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Design for Resilience in Brattleboro's Lower Whetstone Brook Corridor

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Design for Resilience in Brattleboro's Lower Whetstone Brook Corridor DESIGN FOR RESILIENCE IN BRATTLEBORO’S LOWER WHETSTONE BROOK CORRIDOR January 2017 www.epa.gov/smartgrowth ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i PROJECT TEAM US Environmental Protection Agency Town of Brattleboro, Vermont Consultant Team Rosemary Monahan Rod Francis Dennis Carmichael, FASLA LEED AP - Principal EPA New England Planning Director (Project lead) Boston, MA Brattleboro, VT Parker Rodriguez, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] Alexandria, VA [email protected] Stephanie Bertaina Sue Fillion Office of Sustainable Communities Planner Mila Antova, PLA Washington, DC Brattleboro, VT Parker Rodriguez, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] Alexandria, VA [email protected] Clark Wilson Office of Sustainable Communities Jeff Hodgson, FASLA - Partner Washington, DC Wagner Hodgson Landscape Architecture [email protected] Burlington, VT [email protected] Keith Wagner, FASLA - Principal Wagner Hodgson Landscape Architecture Burlington, VT [email protected] Hannah Loope, ASLA Wagner Hodgson Landscape Architecture Burlington, VT [email protected] Andres Torizzo, Principal Watershed Consulting Associates, LLC Burlington, VT [email protected] Kerrie Garvey, GIS Specialist Watershed Consulting Associates, Burlington, VT [email protected] LOWER WHETSTONE BROOK CORRIDOR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii Whetstone Brook is a tributary of the Connecticut The design options created at the charrette and River and its confluence with that river led to the modified in response to public input and agency settlement of Brattleboro, Vermont. As the town comments demonstrate how and where these grew over the past 263 years, the core of the resilience strategies could be applied in the study downtown commercial, industrial, and residential area. The design options include: uses clustered around the brook, taking advantage of the opportunities for water power and waste disposal. Throughout its history, the • Conversion of the Preston parking lot into downtown has been subject to flooding from the a park Whetstone. Most recently, Tropical Storm Irene in 2011 caused a major flood that inundated parts • Provision of pedestrian and bicycle paths of the Whetstone corridor. along both sides of the brook Since that flood, the town of Brattleboro has • Removal of some vertical channel walls embarked on a series of initiatives to reduce the along the brook and replacement with impacts of flooding and to create plans, policies, terracing elements to increase flood and projects that will result in a more resilient downtown. In 2016, the town received technical storage assistance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under its “Making a Visible • Creation of a mixed use neighborhood Difference (MVD) in Communities” initiative. The on existing underutilized industrial land goals of this assistance were to identify design solutions for the lower Whetstone Brook that • Creation of a major flood storage and would reduce flood damage, manage stormwater stormwater management facility on a 12 runoff, envision infill development, and reconnect acre site upstream from the downtown the brook to the surrounding neighborhoods as a recreational amenity. • Widespread use of green infrastructure to control stormwater and improve water In April 2016, EPA and its consultant team met quality in the brook with Brattleboro officials and visited the Whetstone corridor, noting areas that were channelized and These design options are woven together with a exacerbating flood damage; areas adjacent to comprehensive network of paths and recreational the brook that were underutilized or paved over; areas to create new access to the brook and and areas that were well suited for restoration transform it into a robust public amenity for the and flood storage. Then, through a public town. In addition to the designs, the project report design charrette held in June 2016, the team includes a stormwater mitigation toolkit, a flood identified a series of designs and strategies to mitigation toolkit, case studies, implementation reduce stormwater runoff, increase flood storage, strategies, and potential local, state, and federal provide infill development opportunities, and sources of funding. create visual and physical access to the brook. LOWER WHETSTONE BROOK CORRIDOR TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ ii PREFACE ...............................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION TO THIS PROJECT .................................................................2 OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA ........................................................................4 SITE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................5 SITE ANALYSIS - STREAM TYPOLOGIES ...........................................................16 CONCEPTUAL PLANS ..............................................................................19 STORMWATER MITIGATION TOOLKIT .............................................................44 FLOOD MITIGATION TOOLKIT ...................................................................48 APPENDIX A: EPA TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ....................................................53 APPENDIX B: CASE STUDIES ......................................................................54 LOWER WHETSTONE BROOK CORRIDOR PREFACE 1 The Whetstone Brook watershed drains nearly important work has been to remove residential Subsequent, more focused work included 18,000 acres, of which over 69 percent (or 12,420 units from the floodway through relocation, participating in the 2014 DHCD funded acres) lie in Brattleboro, Vermont. The study area FEMA buyouts, or implementation of the Special Vermont Downtown Action Team (VDAT) analysis for this report is the lower Whetstone Brook, which Flood Hazard regulations. The majority of these of Brattleboro’s downtown, funded through is a short distance from the confluence of the structures are found in West Brattleboro, where the Community Development Block Grant brook and the Connecticut River, and is the most the Whetstone Brook descends from steep slopes (CDBG) Disaster Recovery program of the U.S. intensively developed area of the watershed. Like into a relatively wide flood plain. The dominant Department of Housing and Urban Development. much of New England, Brattleboro’s downtown is land use in this area is low density residential and This VDAT report provided market analysis located in a flood hazard area due to the historic highway commercial development dating from and implementation strategies for improved settlement pattern which exploited waterways for the 1960s that was built with little regard for flood management of key public assets to spur private power, transportation, and waste conveyance. threat or ecological function. Here the strategy reinvestment. This work helped the town to The flood plain in the downtown covers 43.6 has been to allow the brook to regain access to consider how to transition to a more resilient acres, of which all but 10 acres are developed. the flood plain, remove encroachments (including downtown. This dense, historic built form is now appreciated homes) and let the stream reestablish equilibrium for its potential for redevelopment into compact, through channel migration by reducing conflicts In 2015, Brattleboro partnered again with walkable neighborhoods. The purpose of this with structures, including public infrastructure. DHCD on the Vermont Economic Resiliency report is to guide the refashioning of this historic Future work may entail excavation of filled Initiative (VERI) funded through the Economic mixed use settlement pattern into a resilient 21st material in the flood plain, which would increase Development Administration (EDA) of the U.S. century community. flood storage and reduce flooding downstream. Department of Commerce. This work examined the economic and social impact of flooding on To achieve this more resilient future, Brattleboro The town has partnered with major stakeholders Brattleboro and made recommendations to must overcome demographic, socioeconomic, including local affordable housing organizations, minimize this hazard. This work updated the data and climate change challenges. This report the Vermont Department of Environmental from the 2008 stream geomorphic study and responds by envisioning redevelopment in Conservation (DEC), the Vermont Department of again directed the town’s attention to a segment three distinct zones to reconnect the community Housing and Community Development (DHCD), of the Whetstone Brook where access to the flood with the brook; enhance and expand walkable and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plain could be reestablished on a large open site neighborhoods adjacent to downtown; foster (EPA). The experience of Tropical Storm Irene at the western end of the study area (see Natural mixed use development; and implement trail underscored the need for a complete rethinking Zone description, below). The VERI report also developments that complement new public open of the land use regulations the town used to recommended lowering the elevation of this area spaces. These new open spaces would incorporate guide development. The preparation of the new to further increase flood storage and restore ecological services such as stormwater
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