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Somatochlora Arctica En Bourgogne (Odonata : Corduliidae)

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Somatochlora Arctica En Bourgogne (Odonata : Corduliidae) article Point sur la présence de la Cordulie arctique : Somatochlora arctica en Bourgogne (Odonata : Corduliidae) Alexandre RUFFONI 1, Nicolas VARANGUIN 2 & Jean-Claude LALEURE 3 Résumé Habitant des tourbières au niveau des dépressions en eau et des gouilles, Somatochlora arctica est une espèce boréo- alpine excessivement rare et localisée en Bourgogne d’après nos connaissances actuelles. Grâce à des recherches spécifi ques, elle est actuellement notée sur trois tourbières du Morvan. Une description succincte des habitats larvaires potentiels est donnée. Mots-clés : libellule, tourbière, Morvan, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire. Review of Northern Emerald : Somatochlora arctica in Burgundy (Odonata : Corduliidae) Abstract Living in water hollows of peat bogs, Somatochlora arctica is a boreo-alpine specie extremely rare and confi ned in Burgundy from our current knowledge. Through specifi c investigations, this species is currently present on three Morvan peat bogs. A small description of potential larval habitats is given. Key words : dragonfl y, peat bog, Morvan, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire. 1 Société d’histoire naturelle d’Autun - [email protected] 2 Société d’histoire naturelle d’Autun - [email protected] 3 [email protected] Espèce d’affi nité boréo-alpine atteignant le cercle polaire (DEGRANGE & SEASSEAU, 1970 in DOMMANGET, 1987 ; COPPA, 1990), Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt, 1840), elle se rencontre de l’Europe centrale et septentrionale moyenne jusqu’au Japon (DOMMANGET, 1987). La Cordulie arctique est très rare dans les pays de l’Est de l’Europe avec une répartition morcelée. Elle est surtout présente dans les massifs montagneux, comme c’est le cas en Scandinave (WILDERMUTH, 2008) les pays baltes, (KALKMAN & DIJKSTRA, 2000 in DE KNIJF et al., 2011), et dans les Alpes (WILDERMUTH, 2008). Dans une partie de son aire (notamment nord), l’espèce est trouvée dans des secteurs de basse altitude comme en Belgique (DE KNIJF, ANSELIN, GOFFART & TAILLY, 2006 in DE KNIJF et al., 2011), en Hollande (GROENENDIJK & BOUWMAN, 2010), en France dans les Vosges du Nord (JACQUEMIN & BOUDOT, 2002) et en Picardie (DE KNIJF, 2004). Alors que sa présence n’est pas rapportée en France en 1968 (AGUESSE, 1968), les observations se sont multipliées depuis. On la rencontre dans les massifs montagneux : Massif central, Alpes, Jura, Vosges, Pyrénées et Ardennes (DOMMANGET, 1987 ; COPPA, 1990). Pyrénées et Ardennes semblent être les massifs les moins bien dotés vis-à-vis de l’importance des populations de l’espèce (GRAND & BOUDOT, 2006). Elle est notée ponctuellement de Picardie (DE KNIJF, 2004). Les stations bourguignonnes, localisées au Morvan, sont situées entre celles du Massif central au sud, du Jura et des Vosges à l’est et des Ardennes au nord. En France, cette espèce est fortement liée aux milieux tourbeux. Tyrphobionte (JACQUEMIN & BOUDOT, 2002), elle est inféodée aux tourbières à sphaignes ou à hypnacées, et aux cariçaies acides, neutres ou alcalines. Les larves se développent dans les gouilles, les chenaux et les anciennes fosses d’exploitation en voie de recolonisation (BOUDOT et al., 1990 ; D’AGUILAR & DOMMANGET, 1998 ; BELENGUIER & DELPON, 2013). Ces milieux peuvent s’assécher en été et geler en surface en hiver (D’AGUILAR & DOMMANGET, 1998 ; BOUDOT & JACQUEMIN, 2002). Revue scientifi que Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Nature - 27-2018, 95-105 95 Ses larves au développement de 2 à 5 ans suivant les conditions hydriques (D’AGUILAR & DOMMANGET, 1998 ; GRAND & BOUDOT, 2006), ne vivent jamais dans de grandes pièces d’eau libre. Celles-ci dépassent rarement 2 m². Dans bien des cas, il s’agit d’enfonce- ments minuscules dont l’eau libre ne comprend que quelques dm² (DOMMANGET, 1987 ; HEIDEMANN & SEIDENBUSCH, 2002). Cette espèce est l’une des dernières à subsister dans les tourbières au stade terminal (BOUDOT et al., 1990 ; D’AGUILAR & DOMMANGET, 1998 ; BOUDOT & JACQUEMIN, 2002). La larve montre une certaine prédilection pour les sphaignes dont l’eau est en mouvement, comme sur des tourbières de pente, par exemple (HEIDEMANN & SEIDENBUSCH, 2002). Les adultes sont relativement discrets (JACQUEMIN, 1989 ; COPPA, 1990) et volent souvent à hauteur de canopée. Les peuplements clairs de conifères aux abords des tourbières sont souvent des sites de chasse ou de repos. Durant la période de repro- duction, les adultes se recherchent activement sur les zones propices. Ils reconnaîtraient les biotopes favorables à la reproduction grâce à la lumière polarisée réfl échie par les points d’eau (WILDERMUTH et al., 2005). En Franche-Comté, l’espèce semble avoir besoin pour l’accouplement de milieux ouverts en contact avec l’habitat larvaire (PROT, 2001). Même si les distances maximales de dispersion de l’espèce ne sont pas connues, des individus ont déjà été vus à 10 km de stations connues (DUFRÊNE et al., 2011). Cet anisoptère spécialiste des tourbières, est sans aucun doute à l’heure actuelle en Bourgogne, l’une des espèces d’odonates les plus menacées. La première observation rapportée date des années 1980 sur un site du haut Morvan (LALEURE, ORIEUX, comm. pers.). Cet odonate ne présente pas de statut de protection particulier mais est classé quasi-menacé (NT) sur la Liste Rouge française de 2016 (UICN France et al., 2016) et citée comme espèce à suivi prioritaire (source : SFO). En Bourgogne, elle est défi nie comme espèce déterminante ZNIEFF et prioritaire dans la déclinaison régionale du plan national d’actions en faveur des Odonates (DOUCET et al., 2014). À la vue des exigences écologiques de l’espèce, les milieux tourbeux favorables à son implantation en Bourgogne se cantonnent à quelques secteurs bourguignons ; parmi ceux-ci, les petites régions naturelles constituant le Morvan sont sûrement les plus intéressantes. Il est à noter qu’une tourbière et quelques mardelles forestières situées sur la commune de Prémery (petite région naturelle du Plateau nivernais) nécessiteraient des investigations particulières. Depuis le milieu des années 1980, des recherches sont menées sur les espèces des milieux tourbeux et en particulier sur S. arctica (obs. LALEURE, ORIEUX, VARANGUIN, GUIBON) et plus particulièrement à partir de 2004 avec une première campagne assez complète d’inventaire sur S. arctica (VARANGUIN & SIRUGUE, 2007) et en 2012. Des compléments d’inventaires ont été menés ponctuellement tout au long de cette période. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances régionales sur ce taxon. Matériel et méthode Outre des prospections ponctuelles ou observations fortuites, la présence de S. arctica a été recherchée lors de deux campagnes majeures de terrain en 2004-2005 et 2012 par la Société d’histoire naturelle d’Autun (SHNA) dans le cadre de l’observatoire de la faune de Bourgogne. Le premier échantillon de stations prospectées, en 1 ou 2 pas- sages, concerne 24 tourbières. Il permet d’exclure les milieux les plus défavorables à son développement. La deuxième campagne en 2012 cible les 5 secteurs identifi és comme les plus intéressants pour l’espèce et permet de collecter des indices de présence et d’autochtonie supplémentaires lors de 3 à 6 passages. La plupart des investigations ont été menées entre début juin (rarement mai) et fi n août. Les adultes sont observés et, si possible capturés au fi let ; les exuvies sont recherchées au sein de milieux poten- tiellement favorables. Il est à noter dans la bibliographie que les exuvies trouvées sont souvent très peu nombreuses, rarement plus de 3 sur un site le même jour. Les conditions météorologiques requises pour les prospections sont les suivantes : température supérieure à 15 °C avec un bon ensoleillement, ou temps légèrement plus chaud mais couvert avec éventuellement un vent faible. Les journées trop ventées ou pluvieuses sont à éviter. 96 Alexandre RUFFONI et al. Revue scientifi que Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Nature - 27-2018, 95-105 Résultats Résultats géographiques Sur la totalité des stations inventoriées, seulement 3 ont permis d’observer l’espèce avec certitude. Au total, ce sont 19 données certaines concernant ce taxon qui sont répertoriées dans la Base de données régionale (Bourgogne Base Fauna, toutes dates confondues). Des observations d’individus appartenant potentiellement à l’espèce ont été effectuées sur deux autres tourbières. Pour les deux premières stations connues l’espèce est observée régulièrement depuis la date de leur découverte (Le Grand Montarnu 1986 ; la Tourbière de la Chevrée 2004). La troisième station, située à la Tourbière de Préperny a été révélée en 2012. Deux stations sont circonscrites au haut Morvan et sont très proches l’une de l’autre. Celle de la Chevrée est située dans le Morvan central à environ 33 km de distance des deux précédentes. Il est toutefois nécessaire de rappeler la diffi culté de détection de l’espèce, le manque de résultat ne signifi ant pas obligatoirement son absence. Yonnee Ballons des Vosges Yonne T. de Côte-d’Or Haute-Saône Belfort Côte-d’Or Morvan Doubs Nièvre Jura les Blancs Saône-et-Loire Haut-Jura Verny des Brûlons la Chevrée le Vernay la Vente Etang Bouquin le Moulinn CaillotC Champgazon le Champ du Milieux leles Prés des Vernois Pré des Chaumes Nièvrere sur les Chaintres le Grand Montarnu Préperny la Croisette la Proie les Lamberts Légende Etang des Cloix prospection en 2012 prospectionon en 22004 présence détectdétectée de S. arcitcaca limite départementale contountour du Parc naturel régional du Morvanvan Saône-et-Loire Figure 1. Carte de localisation des stations inventoriées pour la recherche de Somatochlora arctica. article > Point sur la présence de la Cordulie arctique : Somatochlora arctica en Bourgogne (Odonata : Corduliidae) 97 Sont présentés ci-dessous les biotopes ayant permis une observation certaine ou supposée de l’espèce. Toutes ces stations ont été prospectées lors de la session de 2012. La tourbière du Grand Montarnu (Arleuf 58) La tourbière du Grand Montarnu située à 765 m d’altitude est connue depuis 1986 pour sa population de Cordulie arctique (obs. J.-C. LALEURE 1 ). Cette tourbière de pente est située en contexte forestier, entourée de feuillus enclavés dans une forêt de conifères.
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