon of Divine Wisdom Section I Beauty CHAPTER ONE The Biblical Vision of Beauty “Beauty is the splendor of truth.” So said Plato in an affirmation that the genius of the Greek language completed by coining a single term, kalokagathia. -
SOBORNOST St
SOBORNOST St. Thomas the Apostle Orthodox Church (301) 638-5035 Church 4419 Leonardtown Road Waldorf, MD 20601 Rev. Father Joseph Edgington, Pastor (703) 532-8017 [email protected] www.apostlethomas.org American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE Wed: Moleben to the Theotokos 6:00 AM Friday: Moleben to the Cross 6:00 AM Saturday: Confession 5:00 PM, Great Vespers 5:30 PM Sunday: Matins (Orthros) 8:45 AM Children’s Sunday School 9:30 AM Divine Liturgy 10:00 AM. September 15, 2019 – 13th Sunday After Pentecost | Saint Nicetas the Goth | Sunday After the Elevation of the Cross From September 15 until the Leavetaking (September 21), we sing “O come, let us worship and fall down before Christ. O son of God crucified in the flesh, save us who sing to You: Alleluia” at weekday Liturgies following the Little Entrance. (oca.org) Saint Niketas (or Nicetas) was a Goth and soldier who lived on the eastern side of the Danube River within the boundaries of present-day Romania. Bishop Theophilus, the well-known enlightener of the Goths and a participant in the First Ecumenical Synod in 325, converted him to Christianity and baptized him in his youth. Niketas was a devout Orthodox Christian from his youth, and not an Arian as many suppose, for Arianism spread among the Goths through the successor of Theophilus, the bishop Urphilus. Niketas was instructed in the Orthodox faith by Bishop Urphilus (311-383). Urphilus was a native of Cappadocia, who had been captured by the Goths. He was on an embassy to Constantinople when Eusebius of Nicomedia consecrated him bishop of the Goths (341). -
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church A History Joseph F. Kelly A Michael Glazier Book LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Michael Glazier Book published by Liturgical Press Cover design by David Manahan, OSB. Painting in Kiev, Sofia. Photo by Sasha Martynchuk. © Sasha Martynchuk and iStockphoto. Scripture texts in this work are taken from the New American Bible with Revised New Testament and Revised Psalms © 1991, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, DC, and are used by permission of the copyright owner. All Rights Reserved. No part of the New American Bible may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the copyright owner. © 2009 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previ- ous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Col- legeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. 123456789 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelly, Joseph F. (Joseph Francis), 1945– The ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church : a history / Joseph F. Kelly. p. cm. “A Michael Glazier book”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-8146-5376-0 (pbk.) 1. Councils -
Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion
Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae 66 (2012) 482-502 brill.com/vc Alexander of Alexandria and the Homoousion Mark Edwards Christ Church, Oxford, OX1 1DP, United Kingdom: [email protected] Abstract This paper responds to recent publications which play down the role of Bishop Alex- ander of Alexandria in securing the adoption of the term homoousion at the Nicene Council of 325. It argues that, while the term is not employed in any surviving work from his hand, there is some reason to believe that he sanctioned the use of it by his colleagues. There is no doubt that before the Council he had already declared the Son to be “from the Father’s essence”, and it is all but certain that when this phrase was challenged, together with the homoousion at Nicaea, it was he who produced a concil- iatory exegesis of both innovations, relying on the theology that had already been expounded in his letters Philostorgius’ story that he and Hosius of Cordoba had con- certed a plan to introduce the homoousion is not implausible, and it should not be assumed that the author of an anonymous life of Constantine, which corroborates this narrative, is merely paraphrasing Philostorgius. Their testimony is consistent with that of Ambrose of Milan, who can be shown to have been acquainted both with docu- ments and with witnesses of the proceedings at the Council. Keywords Nicaea, Alexander of Alexandria, homoousion, creed, Trinity, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arius To whom do we owe the presence in the Nicene Creed of the adjective homoousios? There was a time when everyone would have held the opinion, lately endorsed again by Henry Chadwick, that “anti-Arian leaders” had already resolved to press it upon the Council of 325 before its opening.1 The parties to this compact were always assumed to have been Alexander 1) H. -
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Issue 85: The Council of Nicaea: Debating Jesus’ Divinity Debating Jesus' Divinity: Did You Know? Interresting and Unusual Facts about the Council of Nicaea Compiled by Steven Gertz, D. H. Williams, and John Anthony McGuckin All Aboard? The Council of Nicaea lives on in the imagination of the Church, both East and West. In this photograph taken in 1925, Russian Orthodox patriarchs prepare to board a train for St. David's, Wales, to celebrate Nicaea's 16th centenary. In Rome that same year, Pope Pius XI planned a party of his own in the Vatican basilica, declaring Nicaea a formative event for the Catholic understanding of the nature of Christ. Protestants too have honored Nicaea in their own way. Anglicans, among others, recite the Nicene Creed in church every Sunday, and many Protestants (perhaps unknowingly) celebrate Nicaea in their hymns. One of the most beloved is Reginald Heber's "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty," which ends with a rousing "God in Three Persons, blessed Trinity." Written for Trinity Sunday, the hymn was set to music by John B. Dykes, who named the tune "Nicaea." Wipe Out Those Arian Barbarians Theodosius the Great may have dealt a death blow to Arians in the Roman Empire at the Council of Constantinople (381), but the heresy got a new lease on life among the barbarian Goths. Particularly influential was Theodoric the Great (d. 526), a ruthless military tactician (he murdered his rival) who adopted Arianism as his religion and built numerous Arian churches in Raverina, Italy. When the Byzantine Emperor Justinian recovered Ravenna in 535, he resolved to erase any Arian influence from the city. -
The Crippling Problem the Church Faces Today
Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Faculty Publications Christian Ministry April 2012 The rC ippling Problem the Church Faces Today S. Joseph Kidder Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/christian-ministry-pubs Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Kidder, S. Joseph, "The rC ippling Problem the Church Faces Today" (2012). Faculty Publications. Paper 29. http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/christian-ministry-pubs/29 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Christian Ministry at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEATURES EDITORIAL EDITOR Jonas Arrais 6 THE MYSTERY OF THE GODHEAD - PART 1 EDITORIAL ASSISTANT 10 BIBLICAL QuaLIFICatIONS FOR ELDERS - Alfredo Garcia-Marenko PART 1 - BLAMELESS MINISTERIAL ASSOCIATION SECRETARY Jerry N. Page 11 SPIRITUAL RENEWAL IMpaCTS SOCIAL CHANGE CONTRIBUTING EDITORS 12 TAKE YOUR EYES OFF YOURSELF AND LEAD Robert Costa, Willie Hucks II, Anthony Kent, | CONTENTS Derek Morris, Janet Page 13 THE ORIGIN OF SYSTEMatIC BENEVOLENCE CREATIVE DIRECTOR 20 SOME THOUGHTS ON THE CONTENT OF THE Erika Miike MISSION OF THE CHURCH MARKETING 24 EVANGELISM IN THE BOOK OF ACTS: PUBLISHER A BIBLICAL MODEL FOR CHURCHES Ministerial Association General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 28 CHILD DEDICatION VOL. 18 NO. 2 VOL. 18 NO. MARKETING MANAGER 30 BEYOND ATLANTA Cathy Payne DIVISION CONSULTANTS EAST-CENTRAL AFRICA Rudatinya M. Mwangachuchu EURO-AFRICA Mario Brito EURO-ASIA Michael Kaminsky INTER-AMERICAN Héctor Sánchez NORTH AMERICAN Ivan Williams NORTHERN ASIA-PACIFIC David Ripley 6 SOUTH AMERICAN Carlos Hein SOUTHERN AFRICA-INDIAN OCEAN Jongimpi Papu SOUTHERN ASIA L. -
The New Age, Vol. 24, No. 16
PACE PAGE NOTES OF THE WEEK . 249 LONDON PAPERS-VI. By Dikran Kouyoumdjian 261 TOWARDS NATIONAL GUILDS. By National ART NOTES. By B. H. Dias . 263 Guildsmen . 253 VIEWS AND REVIEWS : Catholicism : a Conclusion. AGUILDSMAN’S INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY. By By A. E. R. 264 Arthur J. Penty. VIII.-The Reformation REVIEW : Chosen Peoples . 265 in Germany . 253 THE MIND OF THE CHURCH. By Leo Ward . 254 LETTERSTO THE EDITORfrom S. G. H., Philip T. Kenway, Everard G. Gilbert-Cooper, Wm. LOGICv. MYSTICISM. By M.B., Oxon . 257 Margrie, A. J. Penty . 266 RECENTVERSE. By Stephen Maguire . 259 THE IDOLATRY OFWORDS-(Concluded,) By Dr. PASTICHE. By Marshall E. Brown, B. Windeler. Oscar Levy . 260 P. Selver, W. H., C. Granville . 268 an essential part is in process of decision. The NOTES OF THE WEEK. renewal of the armistice has provided an opportunity to display consummate art on either side, and the THE mountain of Big Business, being involved in occasion has not been missed. The terms as Labour, has brought forth, in the political sense, a rat. adumbratedare emphatic; but they are to a substantial It is fairly obvious that Mr. Lloyd George, in his degree a check to the raging Prussianism which in every apparrently,but not really, new character as the champion country cries aloud for a fresh opportunity to employ of vested interests, has drawn to himself valuable aid the final argument of kings. As a result the attacks from the vested interests of Trade Union officialdom. on Mr. Wilson grow both in volume and bitterness, His return coincided fairly well with the subsidence of and the more flagrantly oligarchic sections of the London the immediate difficulty on the Railways, but it is not Press are doing yeoman service to the noble cause. -
JETS 38.4.Book
JETS 38/4 (December 1995) 613–634 BOOK REVIEWS The Law and Its Ful˜llment: A Pauline Theology of Law. By Thomas R. Schreiner. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993, 294 pp., $24.99. Schreiner has provided a valuable service to anyone trying to get a “handle” on the various issues related to the complex theme of the Mosaic law and its ful˜ll- ment. Well suited for more advanced students/scholars, this book serves particularly well those who are beginning their frightful journey through this most thorny ˜eld. As the subtitle implies, Schreiner’s focus is on the Pauline literature, but the range of topics covered is by no means narrow. In his introduction Schreiner states that his purpose is to provide a fresh analysis of the “new perspective” on Paul (p. 14). This he does well in chaps. 2 and 4 (and at other points), and his defense here of the historic Protestant view is both clear and convincing. Especially insightful is his demonstration of Jewish legalism in the ˜rst century and that this is, indeed (contra Sanders), precisely what Paul was opposing (pp. 93–121). And his evidencing of the same even in Sanders’ own data is fair and compelling. But his work takes the reader beyond this objective and examines such perennial and controversial topics as the present relevance of Moses, the purpose of the law, and Paul’s theology of works. And although he never says so directly, Schreiner en- ters the current “lordship salvation” controversy in chap. 7 (“Did Paul Teach Justi˜cation by Works?”) The introduction (“The Background to the Debate”) surveys the history of the various interpretations of Paul preceding the new perspective. -
Group Discussion Guide
GROUP DISCUSSION GUIDE VERNAL WILKINSON, D. MIN. WITH BRUCE BUCHANAN, M. D. Group Discussion Guide for the book by Joe Thorn EXPERIENCING THE TRINITY THE GRACE OF GOD FOR THE PEOPLE OF GOD Experiencing the Trinity: The Grace of God for the People of God Copyright ©2015 by Joe Thorn Published by Crossway 1300 Crescent Street, Wheaton, Illinois 60187 Experiencing the Trinity: Group Discussion Guide Copyright ©2018 by Vernal Wilkinson & Bruce Buchannan Published by Anderson Island Christian Fellowship 9020 Eckenstam-Johnson, Anderson Island, WA 98303 Discussion Guide designed & produced by Mark Dinsmore [email protected] Introduction ABOUT THIS GUIDE THE OBJECT OF THIS GUIDE is to equip an individual to lead a group discussion centered on the attributes of the persons of the Trinity as presented in the chapters of the book. The lesson format includes the following elements: Approach is a suggested way to begin the group’s engagement with the subject of each individual chapter and break the ice for personal sharing. Focus is the title of each chapter to be discussed. Information needed for discussion is the material presented in the chapter of the book being studied which is to be read for the group. Analysis of the lesson comes from the leader and the members of the group who share their thoughts and reactions to the material presented. With this will be offered suggested Questions for further discussion which will include additional biblical reference(s). Personal invites group members to respond to the lesson in prayer and then add oth- er intercessions before closing the discussion. -
The Petrine Ministry at the Time of the First Four Ecumenical Councils
The Petrine ministry at the time of the first four ecumenical councils: relations between the Bishop of Rome and the Eastern Bishops as revealed in the canons, process, and reception of the councils Author: Pierluigi De Lucia Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1852 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2010 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTRY WESTON JESUIT DEPARTEMENT The Petrine ministry at the Time of the First Four Ecumenical Councils Relations between the Bishop of Rome and the Eastern Bishops as revealed in the canons, process, and reception of the councils A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the S.T.L. Degree Of the School of Theology and Ministry By: Pierluigi De Lucia, S.J. Directed by: Francine Cardman Second Reader: Francis A. Sullivan, S.J. May 2010 © Copyright by Pierluigi DE LUCIA, S.J. 2010 Abstract The Petrine ministry of the bishops of Rome and relations with the eastern bishops at the time of the first four ecumenical councils are the focus of this thesis. It places the Church in the complex historical context marked by the public recognition of Christianity under Constantine (312) and the great novelty of the close interactions of the emperors with the bishops of the major sees in the period, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. The study examines the structures of the church (local and regional synods and ecumenical councils) and the roles of bishops and emperors in the ecumenical councils of Nicaea (325), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), and Chalcedon (451), including the “robber” council of 449.