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Department of English and American Studies English Language And Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Barbora Tabačková The Influence of Medieval Literature on the Contemporary Fantasy Novel: Beowulf and Eragon Bachelor ’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Milada Franková, CSc., M.A. 2008 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature 2 Iwouldlike tothankmysupervisordoc.Mgr.Milada Franková,CSc.,M.A.forhercarefulguidance,precious advice,patienceandcontinualsupportthroughout my workonthisthesis. 3 Table of Contents 1.Introduction 5 2.Backgrounds 7 2.1. Beowulf andItsOrigins 7 2.2. Eragon 9 2.3.FormandStructure of Beowulf and Eragon 14 3.ConstructedWorldsin Beowulf and Eragon 17 3.1.TheNaturalWorldandItsPopulation 18 3.2.Society 21 3.3.Culture 30 3.4.Literature,LoreandLanguage 37 4.Goodv.Evil 42 4.1.Monsters 42 4.2.MainHero 46 4.3.Dragon 50 5.Conclusion 56 WorksUsedandCited 58 4 1. INTRODUCTION A pieceofliterature canstillinspire evenaftercenturies pass.Onesuchexample aretheoldheroic poems andepics,whichhave influencedthefirstcontemporary fantasynovelsandcontinuetodosoeventoday. AccordingtoDouglasA.Anderson,therootsoffantasycouldbetracedbackto Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey ,andvariousmedievaltextsamongwhichare,forexample theArthurianlegends,romancesofChrétiende Troyes,legendsaboutAlexander the Great,Icelandic Eddas andsagas,aswellas theAngloSaxonpoem Beowulf (Anderson 13).It isthe lastonethis thesiswill concentrateon. Inmythesis,Iwouldliketoexaminethereflectionofthismedievalheroic poem inanotherliterarywork,acontemporaryfantasynovel Eragon ,thefirstvolumeofthe Inheritance cyclewrittenbyChristopherPaolini.Itis interestingtoobserve,how many thingsthese twotextshaveincommoninspiteofthegapsthatseparatethem:over1000 yearsinhistory,theculturesfromwhichtheyoriginated,the genreinwhichtheywere written,the wayinwhichtheywere meanttobeexperiencedanddistributed(while Beowulf was passedorallyandthereforethe text reflects thisconsiderably, Eragon ,a muchlongernovel,ismeanttobe read). Andyet,theyhavequiteafewcommonfeatures–whichwill be themain concernofthisthesis.It isimportant tomention,however,thatthe influenceof Beowulf on Eragon isnotcompletelystraightforward.Ontheotherhand,itmight besaidthat to agreatdegree,it comes through otherfantasyworks,mostnotablythroughJ.R.R. Tolkien’s LordoftheRings trilogy(Tolkienbeingconsidered bymanyscholars the ‘father’ofthecontemporaryfantasyfiction).Infact,the authorof Eragon ,Christopher Paolini,quiteopenlyacknowledgesthisfact: “I wantedtowriteastorythatIwould 5 enjoyreadingmyself,usingelementsfromfantasybooksIhadreadgrowingup,plus ideasofmyown.Storiesareoneofthemostimportantthingsinmylife,whetherin music,movies,or books,soitwasonlynatural thatIendeduptellingoneof myown” (T.Paolini). Thismeansthatquiteasignificant portionof Beowulf mayhavefoundits way into Eragon throughthis fantasyfictionasarchetypesthatPaolini adoptedandbuilt upon.However,thereis alsoadirect influence: “LikeTolkien,Ialsodrewinspiration from Nordic,OldEnglish,andIcelandicsagas” (T.Paolini). Allinall,it canbesaidthatthe commonfeaturesfoundinbothbookscouldbe eitheradirectinfluence,anindirect influence(as anadoptedarchetype),oritcanbe onlyamere parallel.Thisthesiswill takeintoconsiderationall three typesofthese commonelements,andwilldosointhefollowingareas:the structureofthetwotexts, theworldsconstructedinthetwostoriesandthe principal themeofthefight between goodandevilandtheir protagonists. 6 2. BACKGROUNDS 2.1. Beowulf and Its Origin Beowulf is thelongestsurvivingpoeminOldEnglish,andunlikemanyothers,one thathassurvivedinitscompleteform.Ithas beenpreservedas partofthemanuscript knownasCottonVitelliusA.XV.,nowdepositedintheBritishMuseum.Thereis alot ofinformationconcerningitsoriginthat isunknown.Nevertheless,scholarshave proposednumeroustheoriesofitsoriginbasedoneitherthe languageorthecontentof the poem. Themanuscript containsaltogetherfiveworkswritteninOldEnglish: The Passion ofSt.Christopher , TheWondersof the East , Alexander’s LettertoAristotle , Beowulf , and Judith .Beowulf takesup70leavesofthe116containedinthismanuscriptcodex. Thecopyofthemanuscriptwasmadearound1000A.D.bytwoscribes: onecopiedthe firstthree texts plusup toverse1,939of Beowulf ,theotheronecopiedtherestofthe manuscript(Gummere1). Astowhen,whereandbywhomthe poem wascomposed,thatiswherethefacts endandwherethe theoriesstart.Eventhoughthelanguageofthemanuscriptis late WestSaxon,theliterarydialectofthe period,therearetraces ofearliernonWestSaxon dialects inthe poem.Thisrevealsthatthemanuscript isthelastoneinachainofcopies, ofwhichtheoriginalwaswrittenmuchearlier.It isdifficult todateit,sincedating basedonthelinguisticevidence (suchastheuse ofarchaismsandregionalisms)canbe misleading,andtherecouldbe plausibleevidencefor placingitanywhere from650 A.D.to850A.D(Beowulf 248). 7 The placeoforiginisalsomysterious.Thelinguistic evidenceishintingto NorthumbriaorMercia,butthe problemhereisthesameaswithdating–wecannot be suretowhatextent archaicandregionalexpressionswereusedinthe conventional poeticdictionofthe period.Again,plausibleevidencecouldleadustovarious places, suchasthe courtofkingAldfrithof Northumbria,thecourt ofOffaof Mercia,or the royal palace ofthe WuffingdynastyinEastAnglia,aswell as tooneofthe monasteries (Beowulf 24849). Thequestionofauthorshipisonewhichis alsolargelydisputed.Thetheories suggesta rangeof possibilitiesfromonesingle“Beowulf poet”tosomuchassix differentauthors.The poemhasalonghistoryandwecansaythat thequestionreallyis aboutwhocanbecreditedwithbeingtheauthorof Beowulf :thescop(s)whoput togetherthe oldlaysof Beowulf’sadventures,thefinalsinger–the personwhogaveit theforminwhichweknowittoday,orallthose whoweresomehowinvolvedinits composition?Weknowthe poem was probablysungandre-sungbyscopsoveralong periodoftimeandeachoneaddedsomethingofhisowntoit,whichishowthe poem grewanddeveloped.As HowellD.Chickeringputsit,the poem“isnota productofa singlemind”,butofalongtraditionoforal poetry( Beowulf 251),andthisis probably the bestwayweshouldthinkofit. Thelast thingthatwewilldealwithhereis thehistoricityofthe poem.Itcanbe provedthat manyofthecharacterscorrespondtoreal people,andsomeoftheevents reallyhappened,aswelearnfromvarioushistoricalsources.Themostnotoriously knownproofis probablykingHygelacofour poem,whoismentionedinGregoryof Tours’ HistoriaFrancorum asChochilaicus,kingoftheDanes.ManyGermanictribes arementionedinthe poemsuchas Franks,Frisians,Langobards,Danes,Geats,Swedes 8 andtheirinvolvementinvariousfeuds.Theseare,however,notdescribedinmuch detail,the storybeingcentredonthe characterof Beowulfandhisadventures. Themainheroismostlikelythe poet’sowninvention,ashe doesnotappear(asa historicalfigure)elsewhere.Hisstruggleswithmonsters probablycomefromsomefolk tales,whichistheopinionheldbymanyscholars.Andthisis howwewilldealwith himinthisthesis–aswithafictitiousheroofatale. 2.2. Eragon Whenitcomesto Eragon ,theanswerstothequestionsofwhen,whereandwho wroteitare notsucha bigproblemaswehaveseenwasthecaseof Beowulf .Whatis moreinterestingis,however,itsgenesisandclassificationwithinthefantasygenre. Aswehaveseeninthe previoussubchapter,the poem Beowulf asweknowittoday isaresultofasuccessionofre-tellingandre-copyingthestory.Thefinal versionwas puttogether bya bardwhousedthe materialthatexistedplusgaveithisownvisionand languageskills.Inaway,we mayobserveasimilar patterninthecreationof Eragon . AswelearnedfromthecitationintheIntroduction(tothisthesis),ChristopherPaolini drewonvarioussources whenhewrotehisfirst novel.Itwaslargelyinspiredbyother fantasystoriesthathereadandliked.Thisisthe reasonwhyheissometimesaccusedof plagiarismandlackoforiginality.It musthowever besaidthatthe storyofEragonisa uniqueone,furthercontributingtothegenreanddevelopingit.BoththeBeowulf poet andChristopherPaolini workedwithsome pre-existingmaterialtoproduceastoryinits ownright. Beowulfissometimeslabelledasanearlyfantasy,becauseofthe presenceof ‘marvellous’elements–themonstersandespeciallythedragon.Infact,Chickeringsays 9 that thewholemanuscriptcouldbe seeninthat way:“Perhapsweowetheinitial preservationofthe poemtosomeonewhowantedtocollect storiesaboutmonsters,or moregenerallyabout‘themarvellous’”( Beowulf 24647),sinceacertainportionofthis ‘marvellous’canbefoundineachof thefivetextsofthemanuscript.But itis afantasy ofadifferentkindfrom Eragon . Eragon wasintendedtobeafantasystory.Itmight beuseful toclassifyitwithin thegenre. Itisnotverydifficulttoidentify Eragon ashighfantasy(alsoknownasepic fantasy,orheroicfantasy).Hereis averyroughdefinitionofthissubgenre:“Fantasy storiesofheroesinimaginarylands,complicated,andfocusonthe battle betweengood andsomeenormousevil.Theherousuallyhasunusualandperhapsunsuspected strength.Tolkien's Lordofthe Rings isthemodel”(Robinson).Eragon fulfilsallthe pointsofthedefinition.The“imaginarylands”isthelandof Alagaësia,athoroughly inventedworld–a‘secondaryworld’–withitsownrules,laws,creatures,and completelybelievable initsownright. The“enormousevil”is theevilkingGalbatorixandall the beingsandcreatures athis command:theShadeDurza,theRa’zacandUrgals.TheGoodwhichisfighting theEvil isrepresentedbytheVarden,theelves,theoriginalDragonRiders (whoare longdeadandmentionedonlyinstoriesandlore),andthemainhero–ayoungDragon RidercalledEragon. Eragon,afterhefindsa dragoneggwhichhatchesforhim,becomesaDragon Rider.ThankstohisconnectionwithhisdragonSaphira,Eragongainstheabilitytouse magicandotherunusualskills.HetravelswithBrom,astorytellerfromCarvahall,who usedtobea
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