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English and Arabic, Although As of August 2018 Primary Schools Are Formally Required to Teach in Somali

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English and Arabic, Although As of August 2018 Primary Schools Are Formally Required to Teach in Somali Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized STUDY ON UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS IN SOMALIA FINAL REPORT Prepared by Altai Consulting for the World Bank | Somalia - August 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized © World Bank May 2018 Unless specified otherwise, all pictures in this report are credited to Altai Consulting CONTENT ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Background of the Study ........................................................................................................ 14 1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.3. Structure of the Report ........................................................................................................... 14 2. EDUCATION SECTOR BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 15 2.1. Brief History of the Education System .................................................................................... 15 2.2. Current Education System ...................................................................................................... 16 Overview of the Education System ................................................................................................ 16 Regional Differences in Education ................................................................................................. 19 Education Policy Framework ......................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Main Education Stakeholders ................................................................................................. 20 Government ................................................................................................................................... 20 Umbrella Associations ................................................................................................................... 21 Civil Society ................................................................................................................................... 23 International Actors ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.4. Study Methodology ................................................................................................................. 25 2.5. School Typology ..................................................................................................................... 27 Lack of Accepted Typology ............................................................................................................ 27 Proposed Typology ........................................................................................................................ 28 3. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1. Overview of Survey Sample ................................................................................................... 31 School Types ................................................................................................................................. 31 Student Demographics .................................................................................................................. 32 3.2. School Management ............................................................................................................... 32 3.3. School Ownership ................................................................................................................... 33 Definition of School Ownership in the Current Somali Context ..................................................... 34 Overview of Ownership .................................................................................................................. 34 Ownership by School Type ............................................................................................................ 35 Ownership by Location .................................................................................................................. 36 3.4. School Funding ....................................................................................................................... 36 Major Funding Streams.................................................................................................................. 37 Expenditure and Funding Gaps ..................................................................................................... 39 3.5. Education Quality .................................................................................................................... 41 Evaluating Quality Performance .................................................................................................... 41 Key Staff Qualifications, Availability and Performance .................................................................. 42 Educational Content and Outcomes .............................................................................................. 49 Availability and Condition of Physical Infrastructure and Learning Materials ................................ 51 Evaluating Quality Beyond the Proposed Typology ...................................................................... 56 3.6. Accessibility & Inclusivity ........................................................................................................ 57 Financial Drivers of Exclusion ........................................................................................................ 58 Distance to School ......................................................................................................................... 60 Gender Barriers ............................................................................................................................. 61 Other Drivers of Exclusion ............................................................................................................. 62 Implications for School Choice ...................................................................................................... 63 3.7. Accountability .......................................................................................................................... 64 Long Route of Accountability ......................................................................................................... 64 NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS Altai Consulting 3 June 2018 Short Route of Accountability ........................................................................................................ 66 4. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 68 4.1. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................. 68 4.2. Suggestions for Further Research .......................................................................................... 71 NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS Altai Consulting 4 June 2018 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Structure of the MoECHE ...................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2. Surveyed locations................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3. Reasons headmasters consider their school to be public (n = 43, multiple response) ......... 28 Figure 4. Regional distribution of survey sample according to new typology (n = 170) ....................... 31 Figure 5. Management by school type (n = 170, multiple response) .................................................... 33 Figure 6. Features of school ownership according to headmasters (n = 170, multiple response) ....... 34 Figure 7. School ownership by school type (n = 170, multiple response) ............................................ 35 Figure 8. School ownership by location (n = 170, multiple response) .................................................. 36 Figure 9. Sources of funding for teacher salaries by school type (n = 170, average per school type) . 39 Figure 10. Main expenses by school type (n = 169) ............................................................................. 40 Figure 11. Average reported annual funding from fees and expenditure by school type (n = 134) ..... 41 Figure 12. Average education quality index score by school type (n = 170) ........................................ 42 Figure 13. Teacher qualifications by school type (n = 130) .................................................................. 44 Figure 14. Average monthly salary of primary teachers by school type (n = 123) ............................... 47 Figure 15. Average monthly salary of secondary teachers by school type (n = 96) ............................. 47 Figure 16. Selected educational outcomes by school type ................................................................... 51 Figure
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