Frankish Kingdom of Gaul Christianity in Roman Gaul • Many Christian communities existed in Roman era Gaul. • Lyons and Marseilles were early centers. • Lyons was the site of a notorious persecution in 177. • Irenaeus of Lyons was a Church Father. • Dozens of Roman- era saints: Victor of Marseilles, Gatian, Germanus of Auxurre, etc. . . www.Heritage-History.com

Missionaries and Martyrs Saints of Tours, Poitiers • During the 4th and 5th centuries, Tours was an • 250 Denis — Bishop of Paris who was important center of Christian civilization. martyred by the Druids because of his • 368 Hilary of Poitiers — Elected Bishop success in converting the Gauls to although he was not a priest. Produced important Christianity. Patron of , headaches works of theology and resisted the Arian heresy. • 286 Crispin and Crispinian — Cobbler • 397 Martin of Tours — Soldier who gave up his brothers who fled to Gaul to avoid military career to become a Christian and bishop persecution, but headed by Diocletian. of Tours. Patron of France, subject of legends. Patron of cobblers, tanners. • 490 Perpetuus — Energetic and long reigning • 287 Quentin — Missionary to Gaul with bishop of Tours. Known for preaching and Saint Lucian. Performed miracles and building monasteries and churches. escaped prison before being recaptured Contemporary of . and martyred. • 594 Gregory of Tours —Sixth century bishop • 290 Lucian of Beauvais — Missionary of Tours, then the capital of Gaul. He was a priest who traveled with St. Quentin in historian of the Merovingian era of France. One Northern France. Martyred during of the most important historians of the period. Diocletian Persecutions. .

FROM TOP: ST. QUENTIN, MANACLED AND TORTURED, CRISPIN FROM TOP: HILARY OF POITIERS, MARTIN GIVING HIS CLOCK TO AND CRISPINAIN, COBBLERS, ST. DENIS CARRYING HIS HEAD. A BEGGAR, GREGORY OF TOURS WRITING HISTORY OF . e-History.com e-History.com Saints of Paris Franks-Merovingians • 250 Denis—Bishop of Paris who was martyred by the Druids because of his success in converting the Gauls to Christianity, (below) • Franks were Foederati. • 576 Germain—Bishop of Paris who converted King • German tribe from Rhine valley that Childebert I and built the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des- settled in northern Gaul. Pres. (lower left) • Clovis’s father united Franks within Gaul (~460) • 512 Genevieve—Mystic nun who prays are thought to have diverted the Huns away from Paris. of • Clovis founds Paris. (upper left) – United all of Gaul at Soissons (486) (bottom) – Married Clotilde, Burgundian Princess (top) – Converted to Catholicism (496) – Clovis’s sister married Theodoric, King of Visigoths (493) • After Clovis, – Gaul became Catholic stronghold. – Dynastic wars weakened Merovingians – Charles Martel victory at Tours (732) – Merovingians deposed in 752, in favor of FROM TOP: EUSEBIUS OF VERCELLI WITH ST. SEBASTIAN AND ST. ROCH, PAULINUS OF NOLA, Carolingians. www.Heritage-History.com e-History.com BENEDICT AND SCHOLASTICA.

Conversion of Clovis Growth of Frankish Empire • The two most important people associated with the Conversion of Clovis are St. Clotilda, his Burgundian Catholic wife, and St. Remigius, Bishop of Reims, who converted and baptized him. • Many peasants and Romanized citizens in France were already Catholic but when the Frankish noble class became Catholic, the Church and monarchy both became much stronger. • The following saints are related to Merovingian kings. • 559 Leonard of Noblac — Frankish noble who converted to Christianity at the court of Clovis. Retired to a monastery and worked to obtain the release of prisoners. • 560 Cloud — Frankish prince who renounced his claim to the throne and became a hermit.

FROM TOP: ST REMIGIUS BAPTIZING CLOVIS AT THE CATHEDRAL OF REIMS, ST. CLOTILDA AND HER HUSBAND CLOVIS. www.Heritage-History.com e-History.com After the Fall of Rome—500 A.D. Christianity in Early Britain

• Christian Artifacts as old as 200 A.D. • St. Alban martyred in 304 • Christianity became legalized in 313 • Many Christian artifacts from 400’s • St. Patrick’s mission to Ireland, mid-400’s

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Irish Missionaries to Britain Saxons, Angles, Jutes

• Brigit founds monastery at Kildare, Ireland, 500 • Romans withdrew from Britain between 392 and 405 (left). • Columba, apostle to Picts, founds Iona monastery 563 • In 410, Honorius told Britons he would send no help.

• Mungo, apostle to Scotland founds Glasgow, 600 • Saxons began migrating to Britain 400’s (center).

• Irish monk Adain, founds monastery at Lindisfarne, 634 • King Arthur legend—Christian Britons vs. Saxon pagans (right). • Saxons conversion to Catholicism begins around 600, ends Dark ages of Britain.

www.Heritage-History.com Germanic Migrations Anglo-Saxon Christianity • Britons couldn’t resist waves of Anglo-Saxons because; • Saxons were pagan (Thor, Freya, etc.) – Peace-loving, civilized vs. savage – Despised religion of the Celts. . . Impressed by Roman Church – Settled, dependent on trade, vs. mobile – Augustine of Canterbury converts Ethelbert in 600 – 400 years of Roman protection – Most Anglo-Saxon princes convert within 100 years – Warrior Britons left with legions. • Cuthbert helps unite Celtic and Roman Churches, 664 • Britons pushed to Scotland, Wales • Bede writes Ecclesiastical History of English People in 700. • Some Britons migrated to Brittany • In 712, Boniface undertakes conversion of German Saxons.

Famous Heptarchy Monastriess • Anglo Kingdoms • Iona – Northumbria (North of • Lindisfarne Humber River, formerly • Jarrow Bernicia and Deira) • York – East Anglia • Crowland – Mercia • Winchester • Saxon Kingdoms • Canterbury – Essex (East Saxons) • Bath – Wessex (West Saxons) – Sussex (South Saxons) • Jute Kingdoms – Kent Christian Kingship Christian Kingship

• How powerful were Anglo-Saxon kings? • What was the idea of Christian Kingship? – Presided over local tribes only. Elected for life. – A society of princes governed by common Christian principles; – Often warred with neighboring kings? who would treat their population humanely, respect the rights • Why did kings convert to Christianity? of the church, and not rebel or make war without just cause. – Impressed by Christian Missionaries, Roman civilization • What were Benefits of Christian Kingship?

– Many benefits to becoming part of Christian community. ** next – Crown passed by hereditary right—no succession wars slide – Neighboring Christian princes could not usurp throne by • Why did people convert to their kings’ religion? force; would respect boundaries and aid in wars with pagans. – Worship was a tribal experience. – Christian subjects were relatively peaceful—taught to submit – Christian kings did not permit worship of idols in kingdom. to lawful authority, not rebel. • Why were Christian kings usually hereditary? – Churchmen were educated, often served as ministers of state – King was anointed to rule by “divine right” not human election. – Bishop advisors could not form dynasties so could be trusted. – Solved difficult “succession” conflicts. – Alliances could be made by marriage, not warfare. – Upheld Christian ideals of marriage and hereditary rights. – Canon law of church more advanced than tribal laws.