Low Cost Grid Electrification Technologies a Handbook for Electrification Practitioners
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Summary Report on LCA of CCA-Treated Utility Poles
Conclusions and Summary Report: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Utility Poles with Comparisons to Concrete, Galvanized Steel, and Fiber- Reinforced Composite Utility Poles Prepared by: AquAeTer, Inc. © 2013 Arch Wood Protection, Inc. Project Name: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of CCA-Treated Utility Poles Comparisons to Concrete, Galvanized Steel, and Fiber-Reinforced Composite Utility Poles Conclusions and Summary Report Arch Wood Protection commissioned AquAeTer, Inc., an independent consulting firm, to prepare a quantitative evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with the national production, use, and disposition of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated, concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber- reinforced composite utility poles using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies and following ISO 14044 standards. The comparative results confirm: • Less Energy & Resource Use: CCA-treated utility poles require less total energy and less fossil fuel than concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles. CCA-treated utility poles require less water than concrete and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles. • Lower Environmental Impacts: CCA-treated utility poles have lower environmental impacts in comparison to concrete, steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles for all six impact indicator categories assessed: anthropogenic greenhouse gas, net greenhouse gas, acid rain, smog, ecotoxicity, and eutrophication-causing emissions. • Decreases Greenhouse Gas Levels: Use of CCA- treated utility poles lowers greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere whereas concrete, galvanized steel, and fiber-reinforced composite utility poles increase greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. • Offsets Fossil Fuel Use: Reuse of CCA-treated utility poles for energy recovery in permitted facilities with appropriate emission controls will further reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, while offsetting the use of fossil fuel energy. -
Technical Bulletin
NORTH AMERICAN WOOD POLE COUNCIL No. 17-D-202 TECHNICAL BULLETIN Wood Pole Design Considerations Prepared by: W. Richard Lovelace Executive Consultant Hi-Line Engineering a GDS Company About NAWPC The North American Wood Pole Council (NAWPC) is a federation of three organizations representing the wood preserving industry in the U.S. and Canada. These organizations provide a variety of services to support the use of preservative-treated wood poles to carry power and communications to consumers. The three organization are: Western Wood Preservers Institute With headquarters in Vancouver, Wash., WWPI is a non-profi t trade association founded in 1947. WWPI serves the interests of the preserved wood industry in the 17 western states, Alberta, British Columbia and Mexico so that renewable resources exposed to the elements can maintain favorable use in aquatic, building, commercial and utility applications. WWPI works with federal, state and local agencies, as well as designers, contractors, utilities and other users over the entire preserved wood life cycle, ensuring that these products are used in a safe, responsible and environmentally friendly manner. Southern Pressure Treaters’ Association SPTA was chartered in New Orleans in 1954 and its members supply vital wood components for America’s infrastructure. These include pressure treated wood poles and wood crossarms, and pressure treated timber piles, which continue to be the mainstay of foundation systems for manufacturing plants, airports, commercial buildings, processing facilities, homes, piers, wharfs, bulkheads or simple boat docks. The membership of SPTA is composed of producers of industrial treated wood products, suppliers of AWPA-approved industrial preservatives and preservative components, distributors, engineers, manufacturers, academia, inspection agencies and producers of untreated wood products. -
Utility Pole Assessment and Tagging at Ameren
Utility Pole Assessment and Tagging at Ameren Utility pole inspection and treatment varies among Utilities. Ameren takes a pro -active approach to inspection and remedial treatment. Distribution, sub -transmission and transmission poles are inspected in cycles and receive inspection methods that are distinct to the pole species. Inspection and treatment helps to; 1. Identify failing utility poles and assess the overall condition of the system. 2. Treatment helps to extend the life of the utility pole. 3. Both together provide for greater system reliability. The industry standard for a safe utility pole requires 2 inches of good shell depth. Studies show that the greatest strength of a utility pol es lies in the outer 2 inches of shell. Please note that this pole was cut to displa y it ’s remaining shell of approximately one inch. Proper pole assessment employs at least 3 different forms of inspection. 1. A visual inspection as depicted below. 2. Sounding of the pole. 3. and boring the pole to measure remaining shell depth. Hammer sounding the pole. Depending on the specs, a pole will be hammer sounded from groundline to about 76 ” above groundline on all sides to detect any internal decay pockets. Groundline treatment of a sub transmission pole. The pole is excavated to a depth of 18 ”. Decayed wood and rotted material is removed and a Copper Napthenate wrap is applied. Pole tags play an important part in supporting the inspection cycle and AM/FM system. Pole tags fall into a few different categories; • Asset tags, used to support the AMFM system and Asset Management. -
Phase Converter
Phase Converter Introduction A wide variety of commercial and industrial electrical equipment requires three-phase power. Electric utilities do not install three-phase power as a matter of course because it costs significantly more than single-phase installation. As an alternative to utility installed three-phase, rotary phase converters, static phase converters and phase converting variable frequency drives (VFD) have been used for decades to generate three-phase power from a single-phase source. A phase converter is a device that converts electric power provided as single phase to multiple phase or vice-versa. The majority of phase converters are used to produce three phase electric power from a single-phase source, thus allowing the operation of three-phase equipment at a site that only has single-phase electrical service. Phase converters are used where three-phase service is not available from the utility, or is too costly to install due to a remote location. A utility will generally charge a higher fee for a three-phase service because of the extra equipment for transformers and metering and the extra transmission wire. Rotary and Static Phase Converters Phase converters provide 3-phase power from a 1-phase source, and have been used for decades. The simplest type of old technology phase converter is generically called a static phase converter. This device typically consists of one or more capacitors and a relay to switch between the two capacitors once the motor has come up to speed. These units are comparatively inexpensive. They make use of the idea that a 3-phase motor can be started using a capacitor in series with the third terminal of the motor. -
High Voltage Power Lines Why?
Session 3247 High-Voltage Power Lines - WHY? Walter Banzhaf, P.E. College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117 Introduction Electrical utility companies provide our world with the electrical energy needed to operate most things that do not move (in our homes, schools, and offices), while fossil fuels provide the energy mostly for things that do move (cars, boats, airplanes). The existence of the electrical utility infrastructure is apparent to us when we drive cars or walk in our neighborhoods and see poles, towers, transformers, insulators and conductors, and when blackouts occur due to storm damage and vehicle accidents. However, many are unaware of the existence of, or reasons for, high-voltage transmission and distribution lines, and fewer still understand why such lethal potentials are present in our residential neighborhoods. While some introductory courses1 in Electronic Engineering Technology (EET) programs do provide an orientation to the electrical utility system, and some programs2,3,4 have courses, or a concentration, in electrical utility systems, the need for high-voltage lines may not be clear to most EET students. This paper describes a simple demonstration circuit which illustrates why high voltage is needed, and makes apparent the benefits of using it. Background Transmission and distribution are terms used by the electrical power companies to describe, respectively, high-voltage three-phase power lines at 69,000 volts or more that connect generation facilities (power plants) to substations near the neighborhoods where electrical energy is used, and the somewhat lower voltage power lines (less than 69,000 volts) that go from the neighborhood substation to the street near the homes and businesses which consume electrical energy. -
Stresscrete Spun Concrete Utility Poles Brochure
SPUN CONCRETE UTILITY POLES CONTENTS Spun Concrete Poles 3 Application Types 5 Quality People – Quality Products 6 Reliable – Set It and Forget It! 8 Accessories and Installation 10 Specifying a Spun Concrete Pole 11 Pole Specifications 13 Company History 15 THE STRESSCRETE GROUP StressCrete Ltd., a division of The StressCrete Group, was established in 1953 and is the longest-operating, most experienced manufacturer of centrifugally cast, prestressed reinforced concrete poles in North America. With plants in Alabama, Kansas and Ontario, we provide a vast range of spun concrete poles to the distribution, transmission and substation market segments. We are a family business that operates by the core values of honesty, integrity, compassion and respect to better the lives of our employees, their families, our customers and the communities we represent. Our innovation driven culture continuously develops new and better products and processes to satisfy the needs of our customers. We provide every customer with the highest quality innovative products and work as a team to create and maintain life-long customers through world class service. SPUN CONCRETE POLES 3 Concrete and steel are the principal materials for building city infrastructure. Due to concrete’s inherent strength and durability, with proper design, engineering, and construction, concrete plays a significant role in building a lasting urban infrastructure. Concrete works very well for certain applications in transportation, building and pavement. In utility transmission and distribution, concrete is mainly used in above ground utility structures in the form of poles. Spun concrete poles are designed to provide reliable strength, unsurpassed durability and a long service life. -
Guideline and Manual for Hydropower Development Vol. 2 Small Scale Hydropower
Guideline and Manual for Hydropower Development Vol. 2 Small Scale Hydropower March 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. JP Design Co., Ltd. IDD JR 11-020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 Introduction on Small Scale Hydropower for Rural Electrification Chapter 1 Significance of Small Scale Hydropower Development ..................................... 1-1 Chapter 2 Objectives and Scope of Manual ......................................................................... 2-1 Chapter 3 Outline of Hydropower Generation ..................................................................... 3-1 Chapter 4 Rural Electrification Project by Small-Scale Hydropower ................................. 4-1 Part 2 Designation of the Area of Electrification Chapter 5 Selection of the Area of Electrification and Finding of the Site .......................... 5-1 Part 3 Investigation, Planning, Designing and Construction Chapter 6 Social Economic Research .................................................................................. 6-1 Chapter 7 Technical Survey ................................................................................................. 7-1 Chapter 8 Generation Plan ................................................................................................... 8-1 Chapter 9 Design of Civil Structures ................................................................................... 9-1 Chapter 10 Design of Electro-Mechanical Equipment ......................................................... -
National Electrical Safety Code Interpretations
1978-1980 National Electrical Safety Code Interpretations 1978-1980 inclusive Library of Congress Catalog Number 81-82081 © Copyright 1981 by The Institu~ of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. August 17, 1981 SH08292 ANSI/IEEE C2 Interpretations 1978·1980 National.Electrical Safety Code Committee, ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code Interpretations 1978-1980 inclusive and Interpretations Prior to the 6th Edition, 1961 Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y: 10017 ABSTRACT This edition includes official interpretations of the National Electrical Safety Code as made by the Interpretations Subcommit- tee of the National Electrical Safety Code Committee, ANSI C2. Key words: electric supply stations, overhead electric supply and communication lines, underground electric supply and communi- cation lines, clearances to electric supply and communication lines, strength requirements for electric supply and communication lines. Contents Foreword 7 Introduction 9 General Arrangement Procedure for requesting an interpretation Numerical Listing by Interpretation Request (IR) Numbers 11 Interpretations IR 213-283 (1978-1980) Section 9 (Rules 90-99) Grounding Methods 23 Part 1 (Rules 100-199) Electrical Supply Stations 34 Part 2 (Rules 200-289) Overhead Lines 46 Part 3 (Rules 300-399) Underground Lines 194 Interpretations IR 11-91 (1943-1960) 201 Complete Listing of Interpretations Requests, 1961-1980 in Rule Number Order 283 Foreword In response to repeated public inquiries and requests from C2 Committee members, the IEEE C2 Secretariat arranged for publication of Interpretation Requests received and Interpreta- tions made by the National Electrical Safety Code Subcommittee on Interpretations. -
Standard Specifications for Wood Poles
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WOOD POLES Ronald Wolfe, Research General Engineer Russell Moody, Research General Engineer U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Madison, WI 53705 Abstract This committee meets on an annual basis to review andupdateitsstandards. This paper describes the standards for wood poles preparedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute The objective of this paper is to describe the standards (ANSI) Committee05 andthe Committee’sactivities in forwood poles and otherwood products used in utility maintaining the standards. The three standards form structures as well as the ongoing activities of ANSI the basis for purchasing and designing most wood Committee 05 in maintaining the three standards for utility structures in the United States. The round pole wood products used in utility structures. The paper standard, ANSI 05.1, includes specifications, reviews other pole-related standards, but it places dimensions, and fiber stress values for design. The special emphasis on the role of the ANSI 05.1 wood othertwo standards, ANSI 05.2 and 05.3, also address pole standard specifications. Discussion of topics importantissuesforspecifyingmaterial propertiesand covered by this standard provides insight to variables deriving fiber stress. The ANSI 05 Committee meets considered intheproductionanddesign ofutilitypoles once a year to provide an open forum for discussing as well as some perspective on the influence of the concerns related to these standards. standard. Introduction Development of Wood Pole Standards Round timbers have been used as structural members for centuries. At the turn of the present century, the Standards written specifically for the structural developmentofelectricpowerdistributionsystemsand applications of poles include those currently telegraph and telephone communications prompted a maintained by ANSI (2-5), the American Society for great demand for poles. -
How Phase Converters Help Apply Motors Pt1.Pub
Reprinted from POWER TRANSMISSION DESIGN magazine March 1989 HOW PHASE CONVERTERS HELP APPLY MOTORS: PART 1 Many prospective users of 3-phase machines face a lack of 3-phase utility service. A phase converter can solve the problem by letting a 3-phase load operate from a single-phase supply. The first of two parts defines converter types. LARRY H. KATZ Chief Engineer, Kay Industries Inc., South Bend, Ind. rue enough, electric utility companies distribute 3-phase power to large industrial and T commercial customers, as well as areas of high load density like central business districts. Yet, utilities have never found it economical to run 3- phase service to residential areas or to certain small businesses. Thus, many facilities have no 3- phase service. Commonly affected are small businesses that depend on equipment with 3- phase motors, such as bakeries, woodworking shops, laundries, printers, service stations, car washes, bowling alleys, and small machine shops. Phase converters were first developed in the 1950s to circumvent the problem on agricultural equipment. In recent Typical rotary phase converter, with ratings to 100 hp, suitable for years, industrial and commercial equipment such as compressors, pumps, machine tools, and application has expanded woodworking machines. dramatically. The trend is driven by economic factors including utility charges for extending 3- pressure from regulatory agencies fast enough through energy phase lines, construction delays in to justify capital investments revenues, the utility will charge obtaining new service, and limited before granting rate increases. the customer for the new service. availability of single-phase They respond by scrutinizing Charges vary according to terrain, equipment. -
The Future of Your Utility
The Future of Your Utility Positioning Your Community to Succeed in a Sellout Evaluation The Future of Your Utility Positioning Your Community to Succeed in a Sellout Evaluation Report written and prepared by LeAnne Sinclair and Ursula Schryver Published by the American Public Power Association 2451 Crystal Drive Arlington, Virginia 22202 © 2018 American Public Power Association www.PublicPower.org MORE INFORMATION Ursula Schryver, [email protected] or 202.467.2980; or LeAnne Sinclair, [email protected] or 202.467.2973. 2 THE FUTURE OF YOUR UTILITY: Positioning Your Community to Succeed in a Sellout Evaluation The Future of Your Utility Positioning Your Community to Succeed in a Sellout Evaluation The American Public Power Association is the voice of not-for-profit, community-owned utilities that power 2,000 towns and cities nationwide. We represent public power before the federal government to protect the interests of the more than 49 million people that public power utilities serve, and the 93,000 people they employ. Our association advocates and advises on electricity policy, technology, trends, training, and operations. Our members strengthen their communities by providing superior service, engaging citizens, and instilling pride in community-owned power. Table of Contents Chapter 1: What Is Public Power? .............................................................................................................................. 7 The Public Power Business Model .................................................................................................................................. -
Earth Grid Down 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
EARTH GRID DOWN 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Stuart P Coates | 9781532015779 | | | | | Earth Grid Down 1st edition PDF Book Yang; doi : I believe a cellphone may be damaged mainly because some use RF near-field charging which is designed to receive an RF charge and in a solar flare the ambient charge would be thousands if not 10s of thousands of times higher. Would using cash make us vulnerable to robbery or home invasion? He said federal policy and practice are missing programs for the following:. Have some wet wipes available for clean up. Utilities may impose load shedding on service areas via targeted blackouts, rolling blackouts or by agreements with specific high-use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand. Propane stores well and safely if outside. To avoid electrochemical corrosion, the ground electrodes of such systems are situated apart from the converter stations and not near the transmission cable. Orpha, I just emailed you a copy of the list so you can print it out more easily. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity market trading across wide areas. The Indian Express. Also hand sanitizer makes a great fire starter in an emergency. Legislatively, in the first quarter of the year 82 relevant bills were introduced in different parts of the United States. Others however express concern [ 55 ]. Another option is a commode , using a bucket and garbage bags. In , it completed the power supply project of China's important electrified railways in its operating areas, such as Jingtong Railway , Haoji Railway , Zhengzhou—Wanzhou high-speed railway , et cetera, providing power supply guarantee for traction stations, and its cumulative power line construction length reached 6, kilometers.