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Elt Voices – India ELT VOICES – INDIA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH OCTOBER 2014 | VOLUME 4, ISSUE 5 | ISSN 2230-9136 (PRINT) 2321-7170 (ONLINE) Most Frequently Used Word-Formation Processes in Malaysian Tamil Newspapers MUNIISVARAN KUMAR Bharathiar University ELT VOICES – INDIA October 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 5 1.0 Introduction The discussion on the background of the study is important to get a contextual idea of the study. The present study is related to word-formation in Tamil language in Malaysia. Therefore, the discussion of background of Tamil language in Malaysia is important to be discussed with historical evidence. Tamil language is one of the four main languages in Malaysia other than Malay, English and Mandarin. According to the Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia of Malaysia (2010), 7% of the population in Malaysia is the Indian community (1.8 million). In Malaysia, Tamil language education is offered in the National-Type Primary level Tamil schools. These types of schools use Tamil language as medium of instruction. According to the Ministry of Education Malaysia (2010), there are 523 Tamil schools in Malaysia and as Arasaratnam (1970), mentions the first Tamil school in Malaya was established in 1816 as part of the Penang Free School, Penang. 1.1 Background of Malaysian Tamil Newspapers Dhandayutham, R. (1973), mentions that the earliest Tamil newspaper in Malaysia was published in the year 1887. There were three newspapers published then. Those newspapers are ‘Ulaga Nesan’ and ‘Singgai Nesan’ which started their publication on 28th March, 27th June of the year of 1887 respectively while ‘Hindu Nesan’ was published by the end of the same year. However, these newspapers cannot be considered as the first published newspapers in Malaysia. According to Dhandayutham, R. (1973), there were previously published newspapers also. ‘Ulaga Nesan’ has mentioned the earliest newspapers such as ‘Vidhya Visarini’, ‘Vaagai Nesan’ and ‘Vijaya Ketanan’ which revealed the existence of several newspapers even before ‘Ulaga Nesan’. The name of ‘Singgai Vartamaani’, ‘Thanggai Nesan’ dan ‘Nyana Suriyan’ have been mentioned by the editor of ‘Singgai Nesan’ (S. K. Maguthum Sayabu). At present there are six dailies published in Malaysia. ‘Tamil Nesan’ is the oldest among all the surviving newspapers since 1924. Followed by it ‘Malaysia Nanban’ and ‘Makkal Osai’ are regularly published since 1989 and 1994 respectively. Very recently that is from2012 40|ELT Voices – India International Journal|ISSN 2230-9136 (Print) 2321-7170 (Online) ELT VOICES – INDIA October 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 5 ‘Thinakkural’ and ‘Nam Naadu’ dailies are being published. The sixth newspaper is ‘Tamil Malar’ was started in 1960 but stopped its publication later on was revived during 2013. 1.2 Statement of Problem The study of word-formation has never been carried out as an independent discipline in Tamil language in a wider perspective. The discussion of word-formation was seen as a part of grammatical process and not studied as an independent area. In the recent decades, scholars from Tamil Nadu, India, such as Paavaanar, Churatha, Radha Cellappan, Sivalingam, Thanga Manian, Rajendran, Subamanikkanar and Jeya Devan have contributed to the field of word- formation in Tamil language through their research studies. Activities through internet via websites, blogs and social platforms such as Facebook are being carried out by some of the researches and bodies in Tamilnadu (India). However, the activities undertaken have only less impact. Researches undertaken in the field of word-formation in Tamil in Malaysia are not that adequate. A master level dissertation has been done by Muniisvaran (2011) where the word- formation processes in Tamil has been discussed. This study was conducted in a systematic way using the qualitative and simple quantitative methods. Eventhough this dissertation is a research based word-formation study as suggested by scholars and successfully answered the research questions on word-formation process in Tamil language, the coverage of the study was not that wide and so cannot be generalized. Therefore the present study is expected to approach with issues related to word-formation in Tamil language in a deeper way. 1.3 Objectives of the Study This study has been carried out with a hope to contribute for the enrichment of word- formations study in Tamil. The following are the objectives of this research study: 1. To identify the word-formation processes that are used 2. To identify the most popular word-formation processes used 41|ELT Voices – India International Journal|ISSN 2230-9136 (Print) 2321-7170 (Online) ELT VOICES – INDIA October 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 5 1.4 Significance of the Study Compared to English articles and researches related to word-formation there are very few in quantity and quality in Tamil. This deficiency is indeed due to the lack of awareness among the language users about the importance of language planning, especially in new word-formation. This study has been carried out as a contribution in the field of word-formation. This study provides an overview of the new word-formation processes undertaken in modern Tamil. The collected words through newpapers could show the expansion and enrichment of Tamil usage. 1.5 Limitations of the Study This study limits its geographical scope to Malaysia only. The purpose of this study therefore is to contribute to the Malaysian Tamil word-formation activities as discussed earlier. Thus, the collected data for this study are limited to the articles contributed by the Malaysian Tamils only. At present, there are six Tamil daily newspapers which are regularly published in Malaysia. Those are [tamiḻ ne:caṉ] (த뮿ழ் நேசꟍ), [male:ciya naṇpaṉ] (மநே殿ய ே迍பꟍ), [makkaḷ o:cai] (ம埍கள் ஓசச), [tiṉakkuṟal] (鎿ன埍埁ரல்), [nam na:ṭu] (ே믍 ோ翁) and [tamiḻ malar] (த뮿ழ் மேர்). Among the six data for this research have been collected from [male:ciya naṇpaṉ] newspaper only. This newspaper is the most sold out among the Tamil dailies as identified by the Nielsen Audience Measurement (Malaysia). This newspaper regularly published since 1986. The data collection from the previous years’ newspapers will be irrelevant since this study is concerned with new word-formation only. Therefore, this study limits its scope to the very recent year that is 2013. The data collection has been narrowed to the duration of one year, from 1st January to 31st of December 2013. The findings of this study should be considered with all these limitations as stated above. 2.0 Review of Literature The term ‘word’ has been used widely with a specific notion throughout the study. Hence, it is important to define ‘word’ in a more detailed way. 42|ELT Voices – India International Journal|ISSN 2230-9136 (Print) 2321-7170 (Online) ELT VOICES – INDIA October 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 5 Bauer (1983), mentioned that there are always some incompleteness where all the aspects of the term ‘word’ in languages are not fully covered. Elbourne (2011) has similar opinion as Bauer and says that giving a complete definition for ‘word’ is implausibly complicated. Ever since the days of Socrates (469 – 399 BC) and Plato (429 – 347 BC), the efforts to determine the position or status of ‘word’ still continues to be unsuccessful in forming an adequate definition and explanation. There are several terms such as word, lexeme, vocabulary and terminology with slightly distinguished meaning which differs one with another. However, a standardized term is needed for use throughout this study, and therefore ideas discussed by scholars with reference to word study have been considered. Pingali Sailaja (2004) defends that the word ‘lexeme’ is not so popular terminology in linguistics, as it has only low frequency of occurrence. Based on the popularity Pingali Sailaja (2004) uses word as a common term to refer all other concepts. The term ‘word’ has a broader coverage of meaning which includes concepts of lexeme, vocabulary and terminology with an overview of hyponym diagram. word lexeme vocabulary terminology Figure 1: Word A lexeme, vocabulary or a terminology can be referred to as word in general. But the classification of lexeme, vocabulary and terminology might not be relevant to all words. Considering the ideas given by various scholars and based on the justification made by the researcher ‘word’ is used as a standardized term throughout this study. 43|ELT Voices – India International Journal|ISSN 2230-9136 (Print) 2321-7170 (Online) ELT VOICES – INDIA October 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 5 2.1 Review of Previous Studies on Word-formation As far to the knowledge of the researcher there is only one academic dissertation has been done in word-formation of Tamil language by Muniisvaran Kumar (2011). The study focuses on word-formation in advertisements published in Tamil daily newspapers in Malaysia for the duration of one year. The study found that compounding, borrowing and derivation are the most used word-formation processes accordingly. Along with that, the study also found that the editors of the newspapers forming words according to their basic knowledge of the language and none of them have proper knowledge on word-formation in Tamil language. According to the review of previous studies a conclusion can be made that academic studies on word-formation in Tamil language particularly in Malaysian context is quantitatively very low compared to that of the English language. Discussions on word-formation in the descriptive level are available in Tamil language in the form of books. So, the academic researches should be increased to enhance the development of Tamil language particularly in the field of word- formation. 3.0 Research Methodology Based on the objectives and research questions and the nature of this study, it has been designed as a descriptive type of study. The depiction of the current status of the word- formation is the foremost concern of the study, and therefore this study has been classified as a descriptive one.
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