Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized STUDY ON UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS IN SOMALIA FINAL REPORT Prepared by Altai Consulting for the World Bank | Somalia - August 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized © World Bank May 2018 Unless specified otherwise, all pictures in this report are credited to Altai Consulting CONTENT ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Background of the Study ........................................................................................................ 14 1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.3. Structure of the Report ........................................................................................................... 14 2. EDUCATION SECTOR BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 15 2.1. Brief History of the Education System .................................................................................... 15 2.2. Current Education System ...................................................................................................... 16 Overview of the Education System ................................................................................................ 16 Regional Differences in Education ................................................................................................. 19 Education Policy Framework ......................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Main Education Stakeholders ................................................................................................. 20 Government ................................................................................................................................... 20 Umbrella Associations ................................................................................................................... 21 Civil Society ................................................................................................................................... 23 International Actors ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.4. Study Methodology ................................................................................................................. 25 2.5. School Typology ..................................................................................................................... 27 Lack of Accepted Typology ............................................................................................................ 27 Proposed Typology ........................................................................................................................ 28 3. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1. Overview of Survey Sample ................................................................................................... 31 School Types ................................................................................................................................. 31 Student Demographics .................................................................................................................. 32 3.2. School Management ............................................................................................................... 32 3.3. School Ownership ................................................................................................................... 33 Definition of School Ownership in the Current Somali Context ..................................................... 34 Overview of Ownership .................................................................................................................. 34 Ownership by School Type ............................................................................................................ 35 Ownership by Location .................................................................................................................. 36 3.4. School Funding ....................................................................................................................... 36 Major Funding Streams.................................................................................................................. 37 Expenditure and Funding Gaps ..................................................................................................... 39 3.5. Education Quality .................................................................................................................... 41 Evaluating Quality Performance .................................................................................................... 41 Key Staff Qualifications, Availability and Performance .................................................................. 42 Educational Content and Outcomes .............................................................................................. 49 Availability and Condition of Physical Infrastructure and Learning Materials ................................ 51 Evaluating Quality Beyond the Proposed Typology ...................................................................... 56 3.6. Accessibility & Inclusivity ........................................................................................................ 57 Financial Drivers of Exclusion ........................................................................................................ 58 Distance to School ......................................................................................................................... 60 Gender Barriers ............................................................................................................................. 61 Other Drivers of Exclusion ............................................................................................................. 62 Implications for School Choice ...................................................................................................... 63 3.7. Accountability .......................................................................................................................... 64 Long Route of Accountability ......................................................................................................... 64 NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS Altai Consulting 3 June 2018 Short Route of Accountability ........................................................................................................ 66 4. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 68 4.1. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................. 68 4.2. Suggestions for Further Research .......................................................................................... 71 NON-STATE EDUCATION PROVIDERS Altai Consulting 4 June 2018 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Structure of the MoECHE ...................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2. Surveyed locations................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3. Reasons headmasters consider their school to be public (n = 43, multiple response) ......... 28 Figure 4. Regional distribution of survey sample according to new typology (n = 170) ....................... 31 Figure 5. Management by school type (n = 170, multiple response) .................................................... 33 Figure 6. Features of school ownership according to headmasters (n = 170, multiple response) ....... 34 Figure 7. School ownership by school type (n = 170, multiple response) ............................................ 35 Figure 8. School ownership by location (n = 170, multiple response) .................................................. 36 Figure 9. Sources of funding for teacher salaries by school type (n = 170, average per school type) . 39 Figure 10. Main expenses by school type (n = 169) ............................................................................. 40 Figure 11. Average reported annual funding from fees and expenditure by school type (n = 134) ..... 41 Figure 12. Average education quality index score by school type (n = 170) ........................................ 42 Figure 13. Teacher qualifications by school type (n = 130) .................................................................. 44 Figure 14. Average monthly salary of primary teachers by school type (n = 123) ............................... 47 Figure 15. Average monthly salary of secondary teachers by school type (n = 96) ............................. 47 Figure 16. Selected educational outcomes by school type ................................................................... 51 Figure