PARIS NOIR: RACE AND JAZZ IN POST-WAR PARIS

https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/quintette-du-hot-club-de-france/quintet-of-the-hot-club-of-france/ ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

• Why was Paris a jazz capital after World War II? • What were the push and pull factors of African American migration to Paris after World War II? • Why did black Americans live in Paris after World War II during decolonization? • How are jazz and jazz people naturally transnational? OBJECTIVES

• Explain how Paris became the center of African American culture after World War II despite France’s decolonization policy. • Determine the factors that transformed jazz into a transnational and interracial music. • Assess the relevancy of the post-World War II African American writers. PARIS: A NEW BLACK COMMUNITY

http://assets.fodors.com/destinations/7006/cafe-carrefour-de-buci-stgermaindespres-paris-france_main.jpg DEEP SCARS OF NAZI OCCUPATION

http://home.bt.com/pictures/world-news/the-liberation-of-paris-in-pictures-41363927606695

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L05487,_Paris,_Avenue_Foch,_Siegesparade.jpg LIBERATION

http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/french-female-collaborator-punished-head-shaved-publicly-mark-1944/

https://recycledreadsaustin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/rr-collectibles-2010-09-02-5.jpg PROBLEMS FOR THE FOURTH REPUBLIC 1946-1958

• Relevancy of France • Cold War Dangers • Preservation of the Empire • Conflict with the U. S.

http://www.theamericanconservative.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/general-de-gaulle-26-aout-1944.jpeg COLONIAL BATTLES FOR INDEPENDENCE: VIETNAM

http://www.workers.org/wp-content/uploads/ho-chi-minh.jpg

http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/archives-dien-bien-phu-battle-in-dien-bien-phu-vietnam-in-may-pieces-picture-id113976996 COLONIAL BATTLES FOR INDEPENDENCE: ALGERIA

Sétif, Algeria- May 8, 1945 Paris, France- October, 1961

https://tonyseed.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/1961-march-afp.jpg http://www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/2015/05/07/26001-20150507ARTFIG00307-massacres-de-setif-l-autre-face-du-8-mai-1945.php OCTOBER 17, 1961 MASSACRE William Gardner Smith’s The Stone Face “They Drown Algerians Here”

http://www.pcf.fr/sites/default/files/imagecache/image/17-octobre-61.jpeg

http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/william-gardner-smith-american-writter-picture-id120446228?s=594x594 EXISTENTIALISM

• Philosophy emphasized isolated desperate conditions of individual existence • Humans struggle ceaselessly and perhaps hopelessly to master their own destiny • Interested in decolonization and third-world struggles • Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir • Saint-Germain-des-Prés • Love-hate relationship with America • Jazz the best of America; racism the worst

https://www.pinterest.com/angelicasara7/dream-couples-of-all-times/ A NEW AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN PARIS “WORDS BY RICHARD WRIGHT AND MUSIC BY SIDNEY BECHET”

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/535533 POST-WAR AMERICA: SECOND-CLASS CITIZENSHIP

CORE Freedom Rides 1947 Job Discrimination

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/world-war-ii-and-post-war.html http://civilrightsunionism.torightthesewrongs.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/protest3.jpg AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS IN PARIS

Richard Wright (1908-1960)

http://www.symphonyspace.org/img/events/7821/Richard-Wright.jpg AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS IN PARIS

James Baldwin (1924-1987)

http://media1.s-nbcnews.com/j/newscms/2016_14/1486396/gettyimages-jamesbaldwinfrance-94671374_b897da1584013a5f3ece5e64a36cb016.nbcnews-ux-2880-1000.jpg AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS IN PARIS

Chester Himes (1909-1984) CARTOONIST OLIVER HARRINGTON (1912-1995)

http://kentakepage.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/oliver1.jpg https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/0928001r.jpg GI BILL African American Artists in Paris

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/49/11/de/4911de2b32e25bb2ea80f2dd45d1b1fb.jpg JOSEPHINE BAKER

Entertainer Spy for the Resistance

http://www.biography.com/people/josephine-baker-9195959 http://mentalfloss.com/article/23148/5-things-you-didnt-know-about-josephine-baker JAZZ ON THE LEFT BANK

Django Reinhardt and ”The Caves” Stephane Grappelli Saint-Germain-Des- Pres Clubs

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VabRyq56Ryg/maxresdefault.jpg

http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/the-club-tabou-at-saintgermaindesprs-in-paris-in-1950-picture-id526676814 BORIS VIAN: CONNECTING THE LITERARY AND MUSICAL WORLDS

• Literary Genius- 10 novels, 7 plays, 42 short stories, 400 songs, 50 articles • Black Culture- “powerful new way of looking at the world” • The “French James Dean” • Love jazz- trumpet player, festival organizer, guidebook

http://www.saunalahti.fi/trygvsod/slammer/2010/sartre-beauvoir-vian.jpg TWO KEY EVENTS: BLACK JAZZ IS BACK!

International Paris Jazz Festival Dizzy Gillespie at the Pleyel Theater February 21, 1948 May, 1949

https://www.loc.gov/item/gottlieb.03201/

http://www.growlinghamster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/paris-1949-poster-1.png SCHISM ON THE LEFT BANK: TRADITIONALISTS VS. BOPPERS

Django Reinhardt Dizzy Gillespie

http://brokeandbeautiful.com/2014/django-reinhardt-djangofest-northwest/ https://www.allaboutjazz.com/media/large/e/e/f/409c62dca52c8d96825f2e828380f.jpg BOPPERS IN PARIS: KENNY CLARKE AND MILES DAVIS

http://tornandfrayed.tumblr.com/post/22255362995/kenny-clarke-and-miles-davis-at-the-club THE DUALITY OF SIDNEY BECHET “IT’S THE MUSIC AND IT’S THE PEOPLE THAT MADE WHAT I’VE GOT TO SAY IN THIS WORLD WORTHWHILE.”

http://www.gettyimages.com/search/more-like-this/90431613?excludenudity=true&family=editorial&mediatype=photography&sort=mostpopular TWO TYPES OF JAZZ DIASPORA

Sidney Bechet Kenny Clarke

http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/sidney-bechet http://www.npr.org/sections/ablogsupreme/2014/01/08/260769892/the-drummer-who-invented-jazzs-basic-beat TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERRACIAL NATURE OF JAZZ AFTER WORLD WAR II

• Originated and primarily developed by African Americans • Jazz’s melding of African, Caribbean and European elements • The “Black Atlantic” • Interracial and international relationships and collaborations of jazz musicians • Paris- an articulation of transnational black consciousness • Jazz as a global music DJANGO REINHARDT (1910-1954) GYPSY JAZZ

• Bio • Gypsy • Success at the Hot Club • Survived World War II- German Luftwaffe officer admired his music • Contributions • First European artist to influence American musicians • Melodic improvisation

http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/django-reinhardt?excludenudity=true&sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=django%20reinhardt&family=editorial GYPSY JAZZ Characteristics • String oriented • Swing 4/4 feel • Accordion sometimes used instead of piano • Waltzes, European and Gypsy standards • Highly influenced by New Orleans jazz and Sidney Bechet Musical Selections • “Tiger Rag” • “Nuages” PIERRE MICHELOT (1928-2005) FRENCH BEBOP

Bio • French bebop and hard bop double bass player • Played with French jazz and American bebop musicians • Member of the Jacques Loussier Trio Contributions • Michelot and Miles Davis responsible for critically acclaimed Ascenseur pour l’échafaud • Bass player in Round Midnight Musical Selections • ”Half Nelson” • ”Una Noche Con Francis” (Round Midnight soundtrack)

http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/french-bass-player-pierre-michelot-performs-at-leidsche-schouwburg-in-picture-id168809779 BEBOP IN FRANCE

Bebop Hard Bop Characteristics Characteristics • Innovated by Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie • Innovated by Horace Silver, Art Blakey, Parker, and Thelonious Monk and Miles Davis • Fast tempos • Intense driving rhythms • Heavily syncopated rhythms • Melodies composed using melodic • Complex chord progressions sequences • Complex melodies • Influence of Gospel/Blues • Instrumental virtuosity • Use of side slip progressions • Melodies composed using pentatonic scales LITERATURE OF THE CITY

Elementary/Junior High High School • Josephine: The Dazzling Life of • James Baldwin, “A Letter to My Josephine Baker by Patricia Hruby Nephew” Powell and Christian Robinson • Richard Wright, “Between the World • Travels with Louis by Mick Carlon and Me” • “A Bend in the Road” by Sidney • “A Bend in the Road” by Sidney Bechet in Treat it Gentle: An Bechet in Treat it Gentle: An Autobiography Autobiography MUSIC REVIEW PROJECT