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Novel Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Novel Biomarkers Novel in Alzheimer’s Disease • Chiara Villa Novel Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease Edited by Chiara Villa Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Personalized Medicine www.mdpi.com/journal/jpm Novel Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease Novel Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease Editor Chiara Villa MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Chiara Villa University of Milano-Bicocca Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ jpm/special issues/Biomarkers Alzheimer). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-903-4 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-904-1 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. ix Chiara Villa Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 238, doi:10.3390/jpm10040238 ................ 1 Syed Haris Omar and John Preddy Advantages and Pitfalls in Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 63, doi:10.3390/jpm10030063 ................. 5 Kun Zou, Mohammad Abdullah and Makoto Michikawa Current Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: From CSF to Blood Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 85, doi:10.3390/jpm10030085 ................. 25 Eva Aus´o,Violeta G´omez-Vicente and Gema Esquiva Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Early Diagnosis Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 114, doi:10.3390/jpm10030114 ................ 41 Cristina d’Abramo, Luciano D’Adamio and Luca Giliberto Significance of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: Sensitivity, Specificity and Potential for Clinical Use Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 116, doi:10.3390/jpm10030116 ................ 67 Eleonora Del Prete, Maria Francesca Beatino, Nicole Campese, Linda Giampietri, Gabriele Siciliano, Roberto Ceravolo and Filippo Baldacci Fluid Candidate Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Precision Medicine Approach Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 221, doi:10.3390/jpm10040221 ................107 Marco Canevelli, Giulia Remoli, Ilaria Bacigalupo, Martina Valletta, Marco Toccaceli Blasi, Francesco Sciancalepore, Giuseppe Bruno, Matteo Cesari and Nicola Vanacore Use of Biomarkers in Ongoing Research Protocols on Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 68, doi:10.3390/jpm10030068 .................141 Efthalia Angelopoulou, Yam Nath Paudel, Mohd. Farooq Shaikh and Christina Piperi Flotillin: A Promising Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 20, doi:10.3390/jpm10020020 .................153 Chiara Villa, Marialuisa Lavitrano, Elena Salvatore and Romina Combi Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Focus on Recent Insights Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 61, doi:10.3390/jpm10030061 .................167 Walter J. Lukiw, Andrea Vergallo, Simone Lista, Harald Hampel and Yuhai Zhao Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 138, doi:10.3390/jpm10030138 ................197 Valeria D’Argenio and Daniela Sarnataro New Insights into the Molecular Bases of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 26, doi:10.3390/jpm10020026 .................209 v Valentina Bessi, Juri Balestrini, Silvia Bagnoli, Salvatore Mazzeo, Giulia Giacomucci, Sonia Padiglioni, Irene Piaceri, Marco Carraro, Camilla Ferrari, Laura Bracco, Sandro Sorbi and Benedetta Nacmias Influence of ApoE Genotype and Clock T3111C Interaction with Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Progression to Alzheimer’s Disease in Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 45, doi:10.3390/jpm10020045 .................223 Catia Scassellati, Miriam Ciani, Carlo Maj, Cristina Geroldi, Orazio Zanetti, Massimo Gennarelli and Cristian Bonvicini Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): Clinical Characterization and Genetic Correlates in an Italian Alzheimer’s Disease Cohort Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 90, doi:10.3390/jpm10030090 .................237 Md Shahjalal Hossain Khan and Vijay Hegde Obesity and Diabetes Mediated Chronic Inflammation: A Potential Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 42, doi:10.3390/jpm10020042 .................253 Chiara Argentati, Ilaria Tortorella, Martina Bazzucchi, Carla Emiliani, Francesco Morena and Sabata Martino The Other Side of Alzheimer’s Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 115, doi:10.3390/jpm10030115 ................273 Simon M. Bell, Matteo De Marco, Katy Barnes, Pamela J. Shaw, Laura Ferraiuolo, Daniel J. Blackburn, Heather Mortiboys and Annalena Venneri Deficits in Mitochondrial Spare Respiratory Capacity Contribute to the Neuropsychological Changes of Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 32, doi:10.3390/jpm10020032 .................309 Agostino Chiaravalloti, Maria Ricci, Daniele Di Biagio, Luca Filippi, Alessandro Martorana and Orazio Schillaci The Brain Metabolic Correlates of the Main Indices of Neuropsychological Assessment † in Alzheimer’s Disease Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 25, doi:10.3390/jpm10020025 .................325 Anna Picca, Daniela Ronconi, H´elioJ. Coelho-Junior, Riccardo Calvani, Federico Marini, Alessandra Biancolillo, Jacopo Gervasoni, Aniello Primiano, Cristina Pais, Eleonora Meloni, Domenico Fusco, Maria Rita Lo Monaco, Roberto Bernabei, Maria Camilla Cipriani, Emanuele Marzetti and Rosa Liperoti The “develOpment of metabolic and functional markers of Dementia IN Older people” (ODINO) Study: Rationale, Design and Methods Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 22, doi:10.3390/jpm10020022 .................335 Rebecca Power, John M. Nolan, Alfonso Prado-Cabrero, Robert Coen, Warren Roche, Tommy Power, Alan N. Howard and R´ıona Mulcahy Targeted Nutritional Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES) Trial 1 Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 43, doi:10.3390/jpm10020043 .................349 vi Valeria Guglielmi, Davide Quaranta, Ilaria Mega, Emanuele Maria Costantini, Claudia Carrarini, Alice Innocenti and Camillo Marra Semantic Priming in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Subjects: Effect of Different Time of Presentation of Word-Pairs Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 57, doi:10.3390/jpm10030057 .................379 Paolo Maria Rossini, Francesca Miraglia, Francesca Al `u,Maria Cotelli, Florinda Ferreri, Riccardo Di Iorio, Francesco Iodice and Fabrizio Vecchio Neurophysiological Hallmarks of Neurodegenerative Cognitive Decline: The Study of Brain Connectivity as a Biomarker of Early Dementia Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 34, doi:10.3390/jpm10020034 .................391 Sean X Naughton, Urdhva Raval and Giulio M. Pasinetti The Viral Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Insights and Pathogen-Based Biomarkers Reprinted from: J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 74, doi:10.3390/jpm10030074 .................419 vii About the Editor Chiara Villa is currently an Assistant Professor in Pathology at the University of Milano-Bicocca. She started her research activity in 2006 in Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione Ca` Granda, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, where she obtained her Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine in 2009. Her research activity has mainly focused on the study of novel biomarkers (e.g., microRNAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines) and genetic risk factors in key genes for the early detection and/or progression of two neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. In 2014, she moved to the University of Milano-Bicocca and joined a research group that studies the molecular bases of autism spectrum disorders and sleep disorders, including restless legs syndrome and nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Her work is now carried out by applying her previous research experience in this field through a molecular approach. At the moment, she is co-author of 58 research articles published in peer-reviewed journals with a personal H-index of 20. ix Journal of Personalized Medicine Editorial Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? Chiara Villa School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; [email protected] Received: 5 November 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 20 November 2020 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative and progressive disorder representing the most common form of
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