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Fascism in Italy Prepare to Read wh07_te_ch28_s03_na_s.fm Page 898 Monday, January 23, 2006 2:27 PMwh07_se_ch28_s03_s.fm Page 898 Monday, November 21, 2005 1:58 PM Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction 3 A New Leader: Mussolini In the early 1920s, a new leader named Benito Objectives Mussolini arose in Italy. The Italian people were As you teach this section, keep students inspired by Mussolini’s promises to bring stability focused on the following objectives to help and glory to Italy. them answer the Section Focus Question 3 “ [Only joy at finding such a leader] can explain and master core content. the enthusiasm [Mussolini] evoked at gather- ing after gathering, where his mere presence ■ Describe how conditions in Italy drew the people from all sides to greet him favored the rise of Mussolini. An image from a with frenzied acclamations. Even the men who ■ Summarize how Mussolini changed magazine of Benito at first came out of mere curiosity and with Mussolini leading his indifferent or even hostile feelings gradually Italy. nation to war ᮣ felt themselves fired by his personal magnetic ■ Understand the values and goals of influence. .” fascist ideology. —Margherita G. Sarfatti, The Life of Benito ■ Compare and contrast fascism and Mussolini (tr. Frederic Whyte) communism. ᮤ Italian national flag Focus Question How and why did fascism rise during Mussolini’s rule in Italy? Fascism in Italy Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives “I hated politics and politicians,” said Italo Balbo. Like many Ital- Remind students about the problems that • Describe how conditions in Italy favored the rise ian veterans of World War I, he had come home to a land of followed World War I. Have students of Mussolini. economic chaos and political corruption. Italy’s constitutional gov- speculate on how these problems could • Summarize how Mussolini changed Italy. ernment, he felt, “had betrayed the hopes of soldiers, reducing Italy help pave the way for the rise of dictators, • Understand the values and goals of fascist to a shameful peace.” Disgusted and angry, Balbo rallied behind a such as Mussolini and Hitler. ideology. fiercely nationalist leader, Benito Mussolini. Mussolini’s rise to • Compare and contrast fascism and communism. power in the 1920s served as a model for ambitious strongmen elsewhere in Europe. Set a Purpose L3 ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection Terms, People, and Places aloud or play the audio. Benito Mussolini totalitarian state Mussolini’s Rise to Power fascism When Italy agreed to join the Allies in 1915, France and Britain AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Black Shirts secretly promised to give Italy certain Austro-Hungarian territo- A New Leader: Mussolini March on Rome ries. When the Allies won, Italy received some of the promised ter- Ask According to this description, ritories, but others became part of the new Yugoslavia. The broken how did people react to Mussolini? Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Find the promises outraged Italian nationalists. (joy, enthusiasm) Ask students to pre- main points of the text under the first two Disorders within Italy multiplied. Inspired in part by the revo- dict the future of such a charismatic headings and record them in a flowchart like the lution in Russia, peasants seized land, and workers went on strike one below. leader. or seized factories. Amid the chaos, returning veterans faced unemployment. Trade declined and taxes rose. The government, ■ Dissatisfaction Mussolini Mussolini Focus Point out the Section Focus split into feuding factions, seemed powerless to end the crisis. Question and write it on the board. and Unrest Takes Power Changes Italy • • • Benito Mussolini. Tell students to refer to this question • • • A Leader Emerges Into this turmoil stepped as they read. (Answer appears with • • • The son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher, Mussolini had been a Section 3 Assessment answers.) socialist in his youth. During the war, however, he rejected socialism ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Vocabulary Builder ■ Have students read this section using the Paragraph Shrinking Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, Teaching Resources, Unit 6, p. 49; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 have students fill in the flowchart High-Use Words Definitions and Sample Sentences identifying the main ideas of this proclaim, p. 900 vt. to announce officially section. After the election, the mayor proclaimed her victory to the awaiting Reading and Note Taking constituents. Study Guide, p. 257 ideology, p. 901 n. a system of ideas that guides an individual, movement, or political program Anti-war protests were driven by a pacifist ideology. 898 The Rise of Totalitarianism wh07_se_ch28_s03_s.fmwh07_te_ch28_s03_na_s.fm Page 899 Wednesday, Page 899 August Monday, 17, 2005 October 5:51 PM 24, 2005 5:19 PM for intense nationalism. In 1919, he organized veterans and other dis- contented Italians into the Fascist party. They took the name from the Latin Teach fasces, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an ax. In ancient Rome, the fasces symbolized unity and authority. Mussolini was a fiery and charismatic speaker. He promised to end Mussolini’s Rise corruption and replace turmoil with order. He also spoke of reviving to Power L3 Roman greatness, pledging to turn the Mediterranean into a “Roman lake” once again. Instruct n Mussolini Gains Control Mussolini organized his supporters into Introduce: Key Terms Have students “combat squads.” The squads wore black shirts to emulate an earlier find the key term Black Shirts (in nationalist revolt. These Black Shirts, or party militants, rejected the blue) in the text and explain its mean- democratic process in favor of violent action. They broke up socialist ral- ing. Ask students to predict how the lies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmers’ cooperatives. Fascist use of violence will help Mussolini to gangs used intimidation and terror to oust elected officials in northern gain power. Italy. Many Italians accepted these actions because they, too, had lost n Teach Trace Mussolini’s rise to power. faith in constitutional government. Ask What were the postwar condi- In 1922, the Fascists made a bid for power. At a rally in Naples, they tions in Italy? (People were burdened announced their intention to go to Rome to demand that the government make changes. In the March on Rome, tens of thousands of Fascists with unemployment, rising taxes, declin- swarmed towards the capital. Fearing civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III ing trade, and political disunity.) How asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister. Mussolini did Mussolini come to power? (Mus- entered the city triumphantly on October 30, 1929. He thus obtained a solini organized the Fascist party, prom- nominally legal, constitutional appointment from the king to lead Italy. ising to revive Roman greatness. He used terror and intimidation to force the king How did postwar disillusionment contribute to to appoint him prime minister.) Why do Mussolini’s rise? Mussolini and the People An excited crowd of women and children you think people found Mussolini greets the Italian leader in 1940. appealing? (Sample: He promised sta- Mussolini’s Rule bility in a time of chaos.) At first, Fascists held only a few cabinet n Quick Activity Ask students to list posts in the new government. By 1925, the ways in which Mussolini and the though, Mussolini had assumed more power fascists drew upon ancient Rome. (Fas- and taken the title Il Duce (eel DOO chay), cists took their name from the fasces, “The Leader.” He suppressed rival parties, which was a symbol of authority in muzzled the press, rigged elections, and ancient Rome; Mussolini promised to replaced elected officials with Fascist sup- revive Roman greatness.) Have pairs of porters. In 1929, Mussolini received support students discuss why Mussolini contin- from Pope Pius XI in return for recognizing ually referred to Rome. Would Italians Vatican City as an independent state, find this appealing? Why or why not? although the pope continued to disagree with some of Mussolini’s goals. In theory, Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy. In fact, Independent Practice it was a dictatorship upheld by terror. Critics Tell students to suppose they are part of a were thrown into prison, forced into exile, or team of specialists assigned to prepare a murdered. Secret police and propaganda bol- briefing for the U.S. President so he can stered the regime. stay abreast of events in Italy. Have them State Control of the Economy To spur prepare a brief but thorough report on economic growth and end conflicts between the situation in Italy following World owners and workers, Mussolini brought War I. Ensure their reports are accurate. the economy under state control. However, he preserved capitalism. Under Mussolini’s Monitor Progress corporate state, representatives of busi- As students fill in their flowcharts, circu- ness, labor, government, and the Fascist late to make sure they understand how Mussolini came to power. For a completed version of the flowchart, see Note Taking Transparencies, 168A Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers To help students practice previewing, ask them to Use the following resources to help students acquire skim the following before they read the section: head- basic skills. ings, images, blue key terms. Tell them that the subject Adapted Reading and Note Taking Answer of the section shifts from a specific topic (Mussolini’s Study Guide rule in Italy) to a broader concept (the nature of fas- n Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 257 It united Italians in their desire for a new, cism) part way through. Based on their previewing, n Adapted Section Summary, p. 258 more effective government, however ask them to pinpoint when this shift occurs.
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