Francesco Becattini, University of Florence
Hydrodynamics of fluids with spinHydrodynamics of fluids with spin
F. B., F. Piccinini, Ann. Phys. 323, 2452 (2008). F.B., L. Tinti, arXiv:0911.0864, to appear (hopefully soon) in Ann. Phys.
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Introduction Relativistic fluids at thermodynamical equilibrium The meaning of the spin tensor Ongoing investigations
Heavy ion forum, CERN, July 9 2010 MOTIVATIONS
The success of the hydrodynamical description of Quark Gluon Plasma
Reaction z plane
y
x
What is a fluid with spin ? What is a fluid with spin ?
A fluid with spin is a fluid having a macroscopic spin density and which thus needs a spin tensor to be described, besides the stressenergy tensor
Why should QGP be a fluid with spin?Why should QGP be a fluid with spin?
If relaxation times are short, also spin degrees of freedom could locally equilibrate quickly and we could end up with a fluid a finite (though small) spin density, particularly in peripheral collisions A short history of relativistic fluids with spinA short history of relativistic fluids with spin
M. Mathisson, Acta Phys. Pol. 6, 163 (1937).
J. Weyssenhoff, A. Raabe, Acta Phys. Pol. 9, 7 (1947).
Frenkel condition
D. Bohm and J.P. Vigier, Phys. Rev. 109, 1882 (1958) Critique (well founded) of the Frenkel condition
F. Halbwachs, Theorie relativiste des fluids `a spin, GauthierVillars, Paris, (1960) Variational lagrangian theory of ideal fluids with spin, still embodying Frenkel condition
From 1960 onwards: many papers with extension and possible applications of Halbwach's theory to general relativity, Einstein Cartan theory and relevant cosmologies
The simplest fluid: The simplest fluid: rigidly rotating relativistic ideal Boltzmann gasrigidly rotating relativistic ideal Boltzmann gas
This is a system at complete thermodynamical equilibrium and can be used to learn much about the hydrodynamics of fluids with spin without begging the question, i.e. without introducing any prior stressenergy and spin tensor. The only assumption is statistical equilibrium.
For large enough systems:
Grandcanonical rotational partition function
which can be obtained by maximizing with the constraints of energy and angularmomentum conservation Why is it rigidly rotating? Landau's argument Why is it rigidly rotating? Landau's argument
E , i Pi
Maximize entropy with constraints
Local temperature
Rotating fluid at thermodynamical equilibrium: entropyRotating fluid at thermodynamical equilibrium: entropy
As a consequence of
with
we obtain
For an ideal Boltzmann gas
Rotating gas at thermodynamical equilibrium: polarizationRotating gas at thermodynamical equilibrium: polarization F. B., F. Piccinini, Ann. Phys. 323, 2452 (2008).
in the inertial frame
This polarization is very small for usual systems but it is just what causes Barnett effect (see later)
Crucial steps in the derivation
To obtain the polarization expression, the key ingredient is the matrix element
which in turn stems from an ansatz
motivated by the enforcement of
However, the same expression can be obtained by maximing the entropy as a functional of phase space distribution (in progress)
From global to local: hydrodynamical viewFrom global to local: hydrodynamical view
The spinning ideal gas, if large, can be seen as a fluid and local quantities, like proper energy density or pressure can be inferred from the expression of Z
Since particles are polarized, there must exist also a spin tensor:
Local thermodynamical relation
To make it covariant the angular velocity is to be replaced with the acceleration tensor constructed with the FrenetSerret tetrad
See F. Halbwachs “Theorie relativiste des fluids a spin”, Paris, 1960
The acceleration tensor
In the inertial frame
For a rigidly rotating body
Already been used in literature in GR and EinsteinCartan theory. It should be stressed that the last term is a QUANTUM correction (vanishes if h=0) to the otherwise familiar thermodynamical relation For the ideal Boltzman gas, one can derive the expression of the phasespace distribution (F.B., L. Tinti, arXiv:0911.0864, Ann. Phys. in press)
or, in Dirac spinor's notation
Spin density tensor for an ideal Boltzmann gasSpin density tensor for an ideal Boltzmann gas
This implies that the Frenkel condition is VIOLATED
even for the simplest fluid with spin!
This deserves a little reflection. It means that we cannot describe the spin density of a fluid with ONE spacial vector (polarization), but we need TWO.
This is unfamiliar because a single quantum relativistic particle has t=0 but a fluid is made of many particles with random polarization vectors
Does the spin tensor have a direct physical meaning?
Definition of macroscopic tensors with the correspondance principle
In classical and quantum field theory, these tensors are somewhat arbitrary and can be changed, provided that they fulfill the same conservation equations and that they yield the same total energy, momentum and angular momentum
However, there is also thermodynamics, which dictates a definite relation between mechanical (pressure, energy, related to stressenergy tensor) and statistical quantities (entropy, i.e. the number of degrees of freedom, related to the discrete nature of matter). This can help to single out one couple, or at least to constrain it.
Is the spin tensor arbitrary?
From pure thermodynamics, we have inferred that there is a nonvanishing polarization of particles for the simplest fluid at equilibrium with finite angular momentum and this in turn implies that spin density is nonvanishing as well
Therefore, if we want to keep the correspondance between microscopic quantum and macroscopic tensors
the only possible conclusion is that NOT ALL transformation of stressenergy and spin tensors are allowed.
Particularly, the Belinfante symmetrization procedure seems to be ruled out by thermodynamics
From a local point of view, thermodynamics enforces a relation between the stressenergy tensor and a quantity which is beyond a classical relativistic theory: ENTROPY.
Entropy can only be introduced counting states, i.e. in a quantum field framework; it requires the existence of particles.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Barnett effectEXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Barnett effect S. J. Barnett, Magnetization by Rotation, Phys. Rev. 6, 239–270 (1915).
See also E. Purcell, Astroph. J. 231, 404 (1979)
Spontaneous magnetization of an uncharged body when spun around its axis
It is a dissipative transformation of the orbital angular momentum into spin of the constituents. The angular velocity decreases and a small magnetic field appears; this phenomenon is accompanied by a heating of the sample.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Barnett effectEXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Barnett effect S. J. Barnett, Magnetization by Rotation, Phys. Rev. 6, 239–270 (1915).
See also E. Purcell, Astroph. J. 231, 404 (1979)
Spontaneous magnetization of an uncharged body when spun around its axis
It is a dissipative transformation of the orbital angular momentum into spin of the constituents. The angular velocity decreases and a small magnetic field appears; this phenomenon is accompanied by a heating of the sample.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: EinsteinDe Haas effectEXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: EinsteinDe Haas effect
A. Einstein, W. J. de Haas, Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Proceedings, 18 I, 696711 (1915)
Rotation of a ferromagnet originally at rest when put into an external H field
An effect of angular momentum conservation and 2nd law: spins gets aligned with H (irreversibly) and this must be compensated by a on overall orbital angular momentum
How to explain microscopically Barnett effect?
Requires transformation of orbital angular momentum into spin
From a collisionalkinetic point of view, this is possible only if particles interact with a spinorbit coupling
Such an interaction requires an extension of the Boltzmann kinetic equation (see LandauLifshitz, Kinetic physics) because collisions, in the usual approximation, are assumed to occur at a fixed spacetime point, therefore orbital angular momentum is conserved by construction.
We thus need a nonlocal collisional integral to include spinorbit interaction, and this is likely to lead to interesting consequences on the form of the stressenergy tensor (no longer symmetric except at full thermodynamical equilibrium)
Ongoing studiesOngoing studies
Determination of a class of transformations of the stressenergy and spin tensor leaving entropy density (i.e. thermodynamics) invariant
Determination of kinetic coefficients for spin generation and transport and relevant modifications of the stressenergy tensor
Is it possible to transform macroscopic spin into orbital angular momentum without dissipation (the problem of ideal fluid with spin)?
General formulation of hydrodynamics with spin
Possible application to cold atoms ?Possible application to cold atoms ?
J. Thomas, arXiv: 0907.0140
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOKSUMMARY AND OUTLOOK We have calculated the expression of the spin density tensor in a rotating relativistic Boltzmann gas in full thermodynamical equilibrium. We recovered an “assumed” result, i.e. the local entropy density gets an additional term of quantum nature depending on the acceleration tensor.
We have argued that thermodynamics requires the inequivalence of an otherwise equivalent class of stressenergy and spin tensors.
We aim at obtaining a general formulation of relativistic hydrodynamics with spin and study its consequences (applying to QGP). This will involve new kinetic coefficients (spin transport and generation) and a generalization of stressenergy tensor with further dissipative terms. J. Thomas, arXiv: 0907.0140