Designing with Tile

DESIGNING WITH TILE

ARIZONA CALIFORNIA COLORADO CONNECTICUT FLORIDA GEORGIA ILLINOIS MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA TEXAS CANADA

1 DESIGNING WITH TILE WHO WE ARE PORCELANOSA IS MANUFACTURER, DISTRIBUTOR AND RETAILER OF TILE, KITCHEN, BATH AND RELATED PRODUCTS

• A conglomerate of eight family owned companies under the Porcelanosa Group umbrella ♦ Porcelanosa ♦ Gama-Decor ♦ Venis ♦ Noken ♦ L’Antic Colonial ♦ Systempool ♦ Urbatek ♦ Butech

2 DESIGNING WITH TILE

Porcelanosa is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certiﬁcates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to speciﬁc materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

3 DESIGNING WITH TILE

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.

4 DESIGNING WITH TILE LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

1.) Understand how tile is made and the different types of tile products available and the advantages they provide over other surface ﬁnishes

2.) Avoid problems with tile and stone installations by keeping in mind proper design considerations to select the right products for each application

3.) Know how to specify the correct materials and installation methods and products based on the building use, trafﬁc, etc...

4.) Know how to utilize resources available for speciﬁcation information and current standards

5 DESIGNING WITH TILE DESIGNING WITH CERAMIC TILE

6 DESIGNING WITH TILE OVERVIEW • Overview – 2 billion square feet a year in the US • Evolution – technology in manufacturing • Staffordshire/ Trenton / Modena / Valencia • USA – The Market 60% Floor /40% Wall • Consumers use ﬂoor tiles on the wall unnecessarily • Consumption per capita: 6 sq ft per head in the US - Spain 36 / Italy 26 / Canada 11 - Growth Potential in The US

7 DESIGNING WITH TILE CERAMIC TILE - WHAT IS IT? Deﬁnition: Thin and very resistant ﬂat slabs made from various compositions of clays and other inorganic raw materials.

Composition: Clay + Water + Fire

(100% Natural Material)

8 DESIGNING WITH TILE TILE BODY TYPES

Homogenous Through Body Porcelain Stoneware

Earthen Ware Gres Body with Glaze

9 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 1)

10 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 2) RAW MATERIALS

• Ceramic tiles are made from natural materials, Ball Clay, Silica Sand, Talc, Calcium Carbonate, and Feldspar are some of the materials that might be mixed together to make ceramic and porcelain tiles. The top class manufactures search the world to bring in only the best raw materials for their products

• Higher quality raw materials will assure a much better ﬁnal product

11 DESIGNING WITH TILE FINE PORCELAIN STONEWARE CONSTITUENTS A Porcelain Tile will typically contain: • 40 to 50% Feldspar • 30 to 40% White Clays • 0 to 15% Quartz • 0 to 15% Kaolin and other fusible materials

12 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 3)

GRINDING SPRAY-DRYING

13 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 4)

PRESSING

14 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 5) DECORATION

15 DESIGNING WITH TILE MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 6)

FIRING RECTIFYING

CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING AND EXPEDITION

16 DESIGNING WITH TILE CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (1)

WATER ABSORPTION

17 DESIGNING WITH TILE CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (2) Tiles are classiﬁed based on their water absorption rate

• ISO 10545-3 describes the standard test method for determining the percentage of water absorbed by the body of a ceramic tile, results are measured by the weight of water absorbed to the weight of dry tile

• ASTM C-373 (equivalent ASTM method)

18 DESIGNING WITH TILE CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (3)

WATER ABSORPTION RATES • Non-vitreous (Low dense) WALL TILES - Tile with water absorption of more than 7.0 % - Suitable for interior WALL USE only - Lightweight and porous. Adheres very well to vertical surfaces

• Vitreous (High Dense) FLOOR and WALL - Tile with water absorption of more than 0.5 percent, but not more than 3.0 percent. - Suitable for interior or exterior use

• Impervious (Extremely dense) PORCELAIN - Tile with water absorption of 0.5 % or less. This is where porcelain tile is categorized - Interior and exterior use

19 DESIGNING WITH TILE CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (4)

PORCELAIN VS. CERAMIC • Is there a difference between porcelain tiles and ceramic tiles? Porcelain tiles are also ceramic tiles. Rather, the question should be, “What are the differences between porcelain tiles and non-porcelain tiles?”

• What are the differences between porcelain tiles & non-porcelain tiles? Porcelain tiles are typically made with “porcelain” clays that have specific properties. Typically, these tiles are dense and by definition, they have water absorption of 0.5% or less. Non-porcelain tiles have water absorption greater than 0.5%. Because porcelain tiles have a low water absorption, they are usually frost resistant - although, not always. To know if a tile is frost resistant, you should check the manufacturer’s recommendations.

20 DESIGNING WITH TILE WHY CERAMIC TILE?

1. Design versatility 2. Green product 3. Low Life Cycle Cost / Durability 4. Colors are permanent 5. Fire resistant

21 DESIGNING WITH TILE 1. DESIGN VERSATILITY It offers unparalleled design versatility ... • mono-chromatic colors • gloss or matte ﬁnishes • hand painted designs • smooth or rough textures • stone imitations • metallic or fabric textures • rustic looks • & many other variations and formats • ceramic mosaics

22 DESIGNING WITH TILE

WOOD PORCELAIN LOOK

23 DESIGNING WITH TILE

FABRIC LOOK

24 DESIGNING WITH TILE

MARBLE LOOK MARBLE LOOK

25 DESIGNING WITH TILE

CONCRETE LOOK DIMENSIONAL LOOK

26 DESIGNING WITH TILE

METALLIC LOOK

27 DESIGNING WITH TILE

CERAMIC MOSAIC

28 DESIGNING WITH TILE

MODULAR LOOK

29 DESIGNING WITH TILE

CONCRETE LOOK

30 DESIGNING WITH TILE

PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE

PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE

31 DESIGNING WITH TILE

PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE

32 DESIGNING WITH TILE VENTILATED FACADES

33 DESIGNING WITH TILE

RAISED ACCESS FLOORING

34 DESIGNING WITH TILE

TILE FORMAT SCHEMATICS & LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS

35 DESIGNING WITH TILE

JACK-ON-JACK RUNNING BOND DIAMOND

CHECKERBOARD HERRINGBONE BASKETWEAVE

36 DESIGNING WITH TILE

BASKETWEAVE BASKETWEAVE VERTICAL OFFSET ALTERNATING HORIZONTAL BASKETWEAVE HORIZONTAL

BRICKWORK SQUARE ALTERNATING ESCALA CORRIDOR COBBLESTONE

BRICKWORK VERTICAL BRICKWORK VERTICAL NARROW CORRIDOR HORIZONTAL GRID HORIZONTAL HERRINGBONE

37 DESIGNING WITH TILE

VERTICAL LINE HORIZONTAL LINE

RUNNING BOND PATTERN

VERTICAL LINE

JACK-ON-JACK PATTERN

HORIZONTAL LINE

38 DESIGNING WITH TILE 2. GREEN PRODUCT Ceramic tile is environmentally friendly

• Inhospitable to germs, bacteria & allergens • Production uses renewable, plentiful raw materials, recycles energy & does not create industrial refuse that burdens landﬁlls • Faces of glazed ceramic tile will not retain liquids or absorb fumes, odors or smoke. It will not emit VOC’s thus allowing for good food, hygiene and increased air quality • Many types of tiles are recommended for environments where hygiene is essential. In fact, in Europe, ceramic tiles are required in public swimming pools, food processing plants and other critical installations

39 DESIGNING WITH TILE 95% RECYCLED CONTENT In keeping with its environmental commitment, Recycled Porcelain was developed, a tile collection manufactured with 95% recycled content from the company’s own production process.

40 DESIGNING WITH TILE 3. LOW LIFE CYCLE COSTS / DURABILITY (based on an independent study conducted and published by THE TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA)

Floor Finish Installed Cost* Life Cycle Cost* Expected Life (years) Cost Per Year* Quarry Tile $6.83 $16.13 50 $0.32 Glazed Ceramic Floor Tile $7.00 $16.30 50 $0.33 Glazed Porcelain $8.34 $17.64 50 $0.35 Mosaic Tile $8.20 $17.50 50 $0.35 Unglazed Porcelain $8.30 $17.60 50 $0.35 Natural Hardwood $9.31 $20.80 50 $.042 Travertine-Turkish $12.50 $21.80 50 $.044 Marble $21.00 $30.30 50 $0.61 Laminate $8.84 $17.77 25 $0.71 Man-Made Hardwood $9.58 $18.51 25 $0.74 Portland Cement Terazzo $14.88 $24.27 30 $0.81 Stained Concrete $12.40 $24.60 25 $0.98 Carpet $3.22 $6.50 6 $1.08 Resin Terrazzo $8.50 $16.53 15 $1.10 Sheet Vinyl $6.90 $13.90 10 $1.39 Poured Epoxy $8.18 $15.18 10 $1.52 VCT $3.91 $18.35 10 $1.83

41 DESIGNING WITH TILE 4. FIRE RESISTANT • Ceramic tiles are completely ﬁre-proof at any temperature • Will not burn or feed a ﬁre, nor will their surface give off any toxic gases or fumes

5. COLORS ARE PERMANENT

• Ceramic tiles will never be affected by UV Rays. They present an excellent solution for exterior facades in buildings

42 DESIGNING WITH TILE TILE IS NON COMBUSTIBLE • It will not emit noxious fumes • It cannot be damaged by cigarette butts

43 DESIGNING WITH TILE IMPACT RESISTANCE • Porcelain tile has the highest resistance to impact damage

• A major factor is the solidity of the underlying substrate. The surface is dependant on a structurally sound surface and bedding method

44 DESIGNING WITH TILE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE

• Porcelain tile has the best characteristics to cope with extreme temperature changes

Thermal Shock

45 DESIGNING WITH TILE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE • Tile is highly resistant to acid and alkaline attack • The optimum speciﬁcation for  Hygiene critical areas inc.  Fast food outlets  Breweries  Dairies • It will not harbor germs and can be easily disinfected without damage

46 DESIGNING WITH TILE SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (1) • Ceramic tiles are one of the strongest and most durable surface ﬁnishes available

• By following some basic speciﬁcation considerations we can make sure we are choosing the right product for each application and achieve a long lasting installation

47 DESIGNING WITH TILE

INSTALLATION OPERATIONS

PREPARATION OF THE SUPPORT SURFACE

PREPARATION OF THE BINDER

APPLICATION OF THE BINDER, I.E. PREPARATION OF THE TILE BED

SETTING THE TILE

SEALING THE JOINTS

CLEANING

CONSIGNMENT

48 DESIGNING WITH TILE SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (2) • The right type of tile for the each application • Trafﬁc pattern / wall or ﬂoor • Reliable manufacturers will always provide technical information that will help you determine the appropriate use for each tile SUCH AS:

Identifier Type of Use 1 Wall only 2 Floor with low pedestrian traffic 3 Floor with moderate pedestrian traffic 4 Floor with medium pedestrian traffic 5 Floor with high pedestrian traffic 6 Floor with very high pedestrian traffic 7 Floor with heavy or vehicular traffic

49 DESIGNING WITH TILE SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (3) Review tests results from manufacturer’s specification sheet for: • Interior or Exterior application • Water Absorption: This will determine whether the tile can be installed in an exterior application or interior only • Coefficient of Friction: This will determine the suitability of the tile to be installed in an exterior application or an area subject to pedestrian traffic and presence of water or other liquids. • Frost resistance: This result will determine if a tile will withstand a freeze/thaw cycle in a harsh climate

50 DESIGNING WITH TILE SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (4) COF – Static Coefﬁcient of Friction (Old Method) • ASTM – 1028 describes the standard used to determine the slip-resistance of a tile. BUT not mandated by any industry body including ADA • According to the ADA American Disabilities Act; accessible horizontal routes should have a minimum static COF of .6 whereas ramps should have a COF of .8

Pull-meter - Meter is placed on a dry or wet tile. the meter is then pulled until it breaks free or OLD TEST slides across the tile giving a measurable COF of the tile

51 DESIGNING WITH TILE TCNA: NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING DCOF • Dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF) is the new gold standard for defining acceptable coefficient of friction measurements. The DCOF AcuTestSM method will soon replace ASTM C1028 as the specified method for coefficient of friction (COF) testing. DCOF AcuTest is a more repeatable method offering a better indication of actual slip potential on a tile surface

• This new method uses the BOT 3000 automated portable testing device with a speciﬁc type of rubber sensor and slightly soapy water. The sensor is resurfaced using a sanding device designed by the TCNA’s Product Performance Testing Laboratory

• A new version of ANSI A137.1 has been published with the new DCOF AcuTest method. Ad- ditionally, for the ﬁrst time there is a minimum COF requirement of 0.42 for level interior tile surfaces expected to be walked upon when wet, compared to the old .60 SCOF (static coef- ﬁcient of friction) wet measurement

52 DESIGNING WITH TILE

TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA MODERN INSTALLATION METHODS

53 DESIGNING WITH TILE PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (1)

THIN-SET Modiﬁed vs. Non-Modiﬁed

Again, the water absorption of the tile will determine if you should use a modiﬁed or a non-modifed mortar. Porcelain tiles (less than 0.5% of water absorption) will always have to be installed with a modiﬁed mortar. It is the latex additive which allows the chemical bonding with a virtually impervious body. A higher absorption body tile type creates an easier mortar bonding by penetrating the ceramic body (wall tiles on a vertical application)

54 DESIGNING WITH TILE CORRECT ADHESIVE SPECIFICATION ANSI A118.1 • Porcelain tile cannot be adequately set in non modiﬁed cement sand adhesive mortars

• The impervious body requires adhesion from special bonding agents often referred to as “Polymer Modiﬁed Adhesives”

• The Polymer may be generically known as Latex and may be a synthetic latex or Acrylic. It can often be applied as a liquid to standard adhesive mortar or is commonly found pre mixed within a single part adhesive which prevents incorrect gauging at the job site

55 DESIGNING WITH TILE ADHESION FAILURE • Tile failure is most often attributed to incorrect usage / speciﬁcation of installation material rather than faulty product

56 DESIGNING WITH TILE HIGHEST QUALITY PORCELAIN MAY TYPICALLY HAVE POROSITY LEVELS AROUND...

0.1 0.02 = 5 x lower than standard = 25 x lower than standard 5 x more difﬁcult to bond 25 x more difﬁcult to bond

57 DESIGNING WITH TILE SURFACE REGULARITY FLATNESS OF TILED FINISH • To achieve a level surface without lippage the substrate should be accurate to within1/8”under a 6’ straight edge (3mm under 2m) • There are accessories on the market to ensure proper installation

58 DESIGNING WITH TILE PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (2) When the use of MEMBRANES makes sense:

Waterproofing: in a typical shower tile installation there can be problems over time created by moisture and water penetrating the wall and floor cavities. This factor can produce serious damage to the installation and is the major cause of mold growth. The use of a single ply waterproofing membrane minimizes the possibility of damaging leaks and mold growth due to moisture penetration

Uncoupling (crack isolation): These membranes are specially recommended for outdoors applications. They serve as an uncoupling layer, waterprooﬁng membrane, and vapor management layer that accommodates moisture from beneath the tile covering. They effectively neutralize the differential movement stresses between the substrate and the tile, thus minimizing the major cause of cracking and delaminating of the tiled surface

59 DESIGNING WITH TILE

WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE

60 DESIGNING WITH TILE WATERPROOFING Tile is always the best choice wall and ﬂoor ﬁnish in Bathroom areas and is not affected by water / water vapor, steam or humidity.

HOWEVER…… Substrate Preparation is essential to ensure that moisture ingress does not cause progressive damage.

Specify: • Waterproof Backer Boards • Treat drywall with Waterproof Membranes • Use Mould Inhibiting Grouts • Specify Water Resistant Adhesives

61 DESIGNING WITH TILE UNCOUPLING (CRACK ISOLATION) MEMBRANE

62 DESIGNING WITH TILE PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (3) Grouts Grout is usually a cement-based material used to ﬁll in the spaces between the tiles. There are different types of grouts.

Sanded • One of the most common grout used for ceramic tile, stone, and any tile with a grout joint 1/8” or larger • Made of Portland cement, sand, and other additives • When installed, it is mixed with water and toweled into the grout joint • Takes approximately 24 hours for the grout to dry

Non-sanded/ Un-sanded • Similar to sanded grout without the sand • Used on ceramic tiles and stones, with grout joints smaller than 1/8”

63 DESIGNING WITH TILE

Latex modiﬁed • Almost exactly the same as the other grouts • Latex polymer is either incorporated into the pre-mixed powder or added during mixing • This grout has increased water resistance and bonding characteristics

Epoxy • 100% epoxy • No water is present in the mixture, clean up is still accomplished with water • Consists of epoxy resin, silica ﬁllers, pigments, and a hardener • Resistant to staining • Very low water absorption • Higher compressive strength than concrete • Highly resistant to chemical attack

64 DESIGNING WITH TILE SELECTING THE RIGHT METHODS Reference Standards • Tile Council of North America (TCNA) Handbook for Tile Installation - industry guidelines and speciﬁc installation types • Amercian National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) - information on installation and testing methods and product performance requirements - A118 – Materials - A108 – Installation Methods • Marble Institute of America (MIA) - information on natural stone and their installation methods - Dimensional Stone - Design Manual • Manufacturer’s Recommendations - product information, installation instructions, and material safety through data sheets and MSDS

65 DESIGNING WITH TILE

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. ANY QUESTIONS?

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program