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Technological Approaches in Ceramic Tradition and Privilege of Turkish Tile Art

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Technological Approaches in Ceramic Tradition and Privilege of Turkish Tile Art Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 20 No. 3; July - September 2013 249 TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN CERAMIC TRADITION AND PRIVILEGE OF TURKISH TILE ART Murat Bayazit* Received: August 22, 2012; Revised: April 18, 2013; Accepted: May 1, 2013 Abstract In the last 2 decades technology has created great developments in both industry and art. Various technological innovations have emerged as a result of numerous researches related primarily to advanced materials. While impressive changes were seen in industrial fields, art has also been influenced by technology. Ceramics, known as the oldest plastic art, has always been affected by both social and industrial changes, because it is both an art and also a science. Ceramics has a wide range of uses in science which are directly related to its applications in industry such as paint, textiles, automotive products, and construction. As an art, ceramics has a very different application including cultural approaches. Art tiles are one of the most outstanding examples of ceramics art. Consisting of specific figures, motifs, and colors, art tiles have a significant place in both Turkish and Islamic art. Technology has never been able to find a way to change the cultural mentality, so this art has protected its privilege for centuries. This study discusses the effects of technology on ceramic art and evaluates the current status of Turkish art tiles. Keywords: Art, technology, Turkish tile art, Çini Introduction Although only electronic materials may come of the technology because of their necessity to mind when the word “technology” is used, in life. it has multiple different meanings. Humans While technology provides facilities in have used technological tools in their daily human life, it also necessarily causes some lives since ancient times. Numerous kinds of permanent changes. Society’s values (in a technical goods have been invented which conventional way) also change parallel to have sometimes complicated verysimple technology and sometimes those values may procedures. Humans have also been interested face the danger of extinction. For example, in in art, so they began to usetheir elementary the last century the increase of technical knowledge combined with their souls, equipment triggered industrialization and, thoughts, and dreams. Both the tools used in thus, technological, digital, and artificial humans’ daily needs and the artifacts which products began to be seen. Positive changes have brought spiritual satisfaction were parts seen in artistic and traditional products with Batman University, Fine Arts Faculty, Batman, 72100, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. 20(3):249-256 250 Technological Approaches in Ceramic Tradition and Privilege of Turkish Tile Art this progress cannot be ignored; however, humans needed residential areas and a regular excess use of technology will drag them to means of construction, so social life saw the extinction. Ceramic art, which is one of the creation of communities and the generation of oldest and most well-known plastic arts in civilizations through making divisions of history, is one which has witnessed a very labor. Technology showed itself at this point important part in history in this respect. and began to provide benefits for humans. For Today, ceramics has many applications in the instance, humans both eased and increased fields of both art and industry, so it would not manufacture by decreasing the workload be wrong to mention that technological required for the production of goods and developments in the use of ceramic materials services. Thus, there was also a rise in the indicates that their importance will still be standard of living. But, it created adverse protected. In an artistic sense, technological effects in addition to these benefits; technology approaches have found their rightful place in disturbed the natural balance of life, caused the time periods in which the concept of environmental pollution, and depletion of art was perceived as a contradiction or natural resources, so that it has now resulted irregularity, but such approaches were not in dissatisfaction (Günay and Arıduru, 2001). always adopted and they were excluded by Throughout human history it has been artists and other people who had traditional seen that technological differences between approaches to their art. communities have played a crucial role in In an industrial sense, it is not possible their superiority or the maintenance of their to stop the progress in technology and the existence. For example, in the 4th and 5th alterations it has created. However, this centuries AD., a major factor in the defeat of situation should be controlled, because it is the Central European people by the Western not only important to ensure the best in the Huns was the technological supremacy of the way of change for all life at present, but also nomadic peoples, because they had transformed for future generations. To attain this aim, the horse into a weapon of war that was maintaining the use of technology and science described as “horse technology”; in other for the benefit of society is required (Güvenç, words, the “tank technology” of that era. The 2004). Mongols of Genghis Khan (Cengiz Han) took advantage of the same dominance in th th A Historical Approach to Technology West European in the 12 and 13 centuries (Güvenç, 2004; Bronowsky, 2009). Technology has helped people to live in harmony with nature and to create a civilized Technology and Globalization life. People who had very little information about nature lived a simple life with simple People are living in a complicated world goods ever since ancient times and they did which has been divided into various categories, not always know how to utilize the animals such as the knowledge society, information and plants they encountered in their society, industry society, and post-modern environment into their lives and how to take society, in the last quarter of the 20th century. advantage of them. People, inspired by nature There is a consensus that this fundamental for their housing, firstly used caves and tree transformation was the third stage after the cavities, then they began to use animal leathers Agricultural Revolution, which identified the in order to adapt to seasonal conditions. With transition from a nomadic (primitive) society the discovery of fire, people obtained a degree into an agricultural society around 8000 BC, of control over nature and began to move light and the Industrial Revolution which occurred and heat to wherever they went. Then, they between 1765-1850 AD; it is believed that one learned how to domesticate animals and grow of the most distinctive qualifications of this plants. With the development of farming, third stage was globalization (TUSIAD, 1994; Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 20 No. 3; July - September 2013 251 Günay and Arıduru, 1999). used in various fields such as construction, Countries have started to come together textiles, paint, the aerospace and military with globalization, and departing from this industries, the production of electronic togetherness is akin to breaking off from the materials, heat, and sound insulation materials, rest of the world. Technology plays a crucial filters etc., and they provide high incomes for role in this situation. Countries in both war those involved with ceramics. For example, and peacetime shape their energy policies in ferroelectric ceramics were discovered in the accordance with the rules brought about by early 1940s and, since that time, they have globalization and technology. As all games been a big part of multibillion dollar industries have rules, there are some defining and such as high-dielectric-constant capacitors, limiting lines in these energy policies as well. positive temperature coefficient devices, Despite this, many countries still distort the piezoelectric transducers, and electrooptic rules; thus, there are many debates primarily light valves (Haertling, 1999). On the other about energy policies. After the reduction of hand, in an artistic sense, ceramics has an raw materials used as energy sources, people important place among the plastic arts. In have begun to show a great demand for ancient times, different color shades were renewable energy sources and countries obtained (particularly various tones of yellow, with natural resources have become more red, and black) as a result of realizing that the advantageous than others in this respect. Even color can be changed by taking advantage of the excessive degradation of the natural the firing atmosphere; thus, the first steps equilibrium because of the Industrial Revolution were taken in terms of coloring with the natural firing techniques (Issi et al., 2011). was noticed by humans too late; several studies People who succeeded in obtaining different have been initiated in order to minimize this shades of colors in oxidizing and reducing negative situation in recent years. Historical environments brought an artistic identity to heritages have been damaged as much as ceramic products by also ornamenting them nature in the context of unplanned and with animal and plant figures and other irregular energy policies. Some historical natural formations. Then they developed their residential areas and cultural heritages products with some techniques based on which have been left under the water levels of handicrafts such as carving and pasting. With dams that have been constructed have, time, firing techniques have changed
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