Standing Rock Sioux Values? the Climate Change Challenge Is Exacerbated by Contemporary Decision Making Processes

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Te Arawa is the vessel that my ancestors voyaged upon 37th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment Le Centre Sheraton Montréal Hôtel, Montréal, Canada Ngāti Pikiao are the descendents, the people I belong to 4‐7 April 2017 Matawhaura is our sacred mountain

Session: Traditional Knowledge and EA 2.30pm Thursday 6April Salon C

Te Roto ikite ai e Ihenga are our waters Empowering Indigenous Worldview in Decision Making Te Rangiunuora is our eponymous ancestral bond

Te Puna Whakareia A Rākeiao is our gathering place Dr Kēpa Morgan BE, MBA, PhD, FIPENZ, LMSPPEEx General Manager, Ngāti Mākino Iwi Authority Acknowledgement and Salutations to you all.

Climate Change Challenge Standing Rock Sioux Values? The Climate Change challenge is exacerbated by contemporary decision making processes. Climate change is a global problem, realised over generations, and requires ways of knowing that are locally specific. Contemporary processes based on monetary‐based ways of knowing, are very poorly aligned ‐ whether it be intra‐nationally, temporally, and ecologically.

The value of money differs between nations. The value of money differs between generations. The value of money has little relevance to ecosystems.

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Cultural basis of worldview GRAVITY and the SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW

• Worldviews; are values based and culturally constrained by limitations of belief systems. • Each culture patterns perceptions of reality into conceptual boundaries of what is actual, probable, possible and impossible. • Science assumes we all think the same way. • But we do not share same ways of knowing? Attractive force between physical objects “I think that money speaks too loudly.” Kuleana and Commitment, K.L. Kawelu 2015 that helps explain the heliocentric universe Image: Te Ika Roa Conceptual Solar System

Ways of knowing: Waitangi Tribunal pre 1990

Motunui Kaituna Manukau Rangataua

Year 1983 Wai6 1984 Wai4 1985 Wai8 1990 Wai3 Claimant Te Ati Awa Ngati Pikiao Ngati Te Ata Tauranga Cmte “The waters of the Hauraki Gulf are increasingly healthy, resilient Rohe Tai Hauauru Waiariki Manukau Tauranga and full of life. People are strong Kaitiaki, lifting its MAURI” Claim Pollution of reefs Pollution of river; Pollution of Potential pollution (Water Quality Roundtable, 2015) pollution of lake harbour: access of Welcome Bay “Kia mau ki te mauri o te Taiao o Tikapa Moana, Te Moananui a Toi Issue Petrochemical Diversion of Construction of Housing corp industry; Motunui sewage from sewage ponds, development; – Enhance the MAURI of the Hauraki Gulf” outfall impact on Rotorua to Kaituna airport, motorway; water right for kaimoana impact on lake use impact kaimoana sewage discharge (Mātauranga Māori Roundtable, 2015) Objection Impact on food Impact on food Impact on food Impact on food sources; cultural sources; cultural sources; cultural sources; cultural offence offence offence offence Three kete recognising; wāhi tapu, MAURI o te wai, manawhenua. Outcome MotunuiIMPACTS outfall $12M Scheme ON MAURIHarbour mgmt Sewage discharge 1: Extent to which local authorities protect MAURI abandoned abandoned; Land plan; Kaitiaki plan and water 2: Extent to which tangata whenua protect MAURI based sewage Removal of ponds; right abandoned disposal Beach remediation 3: Extent to which other agencies protect MAURI MAURI: a way of understanding the life supporting 4: Extent to which actions of wider community affect MAURI 5: Physical evidence that MAURI is protected (Nathan Kennedy, 2014) capacity of water, land, an Iwi, or ecosystem.

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Mākino Model

wāhi tapu, mauri o te wai, manawhenua 1: How can manawhenua enhance MAURI 2: How do local authorities enhance MAURI 3: How do other agencies enhance MAURI 4: How does wider community affect MAURI 5: What is evidence that MAURI is protected

Challenge: how do we include mauri because mauri THE ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL cannot be measured in $ AND META‐PHYSICAL THAT FACILITATES ALL LIFE

How has this concept become a The Aashukan Declaration part of NZ sustainability thinking? 1. The recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights 2. Relationship building and mutual learning 3. Environmental crises that required different ways of knowing to inform the response 4. Processes that achieved clear communication, transparent decision making and are inclusive 5. Equitable outcomes, commitment to prevention of harm, enhancement of wellbeing based on own definitions and criteria

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Mauri Model Decision Making Framework

•Four Mauri •Informs Dimensions Indicator Selection

Mākino Quantification Model of Worldview

Trends for Mauri Meter Dimensions

• Assess • Threshold options Definition for Indicators

Pairwise Comparison Mauri Dimensions Indicators of mauri extremely strongly moderately equal moderately strongly extremely -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 ID Indicator Description ID Indicator Description less important equal more important Hapu Manaakitanga ‐ Kura O Motiti Community Public health ‐ river, estuaries Hapu Matauranga ‐ harvesting practices Community Surf club Hapu Manawhenua ‐ rangatiratanga Community Camping grounds Mauri Hapū Hapori Whanau Ecosystem Total Hapu Kaitiakitanga Community Swimming ocean Wellbeing cultural social economic Hapu Rahui Community Recreational fishing along coast Hapu Waahi tapu Community Diving Ecosystem 0 Hapu Whanaungatanga Community Kotahitanga A ∑xi Ha B C puWaka ama Community Education HapuTaumaha ‐ hapu burden Community Tikanga Hapū ID Indicator Description ID Indicator Description cultural 0 Whanau Camping grounds Ecosystem Biodiversity ‐ Motiti ecosystems Ecosystem Ongatoro ‐ Maketu estuary Hapori Whanau Fishing ‐ estuary/kaituna Whanau Shellfish estuary Ecosystem Kaituna ‐ intertidal social 0 Whanau Commercial fishing Ecosystem Fish hospital Economic Whanau Shopowners Ecosystem Te Tumu 0 Whanau Rates Ecosystem Water quality Whanau Cost/ Return of Response (TAKT) Ecosystem Little Waihi Percentage weight for dimension; Whanau Newdicks access Ecosystem Okurei PD = (∑xi + 9 ) / 36 x 100% Whanau Port of Tauranga Ecosystem Wairakei ‐ Repo Ecosystem Marangai tangaroa

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No Change Tipping Points No Change Sustainability

0 0

Diminishing Enhancing Diminishing Enhancing -1 +1 -+ Mauri heke Mauri piki Mauri heke Mauri piki Exhausted Fully Restored -2 +2 Mauri noho / moe Mauri tuturu / ora

MV Rena: Worst Maritime NZ Environmental Disaster October 5, 2011 Rena grounding

“restore the mauri of the affected environment to its pre‐Rena state” Image: Maritime New Zealand Images: Maritime New Zealand Ministry for the Environment NZ

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100 year evaluation of trends for each CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE: mauri dimension & overall

2 1. Understand the impacts in Indigenous terms; 1.6 1.2

0.8 +0.48 2. Determine pre‐Rena state of mauri; 0.4

0 1911 1918 1932 1953 1975 1977 1991 2000 2002 2004 Sep‐11 3. Quantify change in mauri since grounding; ‐0.4 ‐0.8

‐1.2

4. Evaluate long‐term recovery options for ‐1.6 potential to restore mauri to pre‐Rena state. ‐2 Ecosystem mauri (Environmental) Hapu mauri (Cultural) Whanau mauri (Economic) Community mauri (Social) 5. Clearly communicate understanding to everyone Overall Mauri

Decision making initially based on $

Overall impact upon mauri (post‐Rena)

2.00

1.60

1.20

0.80 pre‐Rena State +0.48 0.40

0.00 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 14 14 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Jul Jul Jul Jan Jan Jan Jun Jun Jun Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Feb Sep Feb Sep Feb Dec Dec Dec Aug Aug Nov Nov Nov Mar Mar Mar May May ‐0.40 May

‐0.80

‐1.20

‐1.60 Ecosystem mauri (Environmental) Hapu mauri (Cultural) ‐2.00 Whanau mauri (Economic) Community mauri (Social) Overall Mauri

Images: Maritime New Zealand

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They are still cleaning up, and in this case, Case Study II: Agats, Papua money did not get to speak too loudly.

International Example: Asmat Regency Water Analysis of Stakeholder Values and Influence of Supply Project in Papua (PhD research) Worldview Dimension Priority

• Agats is the capital of the The trend of sensitivity analysis The trend of sensitivity analysis 0.500 the Local Government 0.5 for the Asmat People Asmat Regency 14% Environmental • Population 15,000 people Ecosystem 33% • Area 2963 km² 17%+ Cultural • 0 to 5m elevation 0.0 0.000 Community 12% 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 • Slope less than 2 % 200644% 2011 Social 2016 2021 2026 2031 Identity 33% -

The base line The base line Local Government 22% 25% Economic Asmat People -0.5 -0.500

Local Government Asmat People

Clearly Demonstrates Transfer of Mauri / Wealth Images: Dr Elisabeth Wambrauw

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Cawthron Institute REPORT 2224 (2013) • The Boston Indicator Project • The Dashboard of Sustainability • Earth Check (Kaikoura Green Globe) • Ecological Footprint • Environmental Performance Index • The Mauri Model • Human Development Index • NZ’s progress using a Sustainable Development Approach • Sustainable Society Index • Well‐being Index; and The set that appears to be the most useful • Whistler2020 regardless of the community, is the Mauri Model.

Challenger, 2013

The Aashukan Declaration Ngā mihi!

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