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Damselflies & Dragonflies of the Cairngorms

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Damselflies & Dragonflies of the Cairngorms Damselflies & Dragonflies of the Cairngorms Male and female Northern damselfly in tandem An identification guide Dragonflies are amazing insects that combine stunning colours with awesome aerial displays. This guide will help you identify the 13 species of dragonfly and damselfly found in and around the Cairngorms National Park. You can get involved and record all these species and help put together a national atlas of dragonflies. Published by The Cairngorms LBAP 1M 2M 3M 1F 2F 3F Damselflies Delicate 2. Large Red Damselfly vegetation usually below the insects, weak fluttery flight. Tot: 33 – 36mm tops of plants, and avoid large Eyes on each side of oblong Range: Cairngorms-wide areas of open water. The head, wings usually held Rarity: common underside of the eyes and closed at rest. Habitat: still or slow face are bright green. Males 1. Emerald Damselfly moving water have two short black lines on Total body length (Tot): Seen: May to August each side of the thorax, and 35 – 39mm A distinctive red and black a spear-shaped mark and 2 Range: Cairngorms-wide damselfly that is often the black lines on the second Rarity: common first to be seen in late spring. abdominal segment. Females Habitat: well vegetated Females are darker with are pea-green with the 2 standing water, ditches and black and yellow bands on thorax lines. loch edges the abdomen. Males defend 4. Common Blue Seen: June to September their territories vigorously. Damselfly A slender species, with a 3. Northern Damselfly Tot: 29 – 36mm weak, fluttery flight. Males Tot: 31 – 33mm Range: Cairngorms-wide are metallic green with blue Range: limited to only 30 Rarity: common segments 9 and 10 on the sites in the Cairngorms Habitat: most wetlands rear of the abdomen. Rarity: rare including slow moving water Females are a duller green Habitat: shallow pond or Seen: June to mid September with a pale brown abdomen. lochan edges sheltered by Males are bright blue, flying On dull days often rests on sedges fast and low over the water, vegetation near water Seen: late May to early often in large numbers and holding its wings half open. August can be distinguished by the The black and blue males fly club shaped black mark on slowly and weakly among abdomen segment 2 and the widely spaced aquatic blue upper segments 8 and 4M 5M 6 4F 5F 7 9. Both males and females Dragonflies Powerful 7. Four-spotted Chaser have a single black stripe on flyers, more robust than Tot: 40 – 48mm the side of thorax. Females damselflies. Eyes nearly cover Range: Cairngorms-wide have more black, are much whole head, wings held open Rarity: common more drab than males at rest. Habitat: moorland bogs, and come in yellow, pale 6. Golden-ringed ditches and ponds green or brown forms. All Dragonfly Seen: May to August females have a spine below Tot: 74 – 85mm Territorial males are segment 8. Range: Cairngorms-wide extremely active and 5. Blue-tailed Damselfly Rarity: common aggressive, flying rapidly then returning repeatedly to the Tot: 30 – 34mm Habitat: patrolling burns but same perch. Of moderate Range: Cairngorms-wide also flying over moorland or size and likened to a flying Rarity: uncommon woodland rides cigar, both sexes have a Habitat: most wetlands Seen: June to mid September narrow, tapering dark brown Seen: May to early Sept One of Britain’s largest abdomen with yellow sides Commonly seen flying low dragonflies and readily and a black tip. The wings down among waterside approachable. The bright are characteristically marked vegetation but also far from yellow bands on a black with brown patches at the water. Males are dark, background make base and a smaller spot on almost metallic black with a identification simple. Males the middle of the leading bright blue band on segment have a very pinched waist wing edge. 8 on the rear of the and females have a pointed abdomen and a green or end to their abdomen for blue thorax. Females usually egg laying. have a dull brown band on segment 8 and brown/pale grey/pink thorax. 8M 9M 10M 8F 9F 10F 8. Azure Hawker 9. Common Hawker 10. Northern Emerald Tot: 54 – 64mm Tot: 65 – 80mm Tot: 45 – 51mm Range: a few Strathspey sites Range: Cairngorms-wide Range: a few Strathspey sites Rarity: rare Rarity: common Rarity: rare Habitat: boggy moorland, Habitat: most still waters Habitat: sphagnum bog pools open birch woodland and but also in woodland rides; with scattered cotton grass bog pools often active in the evening among open woods or Seen: late May to July Seen: July to September moors It is a sun loving dragonfly This large dragonfly is a fast Seen: early June to August with few recent sightings. and powerful flier, being It flies fast and straight at The very blue males are difficult to approach. Males height, is difficult to seen actively flying low and have paired blue and yellow approach. It is often seen fast over the edges of ponds. markings on the abdomen patrolling at about one Males have paired blue spots but appear very dark in metre above the water. This and no yellow unlike the flight. Females are usually is a medium sized very dark Common Hawker. Females dull yellow with a brown metallic green, almost black, have 2 colour variations, background or sometimes dragonfly with distinctive either yellow/beige or blue blue/green. This species has shining green eyes and a but no coloured stripes on a distinctive yellow edge to characteristic box shaped top of the thorax. its wings. thorax. Has more yellow on the thorax than other emerald dragonflies and males have a distinctive rear-end clasper. 11M 12M 13M 11F 12F 13F 11. Common Darter 12. Black Darter 13. White-faced Darter Tot: 35 – 44mm Tot: 29 – 34mm Tot: 31 – 36mm Range: Cairngorms-wide Range: Cairngorms-wide Range: a few Strathspey sites Rarity: uncommon Rarity: common and Muir of Dinnet in Habitat: ponds, lochs and Habitat: moorland pools and Deeside slow moving burns bogs with plenty of Rarity: rare Seen: July to mid September vegetation Habitat: bog pools A small, restless dragonfly Seen: mid July to September supporting floating and that regularly perches This small dragonfly has a submerged moss among bank side vegetation, short, erratic flight, perching Seen: mid May to mid July often returning to the same frequently among vegetation A small dragonfly that flies in spot. Males have a dark near water. Males have black an agitated, skittish manner. orange to red abdomen and abdomens with yellow It frequently hovers low the females have a yellowish markings on the side of the over water and will bask on to light brown abdomen. thorax, and paired red or bare soil or vegetation. It is Both have black markings on yellow spots on lower not easily approached. Males the side of the thorax and abdomen which can fade are dark almost black with underside of the abdomen, with age. Females and single red spots on the and black marks on immature males are yellow, abdomen and red on the segments 8 and 9. The females turning olive with thorax that fade with age. black legs have a distinctive age. Both have completely The characteristic white face yellow stripe. black legs while females have is very distinctive. Females a black triangle on top of and young males have yellow the thorax. and black markings on the abdomen and thorax. Images of common hawker and golden ringed at approximately 0.75 times life size, others at approximately life size. Guide to dragonfly flight periods in the Cairngorms Weather is the major factor for early emergence and extended flight period Common Name Latin Name Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Emerald Damselfly Lestes sponsa Large Red Damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula Northern Damselfly Coenagrion hastulatum Common Blue Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum Blue-tailed Damselfly Ischnura elegans Golden-ringed Dragonfly Cordulegaster boltonii Four-spotted Chaser Libellula quadrimaculata Azure Hawker Aeshna caerulea Common Hawker Aeshna juncea Northern Emerald Somatochlora arctica Common Darter Sympetrum striolatum Black Darter Sympetrum danae White-faced Darter Leucorrhinia dubia key flight period early/late flight period Dragonfly life-cycle Dragonflies and damselflies belong to the order of insects called Odonata (meaning toothed jaw). There are over 5,500 species worldwide and 42 species breed in Britain. Dragonflies were one of the first flying insects with fossil records dating back 350 million years. The majority of a dragonfly’s life is spent in water during the larval stage, spending up to five years as larvae. Adult dragonflies emerge from water, leaving behind the spent larval shell or exuviae, and live only for a short period of 3-4 weeks. You can identify dragonflies by examining larvae but this is not covered in this publication. Males and females mate in tandem forming a wheel position with the male clasping the female. Egg laying takes place after mating and in many cases the male will continue to hold onto or guard the female to prevent other males interfering. The female lays eggs directly into water or mud or vegetation depending upon the species. Threats The main threats are habitat loss: drainage of wetlands, pollution, afforestation or conversion to agriculture, water abstraction and river engineering. Ponds filling in naturally and cold, wet summers are also factors. Climate change could potentially threaten the northern species, especially if drier summers lead to the drying out of bog pools. New species may also colonise such as the Azure Damselfly that is found in Perthshire. Watching damselflies and dragonflies • Choose warm, sunny days with little or no wind • Check
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